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1、California—HistorySettledbysuccessivewavesofarrivalsduringthelast10,000years,Californiawasoneofthemostculturallyandlinguisticallydiverseareasinpre-ColumbianNorthAmerica;theareawasinhabitedbymorethan70distinctgroupsofNativeAmericans.Large,settledpopulationslivedonthecoastandhuntedseamammals,fis
2、hedforsalmon,andgatheredshellfish,whilegroupsintheinteriorhuntedterrestrialgameandgatherednuts,acorns,andberries.Californiagroupsalsowerediverseintheirpoliticalorganizationwithbands,tribes,villages,andontheresource-richcoasts,largechiefdoms,suchastheChumash,PomoandSalinan.Trade,intermarriage,a
3、ndmilitaryalliancesfosteredmanysocialandeconomicrelationshipsamongthediversegroups.ThefirstEuropeantoexplorethecoastasfarnorthastheRussianRiverwasthePortugueseJoãoRodriguesCabrilho,in1542,sailingfortheSpanishEmpire.Some37yearslater,theEnglishexplorerFrancisDrakealsoexploredandclaimedanundefine
4、dportionoftheCaliforniacoastin1579.SpanishtradersmadeunintendedvisitswiththeManilaGalleonsontheirreturntripsfromthePhilippinesbeginningin1565.SebastiánVizcaínoexploredandmappedthecoastofCaliforniain1602forNewSpain.Spanishmissionariesbegansettinguptwenty-oneCaliforniaMissionsalongthecoastofwhat
5、becameknownasAltaCalifornia(UpperCalifornia),togetherwithsmalltownsandpresidios.ThefirstmissioninAltaCaliforniawasestablishedatSanDiegoin1769.[9]In1821,theMexicanWarofIndependencegaveMexico(includingCalifornia),independencefromSpain;forthenexttwenty-fiveyears,AltaCaliforniaremainedaremotenorth
6、ernprovinceofthenationofMexico.Cattleranches,orranchos,emergedasthedominantinstitutionsofMexicanCalifornia.AfterMexicanindependencefromSpain,thechainofmissionsbecamethepropertyoftheMexicangovernmentandweresecularizedby1832.TheranchosdevelopedunderownershipbyCalifornios(Spanish-speakingCaliforn
7、ians)whohadreceivedlandgrantsandtradedcowhidesandtallowwithBostonmerchants.Beginninginthe1820s,trappersandsettlersfromtheUnitedStatesandCanadabegantoarriveinNorthernCalifornia,harbingersofthegreatchangesthatwouldlatersweeptheMexicanterr
