精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件期末考试必备Chapter .ppt

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1、1ChapterFourFromWordtoText2Ex:Happycatsanddogsliveonthefarm.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.3Syntacticrelationscanbeanalyzedintothreekinds:relationsofpositi

2、on(positionalpositions)relationsofsubstitutabilityrelationsofco-occurrence1.Syntacticrelations41.1PositionalRelationTheboykickedtheballNP1NP2SubjectVObjectOneofthewaystoconveythedifferentgrammaticalrolesofdifferentconstitutesinaclauseispositionalrelation(wordorder).5Positionalrelation,orWORDORD

3、ER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinasentenceofalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall.Forexample,6Theboykickedtheball.*Boytheballkickedthe.(ungrammatical)*Theballkickedth

4、eboy.(nonsensical)Theteachersawthestudents.Thestudentssawtheteacher.7PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelationsobservedbyF.deSaussure.TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.8Wordorderisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications

5、)toclassifylanguagesintheworld:SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.91.2RelationofSubstitutabilityThe______smiles.manstudentpolicemanboygirl…..TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachotherg

6、rammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.10Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.strongmanThetallestboysmiles.prettygirlyesterday.Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.11ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andPara

7、digmaticRelationsbyHjemslev.Tomakeitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.121.3RelationofCo-occurrenceEx:threeverycomfortabledarkbluechairs*threecomfortablydarkbluechairsTheluckyboysings.*Theluckilyboy