资源描述：
《高考英语 可能考的名著 chapter06素材.doc》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、CHAPTERVI.FOURTHPERIOD.--MONOPOLYMONOPOLY,theexclusivecommerce,exploitation,orenjoymentofathing.Monopolyisthenaturaloppositeofcompetition.Thissimpleobservationsuffices,aswehaveremarked,tooverthrowtheutopiasbasedupontheideaofabolishingcompetition,asifitscontrarywereassociati
2、onandfraternity.Competitionisthevitalforcewhichanimatesthecollectivebeing:todestroyit,ifsuchasuppositionwerepossible,wouldbetokillsociety.But,themomentweadmitcompetitionasanecessity,itimpliestheideaofmonopoly,sincemonopolyis,asitwere,theseatofeachcompetingindividuality.Acco
3、rdinglytheeconomistshavedemonstrated--andM.Rossihasformallyadmittedit--thatmonopolyistheformofsocialpossession,outsideofwhichthereisnolabor,noproduct,noexchange,nowealth.Everylandedpossessionisamonopoly;everyindustrialutopiatendstoestablishitselfasamonopoly;andthesamemustbe
4、saidofotherfunctionsnotincludedinthesetwocategories.Monopolyinitself,then,doesnotcarrytheideaofinjustice;infact,thereissomethinginitwhich,pertainingtosocietyaswellastoman,legitimatesit:thatisthepositivesideoftheprinciplewhichweareabouttoexamine.Butmonopoly,likecompetition,b
5、ecomesanti-socialanddisastrous:howdoesthishappen?Byabuse,replytheeconomists.Anditistodefiningandrepressingtheabusesofmonopolythatthemagistratesapplythemselves;itisindenouncingthemthatthenewschoolofeconomistsglories.Weshallshowthattheso-calledabusesofmonopolyareonlytheeffect
6、softhedevelopment,inanegativesense,oflegalmonopoly;thattheycannotbeseparatedfromtheirprinciplewithoutruiningthisprinciple;consequently,thattheyareinaccessibletothelaw,andthatallrepressioninthisdirectionisarbitraryandunjust.Sothatmonopoly,theconstitutiveprincipleofsocietyand
7、theconditionofwealth,isatthesametimeandinthesamedegreeaprincipleofspoliationandpauperism;that,themoregooditismadetoproduce,themoreevilisreceivedfromit;thatwithoutitprogresscomestoastandstill,andthatwithitlaborbecomesstationaryandcivilizationdisappears.1.--Necessityofmonopol
8、y.Thusmonopolyistheinevitableendofcompetition,whichengendersitbyacontinualdenialof
