(keywordsradiation,cancer,doses,ionizingradiation,risk)

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1、(Keywords:radiation,cancer,doses,ionizingradiation,risk)AMERICANJOURNALOFPHYSICSResourceLetterEIRLD-2:EffectsofIonizingRadiationatLowDosesAm.J.Phys.80(1);2011.RichardWilsonHarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138(Received2September2011;accepted27October2011)ThisResourceLetterprovidesaguidetothe

2、literatureontheeffectsofionizingradiationonpeopleatlowdoses.Journalarticles,booksandwebpagesareprovidedforthefollowing:dataathighdoselevels,effectsofmoderatetohighdoses(leukemia,solidcancer,lungcancer,childhoodcancerandnoncanceroutcomes),effectsofdoserate,relationshiptobackground,supralin

3、earityandhormesis,andpolicyimplications.©2011AmericanAssociationofPhysicsTeachers.[DOI:10.1119/1.3661997]IntroductionThationizingradiationcanhaveseriousadverseeffectsonpeoplewasobvioustothefirstexperimenters110yearsago.Theprimaryuseofradiationwasinthemedicalprofession.Theadvantagesofusinga

4、nXrayfordiagnosisissogreatthattheadvantagesoutweighedthedisadvantages.Ittook50yearsforthemedicalprofessiontorealizethatthedisadvantagescouldbedramaticallyreduced(100fold)bycarefulmeasurementandwiseuseoftechnology.Thiswastheprovinceofthenewdisciplineofmedicalphysicsincludingradiationprotect

5、ion.Thereexistdataoneffectsofhighlevelsofradiationfromexcessivemedicalexposures,unwiseuseofradiationintreatment,andsince1945fromtheeffectsoftheatomicbombsatHiroshimaandNagasakiandtheeffectsofnuclear-poweraccidentsatThreeMileIsland,ChernobylandFukushima.ThisResourceLetterwillmostlyaddresswh

6、atwecandiscernfromdirectepidemiologicalmeasurementsuponpeople.Therearealargenumberofreferencestodataontheeffectsofradiationathighdoses.Thesearemostlyinbooksandcompilations(refs.137).I.Journalsarelistedinthefollowingorder.Generaljournals,CancerandEnvironmentjournals,andRadiationspecificjou

7、rnals.Manyofthemostimportantresultsarepublishedinthegeneraljournals,butdetailisusuallyfoundintheradiationspecificjournals:GeneralNatureLancetScienceAmericanJournalofEpidemiologyJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationBritishMedicalJournalCancerandEnvironmentCan