digestive system

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1、SPLANCHOLOGY内脏学1Chapter1Generaldescription总论Splanchnologyincludesalimentarysystem消化系统respiratorysystem呼吸系统urinarysystem泌尿系统genitalsystem生殖系统2Ⅰ.GeneralstructureofvisceraTheorgansofvisceramaybedividedintotwotypesaccordingtotheirgeneralstructures:holloworgans(中空性器官);parenchyma

2、tousorgans(实质性器官)3Ⅰ.Generalstructureofviscera1.Holloworgans中空性器官Thewalloftheseorgansconsistsofthreeorfourlayersofdifferenttissues.(1)mucosa黏膜;(2)submucosa黏膜下层;(3)muscularlayer肌层;(4)adventitia外膜45Ⅰ.Generalstructureofviscera(1)Thiskindoforgansarecommonlyenclosebythinfibrousca

3、psule纤维囊anddividedintomanyunitsknownaslobules小叶;(2)Hilumorporta门:asomewhatdepressionorslitonthesurfaceoforgan,wherethebloodvessle,nerveandlymphaticenterorleavetheorgan.2.Parenchymatousorgans实质性器官6Portahepatis肝门7一、Thereferencelineofthorax胸部的标志线Anteriormedianline前正中线Lateralst

4、ernalline胸骨线Midclavicularline锁骨中线Parasternalline胸骨旁线Anterioraxillaryline腋前线Midaxillaryline腋中线Posterioraxillaryline腋后线Scapularline肩胛线Posteriormedianline后正中线ⅡThereferencelineofthoraxandabdominalregion89Nine-areamethod九分法Referenceline:transtubercularline结节间线subcostalline肋下线mid

5、inguinalline腹股沟中线NineregionsEpigastricregion腹上区Umbilicalregion脐区Hypogastricregion腹下区Rightandlefthypochondriacregion左右季肋区lateralregion(lumbarregion)外侧区(腰区)inguinalregion(iliacregion)腹股沟区(髂区)二、Abdonminalregions腹部分区10transtubercularlinesubcostallinemidinguinalline112.Quadrants

6、四分法Thequadrantsismadebytheplanes,atransverseandavertical,whichpassthroughtheumbilicusandintersecatrightangle,sotheabdomenisdividedintofourquadrants:Upperrightquadrant(RUQ)右上腹Upperleftquadrant(LUQ)左上腹Lowerrightquadrant(RLQ)右下腹Lowerleftquadrant(LLQ)左下腹RUQLUQLLQ二、Abdonminalreg

7、ions腹部分区12消化系统AlimentarySystem1314Mouth口腔Pharynx咽Esophagus食管Stomach胃Smallintestine小肠Largeintestine大肠Digestiveglands消化腺Superiordigestivetube上消化道Inferiordigestivetube下消化道Majorsalivaryglands大唾液腺Liver肝Pancreas胰Function:ingestion,digestion,absorption,egestingDigestivetube消化管Duod

8、enum十二指肠Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠Cecum盲肠，Vermiformappendix阑尾、Colon结肠，rectum直肠、Analcanal肛管Co