the evolution of cooperation

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1、TheEvolutionofCooperationTHEEVOLUTIONOFCOOPERATIONRobertAxelrodBasicBooks,Inc.,PublishersNewYorkAnearlierversionofchapter2,tables1-5,andfigures1-2appearedinTheJournalofConflictResolution(1980).Anearlierversionofchapter3appearedintheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview(1981).Anearlierversionofcha

2、pter5appearedinScience211(27March198l):1390-96.Copyright1981bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataAxelrod,RobertM.Theevolutionofcooperation.Iiibliography:p.223Includesindex.1.Cooperativeness.2.Gamesofstrategy(Mathematics)3.Conflictma

3、nagement.4.Egoism.5.Consensus(Socialsciences)6.Socialinteraction.I.Title.HM131.A891984302'.1483-45255ISBN0-465-02122-0(cloth)ISBN0-465-02121-2(paper)Copyright©1984byRobertAxelrodPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaDesignedbyVincentTorre868788MPC98765432CONTENTSPREFACEviPARTIIntroduction1.TheP

4、roblemofCooperation3PARTIITheEmergenceofCooperation2.TheSuccessofTITFORTATinComputerTournaments273.TheChronologyofCooperation55PARTIIICooperationWithoutFriendshiporForesight4.TheLive-and-Let-LiveSysteminTrenchWarfareinWorldWarI73vContents5.TheEvolutionofCooperationinBiologicalSystems(withW

5、illiamD.Hamilton)88PARTIVAdviceforParticipantsandReformers6.HowtoChooseEffectively1097.HowtoPromoteCooperation124PARTVConclusions8.TheSocialStructureofCooperation1459.TheRobustnessofReciprocity169APPENDIXATOURNAMENTRESULTS192APPENDIXBPROOFSOFTHETHEORETICALPROPOSITIONS206NOTES216BIBLIOGRAPH

6、Y223INDEX231PREFACETHISPROJECTbeganwithasimplequestion:Whenshouldapersoncooperate,andwhenshouldapersonbeselfish,inanongoinginteractionwithanotherperson?Shouldafriendkeepprovidingfavorstoanotherfriendwhoneverreciprocates?Shouldabusinessprovidepromptservicetoanotherbusinessthatisabouttobeban

7、krupt?HowintenselyshouldtheUnitedStatestrytopunishtheSovietUnionforaparticularhostileact,andwhatpatternofbehaviorcantheUnitedStatesusetobestelicitcoopera-tivebehaviorfromtheSovietUnion?Thereisasimplewaytorepresentthetypeofsituationthatgivesrisetotheseproblems.