资源描述：
《在全球价值链的地方产业集群：探索德国和巴基斯坦之间的动态联系【外文翻译】》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Localclustersinglobalvaluechains:exploringdynamiclinkagesbetweenGermanyandPakistan出处：Entrepreneurship&RegionalDevelopment作者：KhalidNadviandGerhardHalderAbstractRecentresearchhasunderlinedtheimportanceofexternallinkagesforindustrialclusters.Suppliersandbuyerswithinaglobalvalu
2、echainofferimportantexternaltiesforclusterbasedproducersnotonlyintermsofthedistributionofphysicalgoods,butalsoforknowledgeflowsandinnovation.Globalizationhasintensifiedsuchvaluechainlinks,connectinggeographicallydispersedproducerstoglobalmarkets.Yet,thereislimitedresearchonhowlocalcluster
3、senterglobalchainsorontiesbetweenclustersinthedevelopedanddevelopingworld.Thisstudyaddressesthisgap.Itusesthecaseoftheglobalsurgicalinstrumentindustrytoanalyzeconnectionsanddifferencesbetweentheindustry’sleadingproductionclustersinGermanyandPakistan.Globalstandards,low-costcompetition,and
4、advancesinmedicaltechnologyraisechallengesforbothclusters.Thepaperexplorestheresponsestothesechallenges.Itdistinguishesbetweenknowledgeandproductionlinkstoillustratedifferentiationineachcluster,divergingtrajectoriesandcontinuingties.Keywordsindustrialclustersglobalvaluechainsnetworksinnov
5、ationdevelopingcountriesIntroductionSincethe1990s,manystudieshaveshownthatcompetitivenesscanbeenhancedingeographicallyconcentratedandsector-specializedindustrialclustersordistricts(Brusco1990,Krugman1991,Schmitz1995,Markusen1996,Scott1996,Porter1998,GordonandMcCann2000).Theallureoftheclus
6、terapproachliesinitspromiseforsmall-scaleindustryandtheimportanceitattachestolocallinkages.Itshowsthat,witheconomiesofagglomerationandlocaljointaction,smallandmediumsizedenterprises(SMEs)cancompetealongsidelargefirmsandinglobalmarkets.Cluster-specificexternaleconomiesincludethepresenceofs
7、killedlabor,specialistsuppliers,andknowledgespillovers.Economiesofscaleandscopeemergewhenfirmsconcentrateonparticularprocessesandproducecomplexgoodsbyinteractingwitheachother.Highlevelsoforganizationalflexibilitywithinsmallfirmsleadtofurthercostadvantages.Finally,lo
