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1、SOVEREIGNTY,STATE-BUILDINGandTheABOLITIONofEXTRATERRITORIALITYTuranKayaogluturan@u.washington.eduUniversityofWashington,SeattleComparativeResearchGraduateStudentRetreatMay2004,SanDiegoWorkingpaper—Commentswelcome51SOVEREIGNTY,STATE-BUILDINGandTheABOLITIONofEXTRATERRITORIALITYO
2、nOctober24,1886,astormcaughttheBritishfreighterNormantonoffthecoastofOshimaIsland,Japan.Thefreighterstruckarockandsank.Whilealltwenty-fiveJapanesepassengersdrowned,allthirty-nineBritishofficersandcrew,exceptone,survivedbytakingtwolifeboats.HerBritannicMajesty’sCourtatHyogoacqu
3、ittedthecrew;however,thecaptainofthefreighterwaseventuallysentencedtothreemonthsimprisonment(Chang1984).Twodecadeslater,whilepassingthroughavillageinChina’sYunanprovince,theAmericanadventurerHenryDemenilkilledaTibetanBuddhistlamainMay1907.DistrictAttorneyArthurBassettoftheU.S.
4、DistrictCourtforChinabroughtthecasetotheCourtinShanghaiinDecember1907(USvDemenil).OnthebasisofentriesinDemenil’sdiarydescribingtheincidentasunintentional,JudgeLebbeusRedmanWilfeyacquittedDemenilbyarguingthatthekillingwasduetothedefendant’s“nervouscondition”andphysicaldebilitat
5、ion,broughtonby“therarefiedmountainairofthelocality,thelonelinessoftheplace,andwildernessofsurroundings”(Scully2001).Apartfromthequestionof‘justice,’whatisstrikinginthesenarrativesistheexistenceofHerBritannicMajesty’sCourtinHyogoandU.SDistrictCourtforChinainShanghai.Studentsof
6、internationalpoliticstakeexclusiveterritorialjurisdictionforgranted:astatehas,bydefinition,exclusivejurisdictionoveraterritory.However,astheexistenceofHerBritannicMajestyCourtsinHyogo,JapanandtheU.S.DistrictCourtforChinainShanghaisuggest,territorialjurisdictionisnotatimelessfe
7、atureofworldpolitics.Infact,aroundthemid-1880s,atotalofforty-fourWesternconsularcourtsoperatedthroughvarioustreatyportsofJapan.Fourdecadeslater,in1926,thirty-fiveJapanese,twenty-sixBritish,eighteenAmerican,andeighteenFrenchconsularcourts,atotalofhundredandtwenty-oneconsularcou
8、rtsofWesterncountriesandJapan,operatedinChina.By189951therewe
