资源描述：
《market interventions》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、MarketInterventions15LearningObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:}Describetheeffectsofataxorsubsidyinacompetitivemarket.}Explainwhatdetermineswhobearstheburdenofataxandthedif-ferencebetweenthestatutoryandeconomicincidenceofthetax.}Com
2、paretheresultsofpricefloors,pricesupports,productionquotas,andvoluntarypriceprograms.}Showtheeffectsofapriceceiling.}Definedomesticaggregatesurplusanddeterminetheeffectsofimporttariffsandquotas.PresidentBushwithdairyfarmerDaveKuhlenthe2004presidentialelection
3、,thepressingissuesweretaxes,theIdeÞcit,andterrorism.Yet,inWisconsin,GeorgeW.Bushandchal-lengerJohnKerrywerearguingovercows...orperhapsmoreaccu-rately,overhowbesttoincreasetheincomesofthefarmerswhomilkthem.1IntheUnitedStates,thedairyindustrybeneÞtsfromana
4、rrayofgov-ernmentprograms.Witheachelectioncycleandeachnewfederalfarmbill,debateresumesoverhowlargethesubsidieswillbeandhowtheprogramswillbestructured.In2004,mostdairyfarmerswantedlargesubsidies,butnaturallyenough,WisconsinfarmerswantedtheprogramstobeneÞt
5、theminparticular.InChapter14wesawthataperfectlycompetitivemarketleadstoanefÞcientoutcome,maximizingthelevelofaggregatesurplusgeneratedbytheproductionandconsumptionofagood.ThisconclusionsuggestsSenatorKerrywithdairyfarmerAndrewDejno1ÒWhereCowIsQueen,Candi
6、datesMilkDairyIssues,ÓMilwaukeeSentinelJournal,October28,2004.539ber00279_c15_539-575.indd539CONFIRMINGPAGES10/18/073:16:46PM540PartIIIMarketsthatthebestgovernmentpolicywouldbetoletmarketsfunctionwithoutinterferenceprovidedtheyarecompetitiveanddonÕtsuffe
7、rfromanyoftheformsofmarketfailurethatweÕllconsiderinPartIIIB(Chapters17Ð21).Despitethelogicofthisprescription,however,governmentsofteninterveneincompetitivemarketsthathavenoobviousmar-ketfailures.Sometimesinterventionisnecessary,aswhengovernmentneedstora
8、isetaxrevenuetoÞnanceessentialprograms.ButofteninterventionresultsfromapoliticalprocessthatbeneÞtscertainconstituencies.Whethergovernmentinterventionsareorarenotnecessary,andwhethertheyben-eÞtgroupsinneedofprotectionorgrou
