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1、5THEINTERNETAbstractWhatistheInternet?Wherediditcomefrom,andhowdiditsupportthegrowthoftheWorldWideWeb?WhataretheInternet’smostimportantoperatingprinciples?TheInternetisaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputers(sometimescalledhostcomputerso
2、rjusthosts)linkingbusinesses,educationalinstitutions,governmentagencies,andindividualstogether.TheInternetprovidesaround400millionpeoplearoundtheworld(andover170millionpeopleintheUnitedStates)withservicessuchase-mail,newsgroups,shopping,research,instantmessaging,m
3、usic,videos,andnews.NooneorganizationcontrolstheInternetorhowitfunctions,norisitownedbyanybody,yetithasprovidedtheinfrastructureforatransformationincommerce,scientificresearch,andculture.Wordkey:InternetoperatingprinciplesTEXTThewordInternetisderivedfromthewordin
4、ternetworkortheconnectingtogetheroftwoormorecomputernetworks.TheWorldWideWeb,orWebforshort,isoneoftheInternet’smostpopular15services,providingaccesstooveronebillionWebpages,whicharedocumentscreatedinaprogramminglanguagecalledHTMLandwhichcancontaintext,graphics,aud
5、io,video,andotherobjects,aswellas“hyperlinks”thatpermitausertojumpeasilyfromonepagetoanother.InternetI—today’sInternet—hasevolvedoverthelastfortyyears.Inthissense,theInternetisnot“new”;itdidnothappenyesterday.Althoughjournalistsandpunditstalkgliblyabout“Internet”t
6、ime—suggestingafast-paced,nearlyinstant,worldwideglobalchangemechanism,infact,ithastakenfortyyearsofhardworktoarriveattoday’sInternet.ThehistoryoftheInternetcanbesegmentedintothreephases.Inthefirstphase,theInnovationPhase,from1961to1974,thefundamentalbuildingblock
7、softheInternetwereconceptualizedandthenrealizedinactualhardwareandsoftware.Thebasicbuildingblocksare:packet-switchinghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IP(alldescribedmorefullybelow).TheoriginalpurposeoftheInternet,whenitwasconceiv
8、edinthelate1960s,wastolinktogetherlargemainframecomputersoncollegecampuses.Thiskindofone-to-onecommunicationbetweencampuseswaspreviouslyonlypossiblethro
