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1、POLITICSbyAristotleTranslatedbyBenjaminJowettBOOKONEIEVERYSTATEisacommunityofsomekind,andeverycommunityisestablishedwithaviewtosomegood;formankindalwaysactinordertoobtainthatwhichtheythinkgood.But,ifallcommunitiesaimatsomegood,thestateorpoliticalcommunity,whichisthehighestofall,andwhichembracesall
2、therest,aimsatgoodinagreaterdegreethananyother,andatthehighestgood.Somepeoplethinkthatthequalificationsofastatesman,king,householder,andmasterarethesame,andthattheydiffer,notinkind,butonlyinthenumberoftheirsubjects.Forexample,theruleroverafewiscalledamaster;overmore,themanagerofahousehold;overasti
3、lllargernumber,astatesmanorking,asiftherewerenodifferencebetweenagreathouseholdandasmallstate.Thedistinctionwhichismadebetweenthekingandthestatesmanisasfollows:Whenthegovernmentispersonal,therulerisaking;when,accordingtotherulesofthepoliticalscience,thecitizensruleandareruledinturn,thenheiscalleda
4、statesman.Butallthisisamistake;forgovernmentsdifferinkind,aswillbeevidenttoanyonewhoconsidersthematteraccordingtothemethodwhichhashithertoguidedus.Asinotherdepartmentsofscience,soinpolitics,thecompoundshouldalwaysberesolvedintothesimpleelementsorleastpartsofthewhole.Wemustthereforelookattheelement
5、sofwhichthestateiscomposed,inorderthatwemayseeinwhatthedifferentkindsofruledifferfromoneanother,andwhetheranyscientificresultcanbeattainedabouteachoneofthem.IIHewhothusconsidersthingsintheirfirstgrowthandorigin,whetherastateoranythingelse,willobtaintheclearestviewofthem.Inthefirstplacetheremustbea
6、unionofthosewhocannotexistwithouteachother;namely,ofmaleandfemale,thattheracemaycontinue(andthisisaunionwhichisformed,notofdeliberatepurpose,butbecause,incommonwithotheranimalsandwithplants,mankindhaveanaturaldesiretoleavebehindthemanimageofthemselves),andofnaturalrulerandsubject,thatbothmaybepres
7、erved.Forthatwhichcanforeseebytheexerciseofmindisbynatureintendedtobelordandmaster,andthatwhichcanwithitsbodygiveeffecttosuchforesightisasubject,andbynatureaslave;hencemasterandslavehavethesameinterest.Nownatureh
