the story of us字幕(美国：我们的故事第6集-- 腹地)

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[44:05.96]内战结束了TheCivilWarisover.[44:08.02][44:08.72]战争幸存者从拓荒线上的各处进发Survivorsheadoutacrossthefrontier.[44:11.72][44:11.98]一片无际的荒野隔开了美国东西部AvastwildernessseparatesEastandWest.[44:16.01][44:16.56]老兵摇身一变成为铁路工人Veteransbecomerailwaymen,[44:18.99][44:19.53]牛仔cowboys...[44:21.01][44:22.28]移民settlers.[44:23.78][44:24.13]他们将征服自然连接整个大陆Conqueringnature,they'llunitethecontinent.[44:28.19][44:28.51]他们的使命就是驯服西部的荒野Theirmission:totametheWildWest.[44:32.27][44:36.01]第六集腹地[44:39.03][44:42.28]1865年的北美大平原1865.TheGreatPlains.[44:46.93][44:52.68]3000万头美洲野牛在此狂奔Where30millionbuffaloroam.[44:54.44][45:07.87]这片广袤而未开发的荒原把美国一分为二Vast,untouched,awildernessdividingAmerica.[45:12.96][45:13.90]横跨北美大陆需要花六个月Crossingthecontinenttakessixmonths.[45:16.89]西行的马车队中有20000人半途丧命20,000dieonwagontrains.[45:19.96]从水路需要绕道南美洲航行18000英里Byship,it'san18,000milejourneyaroundSouthAmerica.[45:24.54][45:26.68]为了征服荒原连接东西两岸ToconquerthewildernessanduniteEastandWest,[45:30.18]林肯总统批准修建一条横贯东西的铁路PresidentLincolngreen-lightsatranscontinentalrailroad,[45:34.10][45:37.20]足有2000英里长2,000mileslong.[45:39.47][45:39.96]它将改变整个国家Itwilltransformthenation[45:42.40]引发一轮跨越大平原移民的热潮triggeringatidalwaveofsettlementacrosstheGreatPlains.[45:47.19][45:47.36]铁路对美国的扩张发展至关重要RailroadswerevitaltotheexpansionofAmerica.[45:50.74]这项技术以一种Thistechnologyconnectspeopleinaway[45:54.60][45:53.21]约翰·拉萨特[皮克斯和迪斯尼公司创意总监] [45:56.40][45:54.60]史无前例的方式thatneverbeforeinthehistoryofmankind[45:58.20]将人们紧密相连hastherebeenthatkindofconnection.[46:00.90][46:06.52]美国古老的荒原America'sancientwilderness[46:09.29][46:09.30]遭遇了现代技术与人力meetsmodernAmericanmodernsteelandmuscle.[46:13.11][46:14.97]一大批挥舞榔头的工人Anarmyofhammer-wieldingmen,[46:17.70][46:19.12]有的是爱尔兰移民Irishimmigrants.[46:21.11][46:21.65]有的是内战老兵CivilWarvets.[46:23.56][46:25.07]如今都成了铁路工人Railwaymen.[46:26.79][46:29.18]他们的使命:征服大自然Theirmission:totamenatureitself.[46:32.92][46:33.72]最大的障碍是位于加利福尼亚东面的ThebiggestobstacleheadingeastfromCalifornia,[46:37.18][46:37.30]高达12000英尺的悬崖峭壁a12,000-footwallofgranite,[46:40.72][46:41.33]内华达山脉theSierraNevada.[46:43.36][46:45.50]由于北美洲毗邻的太平洋板块运动活跃WiththePacificofNorthAmericaplatesalive,[46:48.65][46:49.19]几十亿吨古老岩石拔地而起billionsoftonsofancientrockriseup[46:52.52]就像锡纸被挤皱起来一样crumplingliketinfoil.[46:54.84][46:55.29]在过去的400万年里Overthelast4millionyears,[46:57.16]内华达山脉上升了2英里多theSierraNevadamountainsclimbmorethan2mileshigh.[47:01.57][47:02.76]至今仍以每1000年13英尺的速度在升高They'restillgrowing.13Feetin1,000years.[47:07.69][47:07.73]总有一天它会和喜马拉雅山一较高下OnedaytheycouldrivaltheHimalayas.[47:11.24][47:16.13]只有疯子才会想让铁路Onlyamadmancoulddreamofrunningarailroad[47:18.97]从这样的山中贯穿而过acrossmountainslikethis.[47:20.96][47:22.19]人们叫他疯狂的犹大并不是平白无故Theydon'tcallhimcrazyJudahfornothing. [47:25.61]对铁路的疯狂痴迷让他终于找到了解决之道Obsessedwiththerailroad,heseesawaythrough.[47:29.51]下来小伙子们Comeondown,boys.[47:30.51][47:30.95]西奥多·犹大曾23次攀上山顶TheodoreJudahmakes23tripsintothepeaks.[47:34.26]把那个钉上Andpegthat,boys.[47:35.26][47:35.66]测绘出一条横穿山脊并通过山顶的路线Plottingapathacrossridgesandthroughmountainsummits,[47:39.99]修建这段铁路是那个世纪最大的工程挑战buildingitwillbetheengineeringchallengeofthecentury.[47:43.45]好的做个标记Yup,let'smarkthat.[47:44.45][47:45.21]这是一项成就空前的伟大创举Thisisthemostmagnificentprojecteverconceived.[47:49.26]这项工程对于美国人意义重大Anenterprisemoreimportant[47:50.99][47:51.00]其他工程完全不可同日而语tothepeopleoftheUnitedStatesthananyother.[47:54.03]铁路终将被建成Therailroadwillbebuilt,[47:55.74]而我也为之出了一把力andIwillhavesomethingtodowithit.[47:58.53][47:58.69]美国人崇尚一种Americanslovesomeonewhocangothrough[48:02.16]克服一切困难冲破万难seeminglydifficultorimpossiblethings,[48:04.53][48:02.73]梅莉莎·埃瑟里奇[歌手作曲家][48:06.62][48:04.53]最终实现梦想的精神andmaketheirdreamshappen.[48:08.20][48:08.58]犹大的路线得到认可后WithJudah'srouteapproved,[48:11.24]两家公司开始合作twocompaniesbeginwork.[48:12.58][48:12.76]联合太平洋铁路公司从东边的奥马哈开始TheUnionPacificstartsfromOmahaintheeast;[48:16.33][48:17.03]而中央太平洋铁路公司theCentralPacific[48:18.71]则从西边的萨克拉门托开始fromSacramentointhewest.[48:20.77][48:21.12]最终在犹他州会师They'llmeetinUtah.[48:23.66][48:24.72]工程造价相当于现在的20亿美元It'llcostover$2billioninmodernmoney,[48:28.04][48:28.64]但政府却没有足够的资金butthegovernmentdoesn'thaveenoughcash.[48:31.28][48:31.89]所以用联邦土地作为报酬支付给两家公司Itpaysthecompaniesinfederalland.[48:35.10] [48:37.13]但规定需在15年内完工否则将分文不给Theymustfinishin15yearsorloseeverything.[48:41.78]我们在这个国家学习到Wehavelearnedinthiscountry,[48:43.25][48:43.96]布鲁斯·詹纳[田径运动员奥运会十项全能冠军][48:46.55][48:43.25]没有冒险精神的人将寸步难行youdon'tgetanywhereinlifeifyoudon'ttakerisks.[48:46.51]我认为美国之所以IthinkAmericaisbyfar[48:48.36]在很多领域都名列前茅theshininglightoftheworldinsomanyways[48:50.76]就在于我们敢于承担风险becausewearerisktakers.[48:53.23][48:53.40]按英里计费多造弯道显然能多赚钱Paidbythemile,addingcurveaddsprofit.[48:57.23]利欲熏心的公司为多得土地无所不用其极Corruptinvestorsbuilttherailroadforeverycenttheycan,[49:01.17]修建一条9英里的弯道aninemilecurve[49:02.98]就意味着能多得120英亩联邦土地meansanextra120acresoffederalland,[49:06.37]照此下去他们相当于拥有了andthey'llendupowning[49:07.89]面积堪比德克萨斯州的土地anareathesizeofTexas.[49:10.17][49:10.46]首先他们需要征服唐纳之路FirsttheymustconquertheDonnerPass.[49:14.09]高达7500英尺是犹大路线中的最高点7500feetup,thehighestJudah'sroute.[49:19.10][49:19.15]每个冬天积雪深达30英尺Cursedby30feetoofsnoweachwinter.[49:22.84][49:23.08]雪崩等惨剧时有发生Avalanches,tragedy.[49:26.71][49:28.13]就在仅仅20年前Herejust20yearsearlier,[49:30.22]唐纳一行受困于暴风雪之中theDonnerPartybecametrappedinthesnow[49:33.32][49:33.70]最后只得食人andateeachother.[49:35.42][49:36.33]由于犹大的铁路直接贯穿山脉NowJudah'srailroadcutsrightthroughthemountain,[49:39.98][49:42.11]需要挖掘1649英尺深的石头1649feetofrockmustbeexcavated,[49:46.91]才能成就这条线路上最长的隧道thelongesttunnelontheroute.[49:49.24][49:49.68]中国工人夜以继日地开凿Chineselaborersdigdayandnight.[49:52.68][49:53.56]从中国运来劳工It'seasiertoshipworkersfromChina[49:56.20][49:56.32]比在美国大陆招募工人容易得多thantogetAmericansacrossthecontinent.[49:58.80]铁路大王说Therailroadmagnetssaid,[50:01.24]中国人建造了长城不是吗"TheChinesebuiltaggreatwall,didn'tthey?[50:03.83] [50:01.19]埃尔·卡玛里罗[斯坦福大学教授][50:03.54][50:04.41]那我们就招募中国人来施工Let'sbringtheChineseintodothiswork."[50:07.35][50:08.63]超过10000名中国工人Over10,000Chineselaborers[50:10.73]在最凶险的环境中工作工资反而更少earnlessanddothedeadliestjobs.[50:13.95]这条横贯大陆的铁路是中国工人修建的ThetranscontinentalrailroadwasbuiltbyChineseworkers[50:15.76]他们被专门引进来建这条铁路broughtoverspecificallytoworkontherailroad,[50:20.22][50:16.60]玛格丽特·周[喜剧演员][50:20.35][50:20.22]他们的待遇可以说是比牲口好不到哪去andtheywereconsideredsomewhereinbetweenhumanandanimal.[50:24.57]没人指望他们能够生还Theywerenotexpectedtosurvive.[50:26.30]他们的命运就是死在工地上Theywereexpectedtocomehereandworkanddie.[50:28.75][50:31.32]背井离乡7000英里7,000milesfromhome,[50:33.69][50:33.75]对于17岁的洪雷沃来说17-year-oldHungLeiwo[50:36.63][50:37.23]他在广东捉襟见肘的生活变成swapsalifeinpovertyinCanton[50:40.09]修建工地上每日筋疲力竭的工作foraback-breakingworkontherailroadgang.[50:43.74][50:44.86]洪雷沃必须使出全力来开凿岩石HungLeiwomustcutthroughgranitesotough,[50:48.53]才能使大脚趾般大的石头arockthesizeofabigtoe[50:50.55]足以承受重达50吨的火车头willsupport50tonsoflocomotive.[50:53.59][50:53.86]工程的进展变得异常缓慢Progressslowstoinchesaday.[50:56.65][50:56.90]想要有所突破就得用炸药Tobreakthrough,theyneednitroglycerin,[51:00.35][51:00.47]但是运输炸药是违禁的buttransportingitisbanned[51:02.58]因为它的威力能把15个人炸得血肉横飞when15menareblowntopieces.[51:05.76][51:06.41]在一个移动实验室中Inamobilelab,[51:07.84]苏格兰化学家詹姆斯·霍顿ScottishchemistJamesHoughton[51:11.21]现场配制炸药mixesitonthespot.[51:12.22][51:13.45]炸药的威力是普通火药的13倍多Nitroglycerinis13timesmorepowerfulthangunpowder.[51:18.07][51:18.29]但它非常不稳定Sounstable.[51:19.97]任何震动都可能导致它当场爆炸Anyphysicalshock,anditwillexplodeinhis hand.[51:24.14][51:24.16]霍顿的工作高风险高回报Houghtongetshazardpay.[51:26.65][51:26.85]每月收入相当于现在的4000美元$4,000amonthinmodernmoney.[51:30.44][51:30.58]在山里面待了三个月后他开始酗酒Afterthreemonthsinthemountains,heturnstodrink,[51:34.79][51:34.85]把配制炸药的工作扔给洪雷沃这样的中国人leavingthenitrotoChinesemenlikeHungLeiwo,[51:38.91][51:39.44]爱尔兰工人则避之不及Irishcrewswon'ttouchit.[51:42.33][51:44.11]爆炸会使温度飙升至9000华氏度Detonationcreatestemperaturesof9,000degrees.[51:47.96]和太阳表面温度一样高It'shotasthesurfaceofthesun.[51:51.74][52:51.93]大约有1500名中国工人Anestimated1500Chinese[52:54.17][52:54.18]死于爆炸和岩石塌方dieinexplosionsandrockslides.[52:57.34][53:02.03]洪雷沃得以幸存HungLeiwosurvives.[53:04.32][53:04.62]他的儿子成了第一位HissonwillbethefirstChinese-American[53:07.97]毕业于加州大学伯克利分校tograduateanengineering[53:09.66]工程专业的美籍华人fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.[53:12.81][53:18.63]打通了山脉之后Oncethroughthemountains,[53:20.30]火车轨道的铺设速度大大加快tracklayingaccelerates[53:21.81]从每天10英寸提高到每天6英里from10inchesto6milesaday.[53:25.34][53:27.78]每个道钉钉3下Eachspikeisstruck3times.[53:30.30][53:31.54]每节铁轨10个道钉10spikestoarail.[53:33.58][53:34.73]每英里有400节铁轨400railsamile.[53:36.81][53:38.89]需要挥舞2100万下榔头铁路才能完工21Millionhammerswingscompletetherailroad.[53:43.19][53:45.30]1869年5月10日May10th,1869.[53:48.22][53:48.38]电报传来一条只有一个词的消息Aonewordmessagearrivesbytelegraph: [53:51.81][53:51.84]完工"Done".[53:53.33][53:54.95]从前横穿大陆要6个月Asix-monthjourneyacrossthecontinent[53:57.52]现在缩减为6天iscutto6days.[53:59.83][54:00.47]从前人们得押上全副身家才能加入西进的马车队Thefolkswouldoncehadtoriskeverythinginawagontrain.[54:05.83][54:06.12]如今再也用不上了Thatiseliminated.[54:07.90]你现在可以坐上火车Youcannowcangetontherailroad[54:10.78]从波士顿一直坐到萨克拉门托andtravelfromBostontoSacramento.[54:12.94]这就是革命That'sarevolution.[54:14.66][54:17.39]贯穿大陆的铁路网TheInternetofthearea,thetranscontinentalrailroad,[54:21.70][54:21.71]改变了沿途的一切changeseverythingittouches,[54:23.65][54:24.07]给大平原带来了大量的移民triggeringamassmigrationtotheGreatPlains[54:27.45][54:35.77]蒸汽火车征服了整个大平原TheGreatPlainsconqueredbysteelandsteam.[54:40.92][54:46.56]横贯大陆的铁路Thetranscontinentalrailroad[54:48.43]为沿途的荒芜地区带来了文明threadsathinlineofcivilizationthroughthewilderness.[54:52.37][54:53.17]随之而来的是人口Peoplefollow.[54:54.84][54:55.26]仅仅一年里Injustoneyear,[54:56.63]40000移民奔向内布拉斯加州40,000settlersmovetoNebraska,[55:00.15]他们乘坐的马车奔向内陆的四面八方fanningoutacrossthefrontierinwagontrains.[55:04.04][55:04.74]从19世纪中叶到19世纪末Wheninthemid-19thcenturytothelate19thcentury,[55:09.60][55:05.43]汤姆·布罗考[原NBC新闻主播][55:09.26][55:09.60]他们离开家乡定居在theywentoutandsettled[55:11.33]一些不适合人类居住的恶劣环境somehostileterritoryknowntomankind.[55:14.98]我就是在大平原长大的TheGreatPlainwhereIgrewup.[55:17.09][55:17.49]他们是真正的先驱Theseweretruepioneers.[55:19.83]政府慷慨的土地给予政策Thegovernmentacceleratestheprocess[55:21.89]又加速了这一进程withthegreatestlandgiveawayinhistory.[55:24.95] [55:25.50]任何人只要花10美元的登记费Anyonewitha$10filingfee[55:28.22]就可以得到免费的土地canclaimfreeland.[55:30.31][55:30.45]其中四分之一是单身女性和昔日的奴隶Aquarteraresinglewomenandex-slaves.[55:34.30][55:34.37]当你看到绝望的人们Whenyouseethedesperatescramble[55:36.27]争相挤上颠簸的四轮马车inthesericketywagontrains,[55:38.60][55:39.07]你会意识到美国的未来寄托在土地之上yourealizethatpromiseofAmericawasland.[55:42.53][55:40.05]小亨利·路易斯·盖茨[哈佛大学非洲和非裔美国人研究所所长][55:42.53][55:42.54]就算再过一百万年Thesearepeoplewhoneverinamillionyears[55:46.10][55:46.48]这些人也不可能在纽约州拥有土地wouldbeaableownlandinNewYork.[55:48.36][55:49.71]最终美国10%的土地Eventually10%oftheUnitedStates[55:53.25][55:53.28]根据《宅地法》被分配了出去willbegivenawayundertheHomesteadAct.[55:56.16][55:57.59]我绝不回印第安纳租地种I'mnotgoingbacktoIndianatorent[55:59.55]除非我分文不剩不得不走回去untilIbustentirelyandhavetowalkback.[56:02.58][56:03.47]内战老兵乌利亚·奥布林格UriahOblinger,CivilWarvet[56:06.64]在内布拉斯加州得到了他的160英亩地claimshis160acresinNebraska.[56:10.25][56:10.32]但遇到了麻烦There'sacatch.[56:12.06][56:12.51]夏季华氏110度的高温引发了草原大火110degreessummerssparkprairiefires.[56:16.77][56:17.72]平原上的树木因为干旱无法存活Treescan'tsurvivethedroughtontheplains.[56:21.11][56:22.73]雨水稀少只有草可以存活There'ssolittlerain,nothinggrowsherebutgrass.[56:26.94][56:27.82]由于缺乏造房子用的木材Withoutlumbertobuildhouses,[56:29.86]新居民就只能住在泥屋中thenewinhabitantsliveinmudhuts.[56:32.96][56:33.11]泥屋由平原上割下的茅草建造而成Builtofsod,cutfromtheplains.[56:36.46][56:36.47]乌利亚把马车拆了用来做门窗Uriahdismantleshiswagontomakedoorsandwindows.[56:40.89][56:41.65]他们饱受蚊虫的滋扰Theyoftenhadinsects. [56:44.53]还有蛇不请自来Theyinvitedsnakes.[56:46.42][56:46.14]H.W.布兰茨[德克萨斯大学教授][56:49.50][56:46.43]这跟住在洞里没什么两样Itwasprettymuchlikelivinginaburrowintheground.[56:51.69][56:52.00]我想先驱们的生活确实很苦Ithinkthepioneersdidhaveithard.[56:54.73]他们保守而节俭Theyconserved.Theywerefrugal.[56:57.07][56:57.67]玛莎·斯图尔特[著名女企业家有"家政女王"之称][57:00.45][56:57.07]一件衣服可以穿很长时间Onedresslastedalonglongtime.[57:00.48][57:00.49]对乌利亚的妻子马蒂来说这些都是值得的ForUriah'swifeMattie,it'sapriceworthpaying.[57:03.97]你可能会觉得我们生活得很凄苦Iexpectyouthinkwelivemiserable[57:06.37]因为我们住的是茅草搭建的泥屋becauseweareinasodhouse.[57:08.17]但说实在的我觉得再没地方比这里好ButI'lltellyou,insolidearnest,Ineverenjoyedmyselfbetter.[57:12.76]每一滴汗都为自己流Everyliquidwestrikeisforourselves[57:14.86][57:15.13]没被别人榨取一分一毫andnothalfofsomeoneelse's.[57:17.76]奥布林格一家虔诚的信念每天都在经受考验ThedevoutOblingersfacedailytestsoftheirfaith.[57:22.10][57:23.04]由于没有山脉阻挡强风Withnomountainstostopthewind,[57:25.29]大平原成为了大雷雨的多发地带theGreatPlainsareabreedinggroundformassivethunderstorms.[57:29.68][57:31.13]这里最难对付的天气就是大风天ThemostobjectionIhavetotheweatherhereisthewind.[57:35.09]冬春两季大风尤其频繁There'sagreatdealofitduringthewinterandspring,[57:38.01]由于沿路没有阻挡威力就更强了andbeingnothingtobreakit,onefeelsitmore.[57:41.34]别走远亲爱的Nottoofar,honey.[57:42.34][57:44.50]奥布林格一家住在龙卷风多发带TheOblingersliveintornadoalley.[57:47.30][57:49.06]这个地区的龙卷风Moretwistersinthisregion[57:50.63][57:50.64]比地球上其他任何地方都多thananywhereelseonearth.[57:53.21][57:53.97]亲爱的Honey![57:56.43][57:59.04]每年400多轮龙卷风过境Over400touchdowneveryyear [58:02.18][58:08.12]要是谁说在印第安纳却从没见过龙卷风TellthefolkstheyneverseenastorminIndianna,[58:10.99][58:11.71]绝对是开玩笑onlyplaythings.[58:13.40][58:16.89]时速200英里的大风卷成漩涡200milesanhourwindsspinintoavortex,[58:21.01][58:23.23]吸进空气以及未能深植于大地的一切suckinginairandanythingnotbolteddown.[58:27.36][58:27.91]1930年有个人在堪萨斯被风吹走了一英里In1930,amaniscarriedamileacrosstheKansas,[58:32.90][58:32.92]鱼和蟾蜍从天而降fishandtoadsrainfromthesky.[58:36.28][58:37.59]奥布林格一家蜷缩在他们结实的茅屋中TheOblingershunkerdownintheirheavysodhouse,[58:41.26][58:44.30]坚守着这份来之不易的独立clingingtotheirnewfoundindependence.[58:47.55][58:50.10]我认为我们的民族是Ithinkthatwe'reanationofpeopledescended[58:52.53]坚强的老傻瓜和老女人的后代fromtougholdcootsandtougholdbroads.[58:55.13][58:54.54]珍妮特·沃尔斯[著名作家][58:56.71][58:55.13]我说这话时心怀无限敬意AndIsaythatwithgreatadmiration.[58:57.44]他们只是想要主导自己的未来Theyjustwantedtocontroltheirownfuture,[59:00.47]想让下一代能够掌握自己的命运andtohavechildrenwhocouldcontroltheirowndestiny,[59:04.98][59:07.71]奥布林格一家遭遇的圣经所说的考验还不止龙卷风Tornadoesaren'ttheonlybiblicalchallengetheOblingersface.[59:12.35][59:12.89]在落基山下的河畔BytheriverofRockies,[59:15.00][59:15.02]世界末日正悄然逼近theendoftheworld,it'sbrewing.[59:17.71][59:18.30]一个古老物种的出现Aprehistoricspeciesemergesto[59:21.03]将大平原的人们逼向绝境battlefortheGreatPlains.[59:23.37][59:25.29]蝗虫Locusts.[59:26.91][59:28.80]将当地植物祸害一空后Afterdevouringthelocalvegetation,[59:31.26]又释放出信息素作为继续前进的信号theyreleasedpheromonesthatsignalit's timetomoveon.[59:34.97][59:36.76]它们翅膀很长Theygrowlongwings.[59:38.80][59:39.00]这些害虫们顶风向东Thesewormsheadeastonthewind.[59:42.00][59:42.01]聚集在大平原上形成了大规模蝗灾TheyjoinupovertheGreatPlainsandbecomeaplague.[59:46.14][59:48.47]仅1874一年就毁掉了西部一半的收成In1874,theydevourhalfofthecropsintheWest.[59:53.08][59:53.36]三万亿蝗虫Threetrillionlocusts.[59:55.61][59:57.00]聚集成半英里高100英里宽Halfamilehigh,100mileswide.[00:00.88]长达1000英里相当于科罗拉多州的面积1,000mileslong,asbigasColorado.[00:05.22][00:05.26]遮天蔽日Theyblockoutthesun.[00:07.34]这是农业的末日浩劫AgriculturalArmageddon.[00:09.60][00:14.59]在乌利亚等人看来蝗灾是上帝的惩罚TomenlikeUriah,thelocustarethewrathofGod.[00:19.23][00:22.37]1892年By1892,[00:24.14]内布拉斯加州西部有一半人口向东回迁halfthepopulationofwesternNebraskagoeseast.[00:28.43][00:33.06]而乌利亚坚守了下来Uriahstays.[00:34.95][00:35.06]想在这个国家有所成就就得勇敢过人Youhavetobebraveinordertoachieveinthiscountry.[00:37.33][00:37.34]因为在这里一切都得靠自己becausenothingissetrightthereforyou.[00:39.65][00:38.24]迈克尔·斯特拉汉[前美国橄榄球联赛球星][00:41.62][00:39.65]生存就是一场冒险Youhavetotakechances.[00:41.62]我认为勇敢也好畏惧也罢AndIthinkbraveryandfeararethesamethings.[00:45.43]只是面对相同感受的不同反应而已It'sjustamatterofhowyoureacttothatsamefeeling.[00:49.12][00:49.26]坚持下来的人是幸运的Thosewhostickitoutgetlucky.[00:52.23][00:54.47]此后不到30年这里的蝗虫绝迹了Within30years,thelocustisextinct. [00:58.17][00:59.04]落基山脚下肥沃的土地It'sbreedinggroundsintheRockies[01:01.02]任由像乌利亚一样的移民们开垦plowedoverbysettlerslikeUriah.[01:03.98][01:06.48]此后的10年间In10years,[01:07.42]大平原成了整个国家的粮仓theGreatPlainsbecomethebreadbasketofthecountry.[01:11.18][01:11.59]美国第一次实现了粮食自给Forthefirsttime,Americacanfeeditself.[01:15.55][01:15.87]如今这里的小麦年产量已达5000万吨Today50milliontonsofwheatisfarmedeachyear,[01:20.47][01:20.49]但树木依然稀少buttreesarestillscarce,[01:22.99]为建造城镇移民们急需木材andtobuildtownssettlersneedwood.[01:26.72][01:30.78]在密歇根威斯康星与明尼苏达InMichigan,WisconsinandMinnesota,[01:33.52]伐木工人们砍掉了整整5000万英亩森林loggersharvestover50millionacresoftrees.[01:37.31][01:39.02]绿色的金子Greengold.[01:40.80][01:41.72]如磁铁一般吸引着斯堪的纳维亚樵夫AmagnetforScandinavianwoodsmen.[01:45.21][01:48.48]从1825年到1925年这一百年间Between1825and1925,[01:51.59]挪威总人口的三分之一来到美国athirdofNorway'sentirepopulationcomestoAmerica.[01:55.71]尼尔斯·豪根便是其中一员includingNilsHaugen.[01:58.61][01:58.77]当时的薪水是每天3美元Thepaywas$3aday.[02:01.09]每个人都要准备一双结实的靴子Youhadtohaveagoodpairofdrivingboots[02:03.55]密不渗水以便能踩在漂浮的原木上wellcaulkedtobeabletokeepontopofthelogs.[02:07.22][02:07.53]事关百万美金的生意There'smillionsofdollarsatstake.[02:09.96][02:09.97]如果木材不能顺流而下城镇便无法建造Iftheflowoflogsstops,townscan'tbebuilt.[02:15.06][02:16.44]原木阻塞是河工们的噩梦Logjams.Riverman'sruin.[02:19.85]1886年In1886,[02:21.32]可建两万所房屋的松木pinestobuild20,000homes[02:24.49][02:24.50]堵在了圣克罗伊河上getstoppedontheSt.CroixRiver.[02:26.61] [02:26.94]1.5亿英尺的木材150Millionfeetofwood.[02:29.83][02:32.52]只要移开关键部位的木材Removetherightlog,[02:34.07]其余的便会奔流而下andtherestwillexplodedownstream.[02:37.16][02:39.22]类似的排障过程中有些河工失去了生命Rivermendieclearingtheobstructionslikethis.[02:43.15][02:58.87]1892年In1892,[03:00.67]仅威斯康星一州就砍伐了20亿英尺木材2billionfeetoflumberwillbecutinWisconsinalone.[03:05.07][03:10.31]木材经由铁路运往各地促进西部建设繁荣TherailroadfeedslumberintotheWest'sconstructionboom.[03:14.07][03:17.63]城镇如雨后春笋般发展起来Townsarebuiltsofast,[03:19.31]人们甚至无暇为街道命名there'snotimetonamestreets.[03:21.99]代之以字母或序号They'regivenlettersandnumbers.[03:24.54][03:28.72]大平原上还栖息着TheGreatPlainsisalsohometo[03:31.82]世界上大型野生哺乳动物中数量最多的一种themostnumerousspeciesoflargewildmammalonearth.[03:35.18][03:36.64]3000万头美洲野牛30millionbuffalo,[03:38.85][03:41.77]集结成长达25英里的牛群herdsupto25mileslong,[03:43.72]向夏季的繁殖地狂奔racetosummerbreedinggrounds.[03:46.29][03:48.90]却不幸与现代世界迎面相撞Onacollisioncoursewiththemodernworld.[03:52.16][03:57.21]铁路把新一代的猎手带到了大平原TherailroadbringsanewkindofhuntertotheGreatPlains.[04:01.12][04:02.37]在利益的驱使下Drivenbyprofit,[04:04.12][04:04.73]刚刚经过内战的洗礼freshfromthecarnageoftheCivilWar.[04:07.72][04:12.56]200万支来福枪触手可及Twomillionriflesareincirculation.[04:15.47][04:17.18]这让100万训练有素的退伍军人Overamillionveteranstrainedtousethem[04:20.37][04:20.68]有了新的标靶haveanewtargetintheirsights.[04:22.98][04:24.33]法兰克·梅尔内战退伍军人FrankMayer,CivilWarvet. [04:27.30][04:27.41]野牛猎手Buffalohunter.[04:29.17][04:30.93]在现代文明中我没有任何用武之地Ihadnothingtolookforwardtoincivilization.[04:33.91][04:34.34]我对枪异常痴迷Iwascrazyaboutguns.[04:36.26][04:38.77]梅尔追踪着这些足有2000磅重的野牛Mayertracks2,000poundbuffalo,[04:41.68][04:42.94]每一头都能轻易将人碾碎easilycapableofcrushingaman.[04:45.75][04:46.79]他在200码[约182米]外狙击Hepicksthemofffrom200yards[04:49.41][04:51.64]只要你能够杀死它Ifyoucouldkillthem,[04:52.99]它身上的一切尽归你所有whattheybroughtwasyours.[04:55.72]它们就是活生生的金子Theywerewalkinggoldpieces.[04:57.68][04:58.28]猎人射杀野牛只为谋求牛皮Huntersharvestthebuffaloforitshide.[05:01.06][05:02.18]1872年In1872,[05:03.98]只从堪萨斯一地就运出了100万张牛皮theyshipoveronemillionoutofKansasalone,[05:07.20][05:08.01]在东海岸每张可卖到3美元worth$3apiecebackEast.[05:10.86]运气好时梅尔的收入甚至高过总统Onagoodday,MayerearnsmorethanthePresident.[05:14.74][05:19.21]工厂用长而强韧的长条牛皮作为牵引带Factoriesuselongstrongstripsofbuffaloleatherasdragbelts[05:23.84][05:29.03]小块的皮则做成衣服和鞋Smallpiecesbecomecoatsandshoes.[05:31.80][05:33.91]为满足大量需求Tomeetdemand,[05:35.22][05:35.23]猎人们为获取牛皮每天射杀8000头水牛hunterskill8,000buffaloadayfortheirhidesalone.[05:39.50]在白人看来这是大势所趋ForAmerica,thisisprogress,[05:41.26]因为这就是利用自然资源becausethisisanaturalresource.[05:43.13][05:44.35]但在印第安人看来FromtheIndian'sperspective,[05:45.86][05:45.20]埃尔·卡玛里罗[斯坦福大学教授][05:47.20][05:45.86]他们完全不理解theycouldn'tunderstand [05:48.20]白人为什么这样做whatthewhitepeopleweredoing.[05:50.27][05:50.30]但当然他们知道如此大量屠杀野牛But,ofcourse,theyknewthatthedecimationofthose[05:53.54]必将永久地改变他们的命运buffaloherdswouldchangetheirlivesforever.[05:57.18][05:57.65]大平原上的印第安人ThePlainIndians[05:58.92]靠野牛生存将其奉为神物崇拜dependonthebuffaloandworshipthem.[06:01.63][06:02.62]野牛是我们的力量之源Thebuffalowereourstrengthfromwhencewecame,[06:06.12]同时也是哺育我们的母亲andwhosebreastwesuckasbabiesallourlives.[06:09.80][06:10.44]猎人们乘火车到来时巴拉克·艾尔克年仅6岁BlackElkis6yearsoldwhentherailroadarrives.[06:14.07][06:14.87]与白人猎手们不同Unlikethewhitehunters,[06:16.76][06:16.99]他的族人非常讲究物尽其用hispeoplewastenoneoftheirkill.[06:19.80][06:20.07]筋腱做成弓弦Sinewsbecomebowstrings.[06:23.07][06:24.11]骨头用作器皿Bonesarecupsandspoons.[06:26.55][06:26.97]牛皮做成衣物帐篷或是棺椁Skinisclothing,tepeesandcoffins.[06:32.10][06:32.66]印第安人与野牛自冰河时期以来共存NativeAmericansandbuffaloshaveco-existedsincethelasticeage.[06:38.03][06:40.00]巴拉克·艾尔克的祖先曾徒步捕猎野牛BlackElk'sancestorshuntedthemonfoot.[06:44.11][06:44.95]那时没有马可骑Therewerenohorsestoride.[06:47.32][06:50.02]现代的马并不是北美当地物种Themodernhorseisn'tnativetoNorthAmerica.[06:53.26]而是西班牙征服者1493年从欧洲带来的SpanishconquistadorsbroughtthemfromEuropein1493,[06:58.10][06:58.34]有些马匹逃到了大平原SomeescapedtotheGreatPlains.[07:00.87]这里是马匹的完美栖息地Perfecthorsehabitat.[07:03.06][07:03.56]经过400年的繁衍生息400yearslater,[07:05.62]此时在草原上驰骋的野马已过百万overamillionmustangsrunwild.[07:08.19][07:09.21]驯化的马匹彻底改变了Taminghorsestransformed[07:10.82]大平原上印第安人的生活thelifeofthePlainsIndian. [07:13.09][07:14.06]他们成为了专业骑手Theybecomeexperthorsemen.[07:16.61][07:25.95]狩猎口号由此兴起Thebattlecrywentup.[07:27.39][07:27.45]当喊道"Hokahey"意为攻击Hokahey!Whichmeans"tocharge."[07:30.35]猎手们便一齐蜂拥而上射杀猎物andthehunterswentinforthekill.[07:33.25][07:33.78]在马背上弓箭是最佳武器Onhorseback,thebowistheweaponofchoice.[07:37.16][07:39.19]枪支重新装弹所用的的时间Andthetimeittakestoreloadagun,[07:41.56][07:43.24]足够一名战士策马狂奔300码awarriorcanride300yards,[07:46.29][07:46.63]张弓发箭20支andfire20arrows.[07:48.99][07:50.13]野牛奔跑时速高达35英里Buffalocanrunat35milesanhour.[07:53.30][07:56.74]狩猎范围方圆几百英里时间长达数日Huntscoverhundredsofmilesovermanydays.[08:00.63][08:01.70]射死一头野牛需要15支箭Itcantake15arrowstokillabuffalo.[08:05.21][08:06.01]而像法兰克·梅尔这样的白人猎手只需子弹一发WhitehunterslikeFrankMayeruseasinglecartridge.[08:10.47][08:12.02]对准肺部Heaimsforthelungs.[08:14.13][08:16.41]干净利落地放倒一头牛丝毫不曾惊动牛群Acleankilldropsabuffalowithoutdisturbingtheherd.[08:21.20][08:25.81]短短十几年3000万头野牛死在枪口下30Millionarekilledinalittleoveradecade.[08:29.48][08:30.72]在猎手剥下牛皮之后Afterhunterstakethehides,[08:32.83][08:33.48]火车载着工人接踵而至拉走剩下的残骸trainloadsofmenarrivetopicktheircarcasses.[08:36.97][08:38.01]他们利用牛骨做扣子Theymakebuttonsfrombones[08:40.47][08:40.53]把骨架打磨成粉用作肥料或是制作瓷器andgrinddownskeletonsforfertilizerandporcelain.[08:44.78] [08:48.81]原住民靠天吃饭赖地穿衣的日子一去不复返了TheprimaryresourcekeepingNativeAmericansaliveisgone.[08:54.17]面对着灭顶的饥荒他们被迫迁往保留地Facingstarvation,they'reforcedontoreservations.[08:57.95][08:57.96]我的曾曾祖母巨鹰太祖Mygreat-great-grandmother,GrandmaBigEagle[09:00.70]罗伯特·沃里尔[伊利诺伊大学][09:02.93][09:00.70]在捕猎野牛时代终结时还活着wasalivewhenbuffalohuntingended.[09:04.97]他们挥别的不仅是赖以生存的食物Theyweren'tjustsayinggood-byetokindoffoodstuff.[09:08.30]同时也是在挥别整个种族的生存方式Theyweresayinggood-byetoawayofbeingintheworld.[09:13.40]我想当他们回顾那段历史时Ithinkforthemtolookbackonthat[09:16.13][09:17.09]只会是难以言表的悲愤wasjustunspeakablysad.[09:19.64][09:25.35]1889年In1889,[09:27.03]全美仅存85头野牛just85wildbuffaloexistinthewholeUnitedStates.[09:32.59][09:33.40]人类驾着铁骑Themenwhoridethegreatironhorse[09:35.09]践踏着自然征服着每一寸荒野aretamingthewilderness.[09:38.25][09:38.46]铁路Therailroad[09:39.47][09:39.48]把新时代美国的另一标志烙在了大平原上willbringanothermodernAmericanicontotheGreatPlains.[09:43.67][09:54.32]他们是最后的开拓者Thelastofthegreatfrontier'sman.[09:56.97][10:05.92]1865年1865.[10:08.20][10:08.64]内战使得东海岸经济千疮百孔TheCivilWarleavescitiesontheEasternSeaboard[10:12.36]物资严重匮乏strippedtheresources.[10:13.67][10:15.74]另一方面激增的人口需要大量食物供给Thecountry'sboomingpopulationneedsfood.[10:19.64][10:22.75]德克萨斯州拥有600万头野牛InTexas,over6millioncattleroamwild[10:27.01][10:29.71]此地只值4美元一头worth$4aheadhere,[10:32.01]但在东海岸却能卖到40美元butbackEastthey'reworth40.[10:35.05][10:38.64]到了1868年从东海岸延伸过来的铁路By1868,therailroadspreadsfromthe East,[10:42.35]已贯穿堪萨斯但仍未通到德克萨斯crossingKansas,butithasn'treachedTexas.[10:46.16][10:46.34]西部仍有1000英里蛮荒之地There'sstill1,000milesofWildWest[10:49.24]横亘在牧群与铁路之间betweentheherdsandtherailroad.[10:51.58]赶牛的任务应运而生Forthatkindofcattledrive,[10:53.38]美利坚需要新一代的英雄Americaneedsanewkindofhero.[10:56.30][10:58.30]牛仔Thecowboy.[10:59.30][11:03.54]内战结束后AftertheCivilWar,[11:04.84]六成南方农民忍受着贫困的煎熬60%oftheSouth'spopulationlivesinruralpoverty.[11:09.29][11:14.01]为了生计Insearchofwork,[11:15.27]人们向西进发开始了新一轮冒险anewkindofadventurerheadswest[11:17.43]到阿比林威奇托和道奇城等有牛的城市谋生tocattletownslikeAbilene,WichitaandDodgeCity.[11:22.50][11:24.68]泰迪·布鲁·艾伯特便是跋涉至德克萨斯的农工之一OnefarmhandheadingtoTexasisTeddyBlueAbbott.[11:29.66][11:32.58]年仅23岁的泰迪·布鲁23-year-oldTeddyBlue[11:34.32]是内布拉斯加州一个自耕农的儿子isthesonofaNebraskahomesteader.[11:37.29][11:37.84]我父亲想把我拴在家里Myfatherwantedtotiemedown[11:40.01]乖乖接班做农民andmakeafarmeroutofme.[11:41.65][11:41.76]绝不可能Never.[11:43.21][11:43.55]我从家里逃出来开始了牛仔生涯Iranawayfromhometobecomeacowboy.[11:46.30][11:48.83]牛仔是一种独立精神的体现Thecowboymentalityisaspiritofindividuals.[11:52.45][11:50.44]比尔·理查德森[新墨西哥州州长][11:52.09][11:56.29]我和大地相连和我的马相依为命Ihaveacommunionwithland,withmyhorse.[12:00.27][12:01.52]它象征着对于强权的反抗Itsymbolizesofaresistancetotheauthority.[12:05.73][12:08.02]35000名牛仔将牛群赶到TeddyBlueisoneof35,000cowboys[12:11.28]堪萨斯州的铁路上泰迪·布鲁便是其一whowilldrivecattletotherailroadinKansas.[12:14.58][12:19.37]他们将要面对的是绵延1000英里的西部荒野Standingintheirway,1,000milesof untamedWest,[12:24.09][12:24.44]极度险峻的地形和成群结伙的山贼unforgivingterrainandgangsofruslters.[12:29.38][12:34.76]虽然日薪只一美元Foronly$1aday,[12:36.66]但要求牛仔不仅要骑技高超cowboysmustbeskilledhorsemen[12:39.43]还要熟知牛的习性andcattlewranglers.[12:41.01][12:46.00]套索的使用可追溯到古埃及ThelassodatesbacktotheancientEgyptians.[12:49.66][12:49.76]墨西哥的牧场工人沿用数百年Mexicanranchershavebeenusingthemforcenturies[12:52.84][12:53.06]并将此技术传授给了北方边境的牛仔andpasstheirskillsontocowboysnorthoftheborder.[12:57.03][12:59.67]1493年西班牙人将家牛引进美国CattlebroughtoverbytheSpanishin1493[13:03.20]与英国移民所带来的乳牛杂交后hadbredwithsettlers'cowsfromEngland[13:06.02]培育出了一个新品种德克萨斯长角牛breedinganewbreed,theTexasLonghorn.[13:09.70][13:12.30]在大平原上繁衍了数百年Aftercenturiesroamingtheplains,[13:14.39]这些牛难以驯服易受惊吓they'rewildandeasilyspooked.[13:17.37][13:17.90]泰迪·布鲁听到了会令所有牛仔胆寒的声音TeddyBluehearswhateverycowboydreads.[13:21.10][13:24.14]惊跑Stampede.[13:24.93][13:45.55]在4趟赶牛中Overfourcattledrives,[13:47.56]泰迪·布鲁亲手埋葬了3个兄弟TeddyBlueburiesthreepals.[13:52.27]此中艰辛非常人所能承受Atoughjobfortoughman.[13:54.96][14:01.61]牛仔中西班牙裔与非裔美国人占了三分之一OneoutofthreecowboysisHispanicorAfrican-American.[14:06.06]内战结束后AftertheCivilWar,[14:07.52]数千重获自由的奴隶到德克萨斯州谋生thousandsoffreedslavesheadtoTexaslookingforwork.[14:11.97][14:12.11]其中一个是来自亚拉巴马的23岁的马特·莱夫Oneisa23-year-old,fromAlabama.MattLove.[14:17.44][14:21.38]他有生以来第一次能靠实力证明自己It'shisfirstchancetobejudgedforhisskills,[14:24.79]而不再因自己的肤色抬不起头andnotjustthecolorofhisskin.[14:26.94]伙伴们的心胸像草原一样开阔Theguysontheteamwereasbroad-mindedastheplains. [14:30.69][14:31.06]这是每个人所持的信条It'severycreedforhimself[14:33.59]也是使友谊常青的相处之道andeveryfriendforeachothertilltheend.[14:37.41][14:39.78]让很多人意想不到的是Manyofthecowboys,tothesurpriseofmostofus,[14:42.89]很多牛仔是非裔美国人happentobeAfricanAmericans.[14:44.94][14:47.15]小亨利·路易斯·盖茨[哈佛大学非洲和非裔美国人研究所所长][14:49.29][14:44.94]黑人也有突破想象力极限的冲动Blackpeoplehadthedreamofconqueringtheimagination[14:48.19][14:48.20]这一点和白人一样justlikewhitepeopledo.[14:50.29][14:50.30]辽阔野性没有法律约束的西部TheWest,vast,wild,lawless,[14:54.59]驰骋着总值达20万美元的牲畜withherdsworthupto$200,000.[14:57.57][14:59.10]牛仔用他们的生命和枪支保卫牛群Cowboysguardthecattlewiththeirlives,andtheirguns.[15:05.62][15:06.59]枪就是德州人生活的一部分GunsareawayoflifeinTexasthenandnow.[15:11.17][15:11.65]直至今天德州人枪支持有数超过5100万Eventoday,Texansownover51millionfirearms.[15:16.81][15:18.04]它是美国文化和美国形象It'sveryintrinsictotheAmericanculture[15:20.89][15:20.99]珍妮特·沃尔斯[著名作家][15:22.72][15:20.89]非常本质的一面andtheAmericanidentity.[15:22.70]我们手里总是拿着支手枪或来福枪Wealwayshadapistolorarifle.[15:25.48][15:25.55]并且我认为这体现了美国式的独立精神AndIthinkit'spartof"Don'ttrytotellmewhattodo".[15:28.81]"我要凭自己的力量击退我的敌人""I'llfightoffmyenemiesonmyown."[15:31.42][15:31.82]牛仔用枪的首选柯尔特点45Thecowboy'sgunofchoice,theColt45.[15:35.61][15:37.70]西部射击速度最快的手枪Thefastesthandguninthewest.[15:40.21][15:40.54]六弹连发不用上膛Sixshotswithoutreloading.[15:43.23][15:43.47]柯尔特生产的枪支超过3000万Coltproducesover30millionguns.[15:46.51] [15:48.28]其中最受欢迎的就是经典的点45Themostpopularbeingtheiconic45.[15:52.20][15:52.21]1873年一支柯尔特点45售价17美元In1873,aColt45cost$17,[15:56.85]相当于普通牛仔半个月的薪水halfacowboy'smonthlysalary.[15:59.50][15:59.96]六发子弹Sixroundsofbullets.[16:01.49]则相当于半天的工资Halfaday'spay.[16:03.54]拓荒者们常这样说Frontiermenwouldsay,[16:05.05]如果说亚伯拉罕·林肯解放了所有人AbrahamLincolnmayhavefreedallmen,[16:07.86][16:07.87]那么实现人人平等的却是山姆·柯尔特butSamColtmadethemequal.[16:10.81][16:13.61]牛仔们要将500万头牛Cowboysdrive5millioncattle[16:16.56]从德克萨斯一直赶到堪萨斯的铁路沿线fromTexastotherailroadinKansas.[16:19.97][16:19.98]这是美国历史上最大规模的家畜迁徙ThelargestmigrationoflivestockinUSHistory.[16:24.10][16:25.08]不过一个简单的发明Butonesimpleinvention[16:27.04]很快将会对整个牛仔生活方式构成威胁willsoonthreatenthecowboy'sentirewayoflife.[16:31.88]铁丝网Barbedwire.[16:32.90][16:34.66]短短20年内Injust20years[16:36.46]250万新移民蜂拥来到西部twoandahalfmillionnewsettlersfloodintothewest.[16:41.04][16:41.75]5亿英亩的野牧场被辟为农场Newfarmscoverhalfabillionacresofopenrange.[16:45.54][16:45.55]新的战斗初现端倪Anewbattlerages.[16:47.98][16:48.17]牛仔与自耕农之战Cattlerancherversushomesteader.[16:51.01]像泰迪·布鲁这样的牛仔和耕种者之间CowboyslikeTeddyBlueandfarmersare[16:54.64]冲突在所难免onacollisioncourse.[16:56.12][16:56.13]他们在牛仔的赶牛沿线种有庄稼They'dplantthecropnexttothetrail.[16:58.75][16:58.79]一旦牛群踩进了麦田Whenthecattlegotintotheirwheat,[17:00.86]他们就会挥舞猎枪跳出来要求赔偿损失they'dcomeoutwavingashotgunyellingfordamages.[17:04.50][17:07.75]地界争端导致暴力冲突常有人死亡Boundarydisputesareviolent,oftendeadly.[17:11.72][17:12.60]一名农夫下决心Onefarmerisdetermined[17:14.18][17:14.19]要找到一个花费少且行之有效的方法tofindacheapandeffectiveway [17:16.56]将牲畜挡在他的地界外tokeeplivestockoffhisland.[17:19.09]他的名字叫约瑟夫·格利登JosephGlidden.[17:20.81]一谈及美国人的创新WhenwethinkaboutinnovationinAmerica,[17:22.76][17:23.18]詹姆斯·梅格斯[《大众机械》杂志主编][17:26.36][17:22.76]我们常常想到的是weoftenthinkabout[17:23.89]像阿波罗登月这样的宏大工程abigaudaciousprojectsliketheApolloproject,[17:27.72]但美国的创新还有另一种来源butthere'sanotherstraintoAmericaninnovation.[17:31.27]那就是平民发明家That'sthelocalinventor.[17:33.25]一个天资聪颖的人凭着一股热情Anindividualgeniuswithsomepassion[17:35.75]在某个深夜脑子里突然蹦出inthemiddleofthenightcomingup[17:37.47]一个伟大而具有革新性的想法withthatbigtransformativeidea.[17:40.07][17:40.13]1873年秋天格利登有了重大突破Inthefallof1873,Gliddenhasabreakthrough.[17:44.72][17:47.58]他用磨咖啡机大致地Usingacoffeegrinderhecrudely[17:50.04]拧出了一些钢丝刺fashionssomesteelbarbs.[17:52.22][17:54.63]现在问题是如何把它们固定好Hisproblem:howtosecurethem.[17:57.64][17:57.81]格利登的方法是用铁刺连接两股钢丝Glidden'ssolution:bindthebarbsbetweentwolinksofwire.[18:02.53][18:03.86]他的设计使围篱的费用降低了70%Hisdesigncutsthepriceoffencingby70%.[18:08.26][18:10.51]不到10年Within10years,[18:11.86]格利登的销售收入足以支付25次环球旅行Gliddensellsenoughtogoaroundtheworld25times,[18:16.46][18:17.08]大平原被分隔成不计其数的牧场和耕地carvingthePlainsintocountlessranchesandfarms[18:20.51][18:21.44]放牧线路也被完全隔断andblockingthecattletrails.[18:23.82][18:24.36]没有围篱的开放牧场从此退出历史舞台Theopenrangeisclosedforever.[18:28.17][18:28.47]单凭这样一个发明Thissingleinvention[18:29.69][18:31.53]H.W.布兰茨[德克萨斯大学教授][18:34.20][18:29.69]就使西部垦荒的madepossiblethesettlingofthewest[18:32.34]速度和效率大大提高muchsoonerandmoreefficiently[18:33.97]比采用其他方式来得更快更好thanitwouldhaveoccurredotherwise. [18:36.69][18:39.86]泰迪·布鲁最后一次赶着牛群来到了铁路Teddyblueridesoneofthelastcattledrivestotherailroad.[18:44.25][18:44.84]牛仔们在开放大草原上的鼎盛时期Theheydayofthecowboyontheopenrange[18:47.63]只持续了不过20年lastsonly20years.[18:50.00][18:51.59]大平原拓荒潮ButsettlingtheGreatPlains[18:53.24][18:53.25]虽然标志着一种生活方式的结束willmarktheendofonewayoflife[18:56.49][19:01.22]但同时也宣告着另一种生活的开始andthebirthofanother.[19:03.61][19:07.11]1876年1876,[19:08.89]针对印第安人的政策已经延续了一个世纪acenturyofgovernmentpoliciestargetnativeAmericans.[19:13.47][19:14.09]总共371项条约371treaties[19:16.43]迫使他们分散到边远的隔绝之地keepthemseparate,isolated,remote.[19:20.54]美国30万原住民中的绝大多数MostofAmerica's300,000tribespeople[19:23.41]已经生活在了政府指定的区划或保留地里nowliveongovernmentassignedlands,reservations.[19:27.89][19:28.93]但仍然有强烈的反抗行动Butresistanceisstillfierce.[19:31.34]我认为美国历史上最黑暗的一页Ithinkprobablythedarkestspotinourhistory,[19:33.55][19:34.36]雪儿·克罗[美国著名创作型歌手][19:37.09][19:33.55]就是对原住民的压迫至少我是这么看的formeatleastiswhathappenedtonativeAmericans.[19:37.27]我们来到这片土地并侵占了他们的家园Wecamehereandconfiscatedtheirhomeland.[19:40.51][19:40.52]我想我们现在对自己在这中间扮演的角色Ithinkwehavearealsensenow[19:42.96]已经有了比较客观的认识ofwhatourpartwasinthat,[19:44.30]我希望这段历史能被重新定义和重新叙述onethatIwouldlovetoseeredefinedandrewritten.[19:48.26][19:48.61]从北到南AcrosstheGreatPlains.[19:50.40]联邦政府获得了大平原数百万英亩Thefederalgovernmentacquiresmillionsofacres[19:53.05]印第安人用作传统猎场的土地oftheNativeAmericans'traditionalhuntingground[19:56.07][19:56.08]用来为工业铁骑开辟道路tomakewayfortheironhorse. [19:58.51][20:00.64]苏族被迫转移至黑山深处TheSiouxareforceddeepintotheBlackHills.[20:04.27][20:04.28]小时候Asayoungboy.[20:05.40]巴拉克·艾尔克亲眼见证了铁路入侵草原BlackElkwitnessesthecomingoftherailroad[20:08.11]和白人对野牛群的大肆屠杀andthedestructionofthebuffaloherds.[20:11.01][20:11.06]现年12岁的他Nowaged12,[20:12.64]将会成为苏族最后的凯旋勇士he'sabouttobepartoftheSiouxnation'slasttriumph.[20:16.23][20:18.14]白人像河水一样涌入Whitemencomeinlikeariver.[20:20.63][20:24.05]他们说只想要一点点土地Theytoldusthattheywantedonlyalittleland.[20:27.89][20:28.62]但族人们都很清楚这只不过是幌子Butourpeopleknewbetter.[20:30.69][20:35.29]黑山里发现了金子GoldisdiscoveredintheBlackHills.[20:37.95][20:38.29]10万人的淘金者队伍蜂拥前来寻找宝藏100,000prospectorsrushintoseektheirfortune.[20:42.82]联邦政府想扫清这一带的障碍Thefederalgovernmentwantstoclearthearea.[20:45.87][20:47.26]在率领第七骑兵团的一次侦察途中Onareconnaissancemissionwiththe7thcavalry,[20:49.96]乔治·卡斯特中尉意外地LieutenantColonelGeorgeCusterstumbles[20:52.87][20:52.88]发现了小大角河附近的苏族营地acrosstheSiouxcampneartheLittleBighornriver.[20:56.02][20:56.03]卡斯特做了一个致命的决定Custermakesafatefuldecision.[20:59.20][21:02.55]他率领700名士兵朝着with700soldiersCusterchargesthecamp[21:06.00]有7000名印第安人的营地发起了进攻with7,000NativeAmericans.[21:08.89][21:18.90]不到三个小时Withinthreehours[21:20.51]卡斯特的骑兵团全军覆没allthemeninCuster'sregimentaredead.[21:23.74][21:25.62]苏族打赢了这场战斗TheSiouxwinthebattle,[21:27.62][21:30.33]但输掉了整个战争butwilllosethewar.[21:32.46][21:36.63]美国兵报复性地将3000名苏族勇士Inresponse,USsoldiersforce3,000Siouxwarriors[21:41.36]驱赶到了保留地ontoreservations. [21:43.02][21:43.87]余下的人分成小拨四散逃走Therestscatterinsmallbands.[21:46.92][21:47.41]在接下来的14年中Overthenext14years,[21:49.14]大平原上的印第安人为求生做最后的挣扎thePlainsIndiansstruggletosurvive,[21:52.09]直到伟大的苏族最终被打败untiltheincidentthatfinallydefeatstheGreatSiouxNation.[21:56.55][21:56.56]伤膝河是美国大地上的WoundedKneeisagreat,greatscar[22:00.50][21:58.08]汤姆·布罗考[原NBC新闻主播][22:01.01][22:00.50]一块巨大伤疤ontheAmericanlandscape.[22:02.87]1890年12月29日December29th,1890,[22:05.93]最后一股被打散的苏族人TheLastbandofindependentSioux[22:08.97][22:08.98]在伤膝河附近投降surrenderbesideWoundedKneeCreek.[22:11.19][22:12.19]当骑兵团收缴他们枪械时Asthecavalrydisarmsthem,[22:13.88]一支枪走火了agungoesoffaccidentally.[22:17.10][22:23.54]引发了一场大屠杀浩劫Ittriggersamassacre.[22:25.85][22:28.60]短短几分钟内Withinminutes[22:30.76]逾200苏族壮丁和妇孺丧命over200Siouxwarriors,womenandchildrenaredead.[22:35.42][22:41.44]27岁的巴拉克·艾尔克浩劫余生Now27,BlackElksurvived.[22:45.14][22:45.65]当我回首往事WhenIlookbacknow,[22:47.48]遭到屠戮的妇幼尸体依然历历在目Icanstillseethebutcheredwomenandchildren[22:50.11][22:50.12]有的扎成堆有的孤零零地躺着lyingheapedandscattered[22:52.30][22:52.40]跟我小时候目睹的残酷景象一模一样asplainaswhenIsawthemwhenIwasstillyoung.[22:55.90][22:56.60]我知道另一样东西也永远葬身在那了AndIseethatsomethingelsediedthere.[22:59.24][22:59.78]那就是一个民族代代相传的梦想Apeople'sdreamdiedthere.[23:02.02][23:02.67]一个美丽的梦想Itwasabeautifuldream.[23:04.62][23:07.89]铁路改变了整个北美的面貌TherailroadhastransformednorthAmerica.[23:11.11] [23:11.33]在仅仅30年的时间里Injust30years,[23:13.11]3万英里的铁路线贯穿整个大陆30,000milesoftrackcrossthecontinent.[23:16.52][23:16.69]超过世界其他地方铁路里程的总和Morethantherestoftheworldputtogether.[23:19.56][23:19.79]成千上万新城镇在铁路站点周围拔地而起Thousandsofnewtownsspringuparoundrailroadstations.[23:23.70]每隔8英里就有一个Oneeveryeightmiles.[23:26.06][23:26.18]五条铁路大动脉连接起了东西两岸FiveraillineslinktheEastandWestCoast.[23:29.84]铁路还改变了计时方法Therailroadevenchangestimeitself.[23:33.09][23:34.32]到现在为止Untilnow,[23:35.77]美国人一直根据太阳方位来调拨钟表Americanssettheirclocksbythesun.[23:38.31][23:38.40]500条铁路沿线有着8000种不同的时间8,000differenttimesalong500raillines.[23:42.85]制定火车运行时刻表是件不可能的事情Schedulingtrainsbecomesimpossible.[23:46.03][23:46.11]1883年11月18日OnNovember18th,1883,[23:48.72]美国本土被划分为简单的4个时区thecontinentalUSisreducedtojustfourtimezones.[23:53.46]标准时间从此诞生Standardtimeisborn.[23:55.92][23:59.36]铁路系统现在成为了美国最大的雇主TherailroadisnowthelargestemployerinAmerica.[24:02.85][24:02.91]铁路职工多达近百万人Nearlyamillionworkers.[24:05.20][24:05.21]其中有一名来自明尼苏达乡村的Oneisa23-year-oldstationagent[24:08.31][24:08.32]23岁的车站管理员fromruralMinnesota.[24:10.09]理查德·西尔斯RichardSears.[24:12.29][24:15.48]趁着时下美国正在调整铁路时间WiththeUSadjustingtonewrailroadtimes,[24:18.19]西尔斯决心开创一番事业Searsturnsentrepreneur,[24:21.56][24:21.57]他买进了一批怀表andbuysabatchofpocketwatches.[24:23.14][24:25.77]向其他车站管理员进行兜售Heoffersthemtootherstationagents,[24:28.80]然后静静等待andwaits.[24:29.93][24:32.88]来了Bingo.[24:34.31][24:34.60]一份订单传了过来Anordercomesthrough. [24:36.49][24:36.77]又有一份又一份Followedbyanother,andthenanother.[24:40.44][24:41.26]六个月不到西尔斯售完了他进的所有怀表Withinsixmonths,Searssellsallhiswatches,[24:45.53]收入2500元十倍于他的铁路工资2500,earning10timeshisrailroadsalary.[24:50.93][24:52.22]意识到他可以用铁路作为分销渠道后Realizinghecanusetherailroadforsalesanddistribution,[24:56.19]西尔斯抓住机会Searsjumpsontheopportunity[24:58.12]想到了一个日后改变整个美国的点子withanideathatwilltransformthenation:[25:01.09]邮购目录themail-ordercatalog.[25:02.89]我觉得美国人天生就有股子创业精神IthinkAmericansarenaturallyentrepreneurial.[25:06.14][25:03.19]鲍勃·鲁兹[前通用汽车公司副总裁][25:05.54][25:06.14]如果你有好的点子加上勤奋工作Ifyouworkedhardandifyouhadgoodideas[25:08.87]并且愿意牺牲眼前利益andyouwerewillingtomakeshorttermsacrifices,[25:11.79]你就能在这个国家获得成功youcouldsucceedinthiscountry.[25:14.33][25:16.34]自卖出第一批怀表已经过了10年10Yearsaftersellinghisfirstwatch,[25:18.50]西尔斯印制的目录已经达到700页Searspublishesa700pagecatalog.[25:22.17][25:25.04]现在他已将公司总部搬到芝加哥NowbasedinChicago,[25:26.78]那里每天处理的订单超过35,000份heprocessesover35,000ordersaday,[25:30.49]发货的商品既有冰箱也有钢琴deliveringrefrigerators,pianos,[25:33.34]每年售出的缝纫机超过10万台oneyear,over100,000sewingmachines.[25:37.60]借助铁路Usingtherailroad,[25:38.86]西尔斯几乎可向全国任何角落售出任何商品Searscansellvirtuallyanything,anywhereinthecountry.[25:43.26]真正改变这个国家的Whatreallytransformedthiscountry[25:45.31][25:45.98]詹姆斯·梅格斯[《大众机械》杂志主编][25:47.94][25:45.31]不只是那些西进的移民wasn'tjustthewestwardmigration[25:48.12]或者是东部城市的发展anddevelopmentofcitiesintheeast,[25:50.10]而是商品长途运输的能力buttheabilitytomoveproductsacrossgreatdistances.[25:54.04]以往分散的小定居点Linkingtogetherwhatithadpreviously[25:56.66]现在连成了一片beenverydisparatelittlesettlement[25:57.70]不再像以前那样主要依靠自给自足thathadtobelargelyself-sufficient.[25:59.87][26:02.57]到19世纪末Bytheendofthe19thCentury[26:04.49]美国铁路总长达到20万英里Americahas200,000milesofrailroadtrack,[26:08.64] [26:09.06]将区域市场连接整合成了全国性的大市场linkingthelocalmarketsandcreatinganationaleconomy.[26:13.50][26:15.16]接下来的40年里Overthenext40years,[26:17.11]铁路货运总量theamountoffreightcarriedbyrail[26:19.39]由5500万吨激增至7亿吨shootsfrom55tonearly700milliontons.[26:24.25]中西部的资源ResourcesfromtheMidwest[26:26.34]源源不断地流向东部迅速增长的工业feedthecountry'sgrowingindustriesintheEast.[26:29.72][26:31.14]美国超过了英国TheUnitedStatesovertakesBritain[26:33.34]成为世界头号制造强国asthelargestmanufactureronearth,[26:36.31][26:36.44]产量很快占到了世界总量的30%soonproducing30%oftheworld'sgoods.[26:39.97][26:43.88]铁路为世界Therailroadslaidthebasisfor[26:45.88][26:46.00]H.W.布兰茨[德克萨斯大学教授][26:48.79][26:45.88]最大经济体的形成奠定了基础thecreationofthesinglelargestmarketinworldeconomy.[26:50.48]同时铁路也是AndthismadeitpossiblefortheUnitedStates[26:53.46]美国在19世纪末成为tobecometheglobaleconomicpower[26:55.55]一个全球经济强国的主要原因thatitdidbytheendofthe19thcentury.[26:58.28][27:02.15]美国人口在20年间翻了一番In20years,theU.S.populationdoubles[27:05.14]达到8000万to80million.[27:07.13][27:08.34]城市数量则增至此前的三倍Thenumberofcitiestriples.[27:10.66][27:10.84]700万美国人离开乡村7millionAmericansleavethecountry[27:13.32]来到这个国家繁荣的中心城市forthenation'sboomingurbancenters.[27:16.16][27:21.10]曾经是野牛狂奔的土地Wherebuffaloonceroamed,[27:23.54]已经呈现出一片现代文明的图景nowrisesthemodernworld.