劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型资料.ppt

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1、劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型Chapter3LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:TheRicardianModel劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型2PreviewIntroductionTheConceptofComparativeAdvantage（比较优势）AOne-FactorEconomy（单一要素经济）TradeinaOne-FactorWorld（单一要素世界的贸易）ComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoods（多种产

2、品的比较优势）AddingTransportCostsandNontradedGoods（引入运输成本和非贸易品）EmpiricalEvidenceontheRicardianModelSummary3Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:Theyaredifferentfromeachotherintermsofclimate,land,capital,labor,andtechnology.Theytrytoachievesca

3、leeconomies（规模经济）inproduction.TheRicardianmodelisbasedontechnologicaldifferencesacrosscountries.Thesetechnologicaldifferencesarereflectedindifferencesintheproductivityoflabor.Introduction4TheRicardianmodelusestheconceptsofopportunitycostandcomparativead

4、vantage.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage5Forexample，OnValentine’sDaytheU.S.demandforrosesisabout10millionroses.GrowingrosesintheU.S.inthewinterisdifficult.Heatedgreenhousesshouldbeused.Thecostsforenergy,capital,andlaboraresubstantial.Resourcesforthepro

5、ductionofrosescouldbeusedtoproduceothergoods,saycomputers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage6OpportunityCost（机会成本）Theopportunitycostofrosesintermsofcomputersisthenumberofcomputersthatcouldbeproducedwiththesameresourcesasagivennumberofroses.ComparativeAdv

6、antage（比较优势）Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodsiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodsintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.如果一个国家在本国生产某种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在该种产品的生产上具有比较优势。TheConceptofCom

7、parativeAdvantage7SupposethatintheU.S.10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas100,000computers.SupposealsothatinSouthAmerica10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas30,000computers.ThisexampleassumesthatSouthAmericanworkersarelessproduc

8、tivethanU.S.workers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage8Ifeachcountryspecializesintheproductionofthegoodswithloweropportunitycosts,tradecanbebeneficialforbothcountries.RoseshaveloweropportunitycostsinSouthAmerica.Computershavelower