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1、3.1Fatigue:DefinitionofsleepPhysiologyofsleepSleepdisordersCircadianrhythmandcircadiandesynchronosis(includingjetlag)DefinitionoffatigueCausesoffatiguePredisposingandcontributingfactors(individual,environmental,operational)Symptoms,signs,andperformanceef
2、fectsoffatiguePreventionandcountermeasuresINSTRUCTION“Idepartedfromaparalleltaxiwayinsteadoftherunway.IneverthoughtIcouldeverdosuchastupid,unsafemaneuver.Leadingfactor:fatigue;Second:“Thatwillneverhappentome”attitude;Third:complacency;Fourth:weather;Fift
3、h:Iwasinahurrytogethome.Wehadalreadybeenupmorethan24hourseventhough,technically,wewerelegal…Thiseventhascautionedmeabouttwothings:1)fatigueisinsidious,and2)I’mnotasgoodasIthoughtIwas,butI’llgetbetter-forsure.”---Anonymouscorporatepilot,quotationinCallbac
4、k,NASA’sAviationSafetyReportingSystembulletin,Number277,October2002.INTRODUCTIONSinceWorldWarII,flightoperationshavebeenincreasinglyperformedoverlongerdistances,longerintervals,andacrossmultipletimezones.Thebiologygoverningtheperformanceofmenandwomenhasn
5、otchanged,however.Thetiming,qualityandquantityofsleepneededmayvaryamongindividuals,butamongallpeople,unalterablephysiologicalneedsandconstraintsexist.Effortsarebeingmadewithinaerospacetodesignandemploybehavioralandpharmacologicalinterventionstoovercometh
6、eeffectsoffatigueandsleepinessinpersonnelrequiredtooperateinasleepdeprivedconditionandattimeswhentheywouldnormallybesleeping.Complicatingmatters,however,isthatultralonghaulaircraftthatcanfly20hoursnon-stopareindevelopment,necessitatingtheneedformoreaugme
7、ntedordualcrewswithappropriatesleepingcompartments.Thedevelopmentandimplementationofautomatedflightsystemsmayresultinnewopportunitiesforcrewresourcemanagement(CRM),allowingforfewerpilotstobeinthecockpitandmoretimeforalternatepilotstogetadequatesleep.Unfo
8、rtunately,themoreautomatedsystemsmayalsopromotecomplacencyandinattentionbecausethereisnotenoughtokeeptheoperatorsengagedwiththeaircraft.Aviationaccidentsarecausedbyhumanerror80%ofthetime.Theroleoffatigueandcircadianrhythmd
