超大规模集成技术_翻译

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1、外文原文：VLSITechnologyOneofthekeyinventionsinthehistoryofelectronics，andinfactoneofthemostimportantinventionseverperiod，wasthetransistor．ItwasinventedbyBellLaboratoriesin1948．Inshort，atransistorisadevicethatconductsavariableamountofelectricitythroughit，dependingonhowmuchelectricityisinputtoit．Inothe

2、rwords，itisadigitalswitch．However，unlikethevacuumtube，itissolidstate．Thismeansthatitdoesn’tchangeitsphysicalformasitswitches．Therearenomovingpartsinatransistor．Theadvantagesofthetransistoroverthevacuumtubewereenormous．Comparedtotheoldtechnology，transistorsweremuchsmaller，faster，andcheapertomanufa

3、cture．Theywerealsofarmorereliableandusedmuch1esspower．Thetransistoriswhatstartedtheevolutionofthemoderncomputerindustryinmotion．Thetransistorwasoriginallyasingle，discretedevice，whichyoucouldp1aceindividuallyintoacircuitmuchlikeanyother．Today，somespecial-purposetransistorsarestillusedthatway．Whata

4、llowedthecreationofmodernprocessorswastheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit，whichisagroupoftransistorsmanufacturedfromasinglepieceofmaterialandconnectedtogetherinternally，withoutextrawiring．IntegratedcircuitsarealsocalledICsorchips．Aspecialmaterialisusedtomaketheseintegratedcircuits．Whilemostmateria

5、lseitherinsulatefromelectricalflow(air，glass，wood)orconductelectricityreadily(metals,water)，therearesomethatonlyconductelectricityasmallamount。oronlyundercertainconditions．Thesearecalledsemiconductors．Themostcommonlyusedsemiconductorisofcoursesilicon．Bycarefulchemicalcompositionandarrangement，iti

6、spossibletocreateaverysmalltransistordirectlyonalayerofsilicon，usingvarioustechnologiestomanipulatethematerialintothecorrectform．Thesetransistorsaresmall，fastandreliable,anduserelativelylittlepower．Thefirstintegratedcircuitwasinventedin1959bvTexasInstruments.Itcontainedjustsixtransistorsonasingle

7、semiconductorsurface.Aftertheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit，ittookverylittletimetorealizethetremendousbenefitsofminiaturizingandintegratinglargernumbersoftransistorsintothesameintegratedcircuit.Moretransistors(switche