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1、《托福阅读100篇》第61篇到第70篇PASSAGE61(25)Fromtheirinception,mostruralneighborhoodsincolonialNorthAmericaincludedatleastonecarpenter,joiner,sawyer,andcooperinwoodworking;aweaverandatailorforclothingproduction;atanner,currier,andcordwainer(shoemaker)forfabricatingleatherobjects;andabl
2、acksmithformetalwork.Wherestonewasthelocalbuildingmaterial,amasonwassuretoappearonthelistofpeoplewhopaidtaxes.Withonlyanapprenticeasanassistant,theruralartisanprovidedtheneighborhoodwithcommongoodsfromfurnituretoshoestofarmequipmentinexchangeforcashorfor"goodsinkind"fromthe
3、customer'sfield,pasture,ordairy.Sometimesartisanstransformedmaterialprovidedbythecustomer;woveclothofyarnspunatthefarmfromthewoolofthefamilysheep;madechairsortablesfromwoodcutinthecustomer'sownwoodlot;producedshoesorleatherbreechesfromcow,deer,orsheepskintannedonthefarm.Lik
4、etheirfarmingneighbors,ruralartisanswerepartofaneconomyscene,byonehistorian,as"anorchestraconductedbynature."Sometaskscouldnotbedoneinthewinter,otherhadtobeputoffduringharvesttime,andstillotherswaitedonrawmaterialsthatwereonlyproducedseasonally.Asthedaysgrewshorter,shophour
5、skeptpace,sincefewartisanscouldaffordenoughartificiallighttocontinueworkwhentheSunwentdown.Tothebestoftheirability,colonialartisanstriedtokeeptheirshopsasefficientaspossibleandtoregularizetheirschedulesandmethodsofproductionforthebestreturnontheirinvestmentintime,tools,andm
6、aterials.Whileitispleasanttoimagineawoodworker,forexample,carefullymatchinglumber,joiningachesttogetherwithoutresorttonailsorglue,andapplyingallthoughtandenergytocarvingbeautifuldesignsonthefinishedpiece,thetimerequiredwasnotjustifiedunlessthecustomerwaswillingtopayextrafor
7、thequality—andfewinruralareaswere.Artisans,therefore,oftenfounditnecessarytoemployasmanyshortcutsandeconomicsaspossiblewhilestillproducingsatisfactoryproducts.1.WhataspectofruralcolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Farmingpractices(B)Theworkofartisans(C)Thecha
8、racterofruralneighborhoods(D)Typesoffurniturethatwerepopular2.Theword"inception"in
