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1、OFOPINIONCONSIDERED ASASUBJECTOFPOLITICALINSTITUTIONCHAPTERIGENERALEFFECTSOFTHEPOLITICALSUPERINTENDENCEOFOPINIONAprinciplewhichhasentereddeeplyintothesystemsofthewritersonpoliticallawisthatofthedutyofgovernmentstowatchoverthemannersofthepeople.'Government'saythey,'playsth
2、epartofanunnaturalstepmother,notofanaffectionateparent,whensheiscontentedbyrigorouspunishmentstoavengethecommissionofacrime,whilesheiswhollyinattentivebeforehandtoimbuethemindwiththosevirtuousprincipleswhichmighthaverenderedpunishmentunnecessary.Itisthebusinessofasageandpat
3、rioticmagistracytohaveitsattentioneveralivetothesentimentsofthepeople,toencouragesuchasarefavourabletovirtue,andtocheck,inthebud,suchasmayleadtodisorderandcorruption.Howlongshallgovernmentbeemployedtodisplayitsterrorswithouteverhavingrecoursetothegentlenessofinvitation?Howl
4、ongshallshedealinretrospectandcensuretotheutterneglectofpreventionandremedy?'Thesereasoningshave,insomerespects,gainedadditionalstrengthbymeansofthelatestimprovements,andclearestviews,uponthesubjectofpoliticaltruth.Itisnowmoreevidentthanitwasinanyformerperiodthatgovernment,
5、instead-ofbeinganobjectofsecondaryconsideration,hasbeentheprincipalvehicleofextensiveandpermanenteviltomankind.Itwasunavoidablethereforetosay'sincegovernmentcanproducesomuchpositivemischief,surelyitcandosomepositivegood'.Buttheseviews,howeverspeciousandagreeabletheymayinthe
6、firstinstanceappear,areliabletoveryseriousquestion.Ifwewouldnotbeseducedbyvisionarygood,weoughthere,morethanever,torecollectthefundamentalprincipleslaiddownandillustratedinthework,'thatgovernmentis,inallcases,anevil',and'thatitoughttobeintroducedassparinglyaspossible'.Manis
7、aspeciesofbeingwhoseexcellencedependsuponhisindividuality;andwhocanbeneithergreatnorwisebutinproportionasheisindependent.But,ifwewouldshutupgovernmentwithinthenarrowestpracticablelimits,wemustbewarehowweletitlooseinthefieldofopinion.Opinionisthecastle,orratherthetemple,ofhu
8、mannature;and,ifitbepolluted,thereisnolongeranythingsacredorvenerableinsublunaryex