Axelrod 1984 The Evolution of Cooperation.pdf

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1、TheEvolutionofCooperationTHEEVOLUTIONOFCOOPERATIONRobertAxelrodBasicBooks,Inc.,PublishersNewYork/���.2._!.•i�?'�/......;/,.,,"'�Ane3rlierversionofch3pter2,t3bles1-5,3ndfigures1-23ppearedinThejo11malefC.>r!/firtRrso/111io11(1980}.Anearlierversionofchapter3appearedi

2、ntheAmaira11PoliticalSci1·11C1'Re,,;,.11,(1981).Ane3rlicrversionofchapter53ppe3redinScit•nce211(27Marchl'JHI}:IJ'JO-'H1.Copyright1981bytheAmcric3nAssociationfortheAdV3nccmcntofScience.Libr3ryofCongressC3taloginginPublic3tionDaraAxelrod,RobertM.Theevolutionofcoopera

3、tion.Bibliography:p.223lnclucbimlex.I.Coopt:rativcncss.2.Gamrsofsrran..·gy(Matlwmarics)J.Conflictmanagl'ml'nt.�.Egoism.5.Consensus(Socialscirncrs)6.Socialiml'raccion.I.Ticlt·.HM131.AH

4、I'!84byRobertAxelrodPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaD<-signedbyVincentTorre868788MPC987<154J2CONTENTSPREFACEviiPART!Introduction1.TheProblemofCooperation3PARTIITheEmergenceofCooperation2.TheSuccessofTITFORTATinComputerTournaments273.TheChronologyofCooperation55PAR

5、TIIICooperationWithoutFriendshiporForesight4.TheLive-and-Let-LiveSysteminTrenchWarfareinWorldWarI73vContents5.TheEvolutionofCooperationinBiologicalSystems(withWilliamD.Hamilton)88PARTIVAdviceforParticipantsandReformers6.HowtoChooseEffectively1097.HowtoPromoteCooper

6、ation124PARTVConclusions8.TheSocialStructureofCooperation1459.TheRobustnessofReciprocity169APPENDIXATOURNAMENTRESULTS192APPENDIXBPROOFSOFTHETHEORETICALPROPOSITIONS206NOTES216BIBLIOGRAPHY223INDEX231viPREFACETHISPROJECTbeganwithasimplequestion:Whenshouldapersoncooper

7、ate,andwhenshouldapersonbeselfish,inanongoinginteractionwithanotherperson?Shouldafriendkeepprovidingfavorstoanotherfriendwhoneverreciprocates?Shouldabusinessprovidepromptservicetoanotherbusinessthatisabouttobebankrupt?HowintenselyshouldtheUnitedStatestrytopunishthe

8、SovietUnionforaparticularhostileact,andwhatpatternofbehaviorcantheUnitedStatesusetobestelicitcooperativebehaviorfromtheSovietUnion?Thereisasimple