uncertainty of cooperation in random scale-free networks

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1、PhysicaA388(2009)27572761ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectPhysicaAjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/physaUncertaintyofcooperationinrandomscale-freenetworksEleniArapakiDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofThessaloniki,54124Thessaloniki,GreecearticleinfoabstractArticlehist

2、ory:Westudythespatialprisoner'sdilemmagamewheretheplayersarelocatedonthenodesReceived19January2009ofarandomscale-freenetwork.Theprisoner'sdilemmagameisapowerfultoolandhasReceivedinrevisedform5March2009beenusedforthestudyofmutualtrustandcooperationamongindividualsinstructuredAv

3、ailableonline19March2009populations.Wevarythestructureofthenetworkandthepayoffvaluesforthegame,andshowthatthespecificconditionscangreatlyinfluencetheoutcomeofthegame.AvarietyofPACS:behaviorsarereproducedandthepercentageofcooperatingagentsfluctuatessignificantly,89.75.Hcevenint

4、heabsenceofirrationalbehavior.Forexample,thesteadystateofthegamemay02.50.Lebeaconfigurationwhereeithercooperatorsordefectorsdominate,whileinmanycasesKeywords:thesolutionfluctuatesbetweenthesetwolimitingbehaviors.Gametheory'2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.Prisoner'sdilemmaSca

5、le-freenetworks1.IntroductionGametheoryhasfoundmanyexcitingapplicationsinfieldsasdiverseasbiology,physics,economicsandsocialsystems,indescribingthecomplexdynamicsofthesesystems[1].Ofparticularimportanceisthepursuanceoftheunderstandingtheemergingcooperation(ordefection)inthesoc

6、ialbehaviorofindividuals.Theprisoner'sdilemma(PD)game,despiteitssimplicity,isamongthemostwidelyusedarchetypalmodels.PDhasbeenstudiedinnumerousvariationsandmanydifferentstrategieshavebeenproposedforachievingmaximumbenefitfortheparticipants.Initsbasicversion,PDisagamebetweentwoc

7、ontestantstryingtomaximizetheirprofit[2].NowakandMayintroducedthespatialPDgame,wherenowmanyindividualsplaythegamesimultaneously[3].Theplayersinteractwiththeir`neighbors',i.e.theindividualsthatareclosertoagivenplayerwhenallparticipantsareplacedontheverticesofalattice.Thisversio

8、nofthegameprovidedanewinsightandimportantcollectivephenomenaw