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1、环境工程英文文献附带带翻译：地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议EnvironmentalproblemscausedbyIstanbulsubwayexcavationandsuggestionsforremediationIbrahimOcakAbstract:Manyenvironmentalproblemscausedbysubwayexcavationshaveinevitablybecomeanimportantpointincitylife.Theseproblemscanbecategorizedastrans
2、portingandstockingofexcavatedmaterial,traf?cjams,noise,vibrations,pilesofdustmudandlackofsupplies.Althoughtheseproblemscausemanydif?culties,themostpressingforabigcitylikeIstanbulisexcavation,sinceotherlisteddif?cultiesresultfromit.Moreover,theseproblemsareenvironm
3、entallyandregionallyrestrictedtotheperiodoverwhichconstructionprojectsareunderwayanddisappearwhenconstructionis?nished.Currently,inIstanbul,thereareninesubwayconstructionprojectsinoperation,coveringapproximately73kminlength;over200kmtobeconstructedinthenearfuture.
4、Theamountofmaterialexcavatedfromongoingconstructionprojectscoversapproximately12millionm3.Inthisstudy,problems?primarily,theproblemwithexcavationwasteEW?causedbysubwayexcavationareanalyzedandsuggestionsforremediationareoffered.Keywords:EnvironmentalproblemsSubwaye
5、xcavationWastemanagementIntroductionNowadays,citiesarespreadingoverlargerareaswithincreasingdemandonextendingtransportfacilities.Thus,allovertheworld,especiallyincitieswherethepopulationexceeds300,000?400,000people,railway-basedmeansoftransportationisbeingaccepted
6、astheultimatesolution.Therefore,largeinvestmentsinsubwayandlightrailconstructionarerequired.Theconstructionofstatedsystemsrequiressurfaceexcavations,cutandcovertunnelexcavations,boredtunnelexcavations,redirectionofinfrastructuresandtunnelconstructionprojects.These
7、elementsdisturbtheenvironmentandaffecteverydaylifeofcitizensintermsofrunningwater,naturalgas,sewersystemsandtelephonelines.Onereasonwhymetroexcavationsaffecttheenvironmentisthehugeamountofexcavatedmaterialproduced.Moreover,alargeamountofthisexcavatedmaterialiscomp
8、osedofmuddyandbentonitematerial.Storingexcavatedmaterialthenbecomescrucial.Aconsiderableamountofpressurehasbeenplacedonof?cialstostoreandrecycleanykindo
