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ID:39205588
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时间:2019-06-27
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1、RICHARDLEVINSANDRICHARDLEWONTINDIALECTICSANDREDUCTIONISMINECOLOGYThephilosophicaldebateswhichhaveaccompaniedthedevelopmentofsciencehaveoftenbeenexpressedintermsofdichotomouschoicesbetweenopposingviewpointsaboutthestructureofnature,theexplanationofnaturalprocesses,andtheappropriatemethod
2、sforresearch:Arethedifferentlevelsoforganizationsuchasatom,molecule,cell,organism,species,andcommunityonlytheepiphenomenaofunderlyingphysicalprinciplesorarethelevelsseparatedbyrealdiscontinuites?Aretheobjectswithinalevelfundamentallysimilardespiteapparentdifferencesoriseachoneuniquedesp
3、iteseemingsimilarities?Isthenaturalworldmoreorlessatequilbriumorinconstantchange?Canthingsbeexplainedbypresentcircumstancesoristhepresentsimplyareflectionofthepast?Istheworldcausalorrandom?Dothingshappentoasystemmostlybecauseofitsowninternaldynamicoriscausationexternal?Isitlegitimatetop
4、ostulatehypotheticalentitiesaspartofscientificexplanationorshouldsciencesticktoobservables?Dogeneralizationsrevealdeeperlevelsofrealityordestroytherichnessofnature?Areabstractionsmeaningfulorobfuscatory?Aslongasthealternativesareacceptedasmutuallyexclusive,theconflictremainsonebetweenme
5、chanisticreductionismchampioningmaterialism,andidealismrepresentingholisticandsometimesdialec-ticalconcerns.Itisalsopossibletooptforcompromiseintheformofaliberalpluralisminwhichthequestionsbecomequantitative:howdifferentandhowsimilarareobjects?Whatistherelativeimportanceofchanceandneces
6、sity?Ofinternalandexternalcauses(e.g.,heredityandenvironment)?Suchanapproachreducesthephilosophicalissuestoapartitioningofvarianceandmustremainagnosticaboutstrategy.Whenweattempttochosesidesrestrospectively,wefindthatitisSynthese43(1980)47-78.0039-7857/80/0431-0047$03.20.Copyright(~1980
7、byD.ReidelPublishingCo.,Dordrecht,Holland,andBoston,U.S.A.48RICHARDLEVINSANDRICHARDLEWONTINnotpossibletobeconsistent:wesidewiththebiologistswhoopposedtheologicalidealismininsistinguponthecontinuitybetweenourspeciesandotheranimalsorbetweenlivingandnonlivingmatter.Butweemphasizet
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