超声波传感器课程设计报告

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1、西安广播电视大学课程设计报告（理、工、农、医用）年（季）：专业：机械设计与制造（本）课程：传感器与测试技术姓名：＿＿学号：成绩：摘要摘要超声波具有指向性强，能量消耗缓慢，在介质中传播距离较远等优点，因而，在利用传感器技术和自动控制技术相结合的测距方案中，超声波测距是应用最普遍的一种，并且在测量精度方面也能达到自动化的使用要求，它广泛应用于倒车雷达、水位测量、建筑施工工地以及一些工业现场。超声波测距的原理是利用超声波的发射和接受，根据超声波传播的时间来计算出传播距离。实用的测距方法有两种，一种是在被测距离的两端，一端发射，另一端接收的直接波方式，适用于身高计；一种是发

2、射波被物体反射回来后接收的反射波方式，适用于测距仪。此次设计采用反射波方式。超声波测距仪硬件电路的设计主要包括单片机系统及显示电路、超声波发射电路和超声波检测接收电路三部分。单片机采用AT89C51或其兼容系列。采用12M高精度的晶振，以获得较稳定时钟频率，减小测量误差。单片机用P1.0端口输出超声波换能器所需的40kHz的方波信号，利用外中断0口监测超声波接收电路输出的返回信号。显示电路采用简单实用的4位共阳LED数码管，段码用74LS244驱动，位码用PNP三极管8550驱动。本课题详细介绍了超声波传感器的原理和特性，以及Atmel公司的AT89S51单片机的性

3、能和特点，并在分析了超声波测距的原理的基础上，指出了设计测距系统的思路和所需考虑的问题，给出了以AT89S51单片机为核心的低成本、高精度、微型化数字显示超声波测距仪的硬件电路和软件设计方法。该系统电路设计合理、工作稳定、性能良好、检测速度快、计算简单、易于做到实时控制，并且在测量精度方面能达到工业实用的要求关键词超声波Ultrasonic单片机AT89S51MCUAT89S51测距Ranging目录摘要································································1关键词··············

4、················································11.引言······························································11.1单片机超声波测距系统框图········································12.超声波测距工作原理················································22.1超声波传感器·············································

5、·······32.1.1超声波发生器··················································32.1.2压电式超声波发生器原理········································32.1.3单片机超声波测距系统构成······································33.设计方案··························································43.1关于AT89S51单片机·······················

6、·······················43.2超声波测距单片机系统············································53.3超声波发射和接收电路············································63.4显示电路························································73.5供电电路························································73.6报警输出电路·········

7、···········································84.软件设计··························································84.1软件设计方法····················································84.1.1主程序设计····················································84.2超声波测距程序流程图·····································