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1、《托福阅读100篇》第91篇到第100篇PASSAGE91(30)Theterm"artdeco"hascometoencompassthreedistinctbutrelateddesigntrendsofthe1920'sand1930's.Thefirstwaswhatisfrequentlyreferredtoas"zigzagmoderne"—theexoticallyornamentalstyleofsuchskyscrapersastheChryslerBuildinginNewYor
2、kCityandrelatedstructuressuchastheParamountTheaterinOakland,California.Theword"zigzag"alludestothegeometricandstylizedornamentationofzigzags,angularpatterns,abstractedplantandanimalmotifs,sunbursts,astrologicalimagery,formalizedfountains,andrelatedthem
3、esthatwereappliedinmosaicrelief,andmuralformtotheexteriorandinteriorofthebuildings.Manyofthesebuildingswereshapedinthezigguratform,adesignresemblinganancientMesopotamiantempletowerthatrecedesinprogressivelysmallerstagestothesummit,creatingastaircase-li
4、keeffect.Thesecondmanifestationofartdecowasthe1930's"streamlinedmoderne"style—aFuturistic-lookingaerodynamicstyleofroundedcornersandhorizontalbandsknownas"speedstripes".Inarchitecture,theseelementswerefrequentlyaccompaniedbyroundwindows,extensiveuseofg
5、lassblock,andflatrooftops.Thethirdstyle,referredtoaseither"internationalstrippedclassicism,"orsimply"classicalmoderne,"alsocametotheforefrontduringtheDepression,aperiodofsevereeconomicdifficultinthe1930's.Thiswasamoreconservativestyle,blendingasimplifi
6、edmodernisticstylewithamoreaustereformofgeometricandstylizedreliefsculptureandotherornament,includinginteriormurals.ManybuildingsinthisstylewereerectednationwidethroughgovernmentprogramsduringtheDepression.Althoughartdecoinitsmanyformswaslargelyperceiv
7、edasthoroughlymodern,itwasstronglyinfluencedbythedecorativeartsmovementsthatimmediatelyprecededit.Forexample,like"artnouveau"(1890-1910),artdecoalsousedplantmotifs,butregularizedtheformsintoabstractedrepetitivepatternsratherthanpresentingthemasflowing,
8、asymmetricalfoliage,liketheViennesecraftspeopleoftheWienerWerkstatte,artdecodesignersworkedwithexoticmaterials,geometricizedshapes,andcolorfullyornatepatterns.Furthermore,liketheartisansoftheArtsandCraftsMovementinEnglandandtheUnitedSta
