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1、原文：TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritainIntroductionIndustrialRevolution,termusuallyappliedtothesocialandeconomicchangesthatmarkthetransitionfromastableagriculturalandcommercialsocietytoamodernindustrialsocietyrelyingoncomplexmachineryratherthantools.Itisusedhistoricallytoreferprimarilytotheperio
2、dinBritishhistoryfromthemiddleofthe18thcent.tothemiddleofthe19thcent.NatureoftheIndustrialRevolutionTherehasbeenmuchobjectiontothetermbecausethewordrevolutionsuggestssudden,violent,unparalleledchange,whereasthetransformationwas,toagreatextent,gradual.Somehistoriansarguethatthe13thand16thcent.were
3、alsoperiodsofrevolutionaryeconomicchange.However,inviewofthemagnitudeofchangebetween1750and1850,thetermseemsuseful.Dramaticchangesinthesocialandeconomicstructuretookplaceasinventionsandtechnologicalinnovationscreatedthefactorysystemoflarge-scalemachineproductionandgreatereconomicspecialization,an
4、dasthelaboringpopulation,formerlyemployedpredominantlyinagriculture(inwhichproductionhadalsoincreasedasaresultoftechnologicalimprovements),increasinglygatheredingreaturbanfactorycenters.Thesameprocessoccurredatlatertimesandinchangedtempoinothercountries.TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritainThegro
5、undwaspreparedbythevoyagesofdiscoveryfromWesternEuropeinthe15thand16thcent.,whichledtoavastinfluxofpreciousmetalsfromtheNewWorld,raisingprices,stimulatingindustry,andfosteringamoneyeconomy.Expansionoftradeandthemoneyeconomystimulatedthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsoffinanceandcredit(seecommercialr
6、evolution).Inthe17thcent.theDutchwereintheforefrontfinancially,butwiththeestablishment(1694)oftheBankofEngland,theirsupremacywaseffectivelychallenged.Capitalismappearedonalargescale,andanewtypeofcommercialentrepreneurdevelopedfromtheoldclassofmerchantadventurers.Manymachineswerealreadyknown,andth
7、ereweresizablefactoriesusingthem,buttheseweretheexceptionsratherthantherule.Woodwastheonlyfuel,waterandwindthepoweroftheseearlyfactories.Asthe18thcent.began,anexpandingandwealthierpopulationdemandedmoreandbettergoods.I
