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1、TheoreticalparticlephysicsA.PaisTheRockefellerUniversity,NewYork,NewYork10021-6399[S0034-6861(99)00702-3]CONTENTSpublicationin1893.Thetwilightofthe19thcenturywasdrivenbyoilandsteeltechnologies.I.PreludesS16Next,afewcommentson``high-energy''physicsintheII.TheYears1900±1945
2、S17®rstyearsofthetwentiethcentury:A.TheearlymysteriesofradioactivityS17PierreCurieinhis1903Nobellecture:``ItcanevenbeB.Weakandstronginteractions:BeginningsS18thoughtthatradiumcouldbecomeverydangerousinC.Theearlyyearsofquantum®eldtheoryS19criminalhands,andherethequestionca
3、nberaisedD.The1930sS191whethermankindbene®tsfromthesecretsofNature.''1.QEDS19Fromapreviewofthe1904InternationalElectrical2.NuclearphysicsS20III.ModernTimesS20CongressinSt.Louis,foundintheSt.LouisPostDis-A.QEDtriumphantS20patchofOctober4,1903:``PricelessmysteriousradiumB.L
4、eptonsS20willbeexhibitedinSt.Louis.Agrainofthismostwon-C.Baryons,moremesons,quarksS21derfulandmysteriousmetalwillbeshown.''AtthatEx-D.Kmesons,alaboratoryoftheirownS21positionatransformerwasshownwhichgenerated1.ParticlemixingS21abouthalfamillionvolts(Pais,1986).2.Violation
5、sofPandCS22InMarch1905,ErnestRutherfordbeganthe®rstof3.ViolationsofCPandTS22E.Downsandupsinmid-centuryS22hisSillimanlectures,givenatYale,asfollows:1.TroubleswithmesonsS22Thelastdecadehasbeenaveryfruitfulperiodin2.S-matrixmethodsS22physicalscience,anddiscoveriesofthemostst
6、riking3.CurrentalgebraS22interestandimportancehavefollowedoneanother4.NewleptonphysicsS22F.Quantum®eldtheoryreduxS22inrapidsuccession....Themarchofdiscoveryhas1.Quantumchromodynamics(QCD)S22beensorapidthatithasbeendif®cultevenforthose2.Electroweakuni®cationS23directlyenga
7、gedintheinvestigationstograspatIV.ProspectsS23oncethefullsigni®canceofthefactsthathavebeenReferencesS24broughttolight....Therapidityofthisadvancehasseldom,ifever,beenequalledinthehistoryofscience(Rutherford,1905,quotedinPais,1986).I.PRELUDESThetextofRutherford'slecturesma
8、kesclearwhichmainfactshehadinmind:Xrays,cathoderays,the``GentlemenandFellowPhysicistsofAmerica:W
