劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型

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1、YOUAREWELCOME!1InternationalEconomics国际经济学主讲：余道先ydxdhy@hotmail.com2Chapter2LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:TheRicardianModel劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型3PreviewIntroductionTheConceptofComparativeAdvantage（比较优势）AOne-FactorEconomy（单一要素经济）TradeinaOne-FactorWorld（单一要素世界的贸易）Comparative

2、AdvantagewithManyGoods（多种产品的比较优势）AddingTransportCostsandNontradedGoods（引入运输成本和非贸易品）EmpiricalEvidenceontheRicardianModelSummary4Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:Theyaredifferentfromeachotherintermsofclimate,land,capital,labor,andtechnology.Theytrytoachievesc

3、aleeconomies（规模经济）inproduction.TheRicardianmodelisbasedontechnologicaldifferencesacrosscountries.Thesetechnologicaldifferencesarereflectedindifferencesintheproductivityoflabor.Introduction5TheRicardianmodelusestheconceptsofopportunitycostandcomparativeadvantage.TheConceptofCom

4、parativeAdvantage6Forexample，OnValentine’sDaytheU.S.demandforrosesisabout10millionroses.GrowingrosesintheU.S.inthewinterisdifficult.Heatedgreenhousesshouldbeused.Thecostsforenergy,capital,andlaboraresubstantial.Resourcesfortheproductionofrosescouldbeusedtoproduceothergoods,sayc

5、omputers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage7OpportunityCost（机会成本）Theopportunitycostofrosesintermsofcomputersisthenumberofcomputersthatcouldbeproducedwiththesameresourcesasagivennumberofroses.ComparativeAdvantage（比较优势）Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodsiftheopportun

6、itycostofproducingthatgoodsintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.如果一个国家在本国生产某种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在该种产品的生产上具有比较优势。TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage8SupposethatintheU.S.10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas100,000compu

7、ters.SupposealsothatinSouthAmerica10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas30,000computers.ThisexampleassumesthatSouthAmericanworkersarelessproductivethanU.S.workers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage9Ifeachcountryspecializesintheproductionofthegoodswithloweropportunityc

8、osts,tradecanbebeneficialforbothcountries.Roseshavelow