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1、TheUnityofTheoryandPracticeIntroductionThefirstessayinHistoryandClassConsciousnessisalengthyelucidationoftheenigmaticphrase“theunityoftheoryandpractice,”i.e.therelationofMarxismtotheproletariat.Lukácsarguesthat“theoryisessentiallytheintellectualexpressionoftherevolutionaryprocessitself.”Theargum
2、entiscomplexandinterestingdespiteLukács’erroneousassumptionsaboutthefutureofthemovement.InthischapterIwillattempttoreconstructLukács’positioninitscontext,contemporaryMarxistthoughtandthemanydilemmasandunsolvedproblemsimplicatedintherelationoftheorytopracticeinhistime.IwillfirstshowhowLukácsdeals
3、withthecontradictionsintheprogramofhistoricalmaterialism,andthenturntohistheoriesofclassconsciousnessandtheparty.StructureandAgencyLukácssituatesMarxismattheintersectionofthetwofundamentaldiscoveriesofmodernsocialtheory.Thefirstofthese,whichheattributestoVico,holdsthatsocietyisahumanproduct;from
4、thisideaderiveallthosesocialtheoriesthatemphasizehumanagency.AsMarxwrites,humanbeingsare“boththeauthorsandtheactorsoftheirowndrama.”Theseconddiscovery,attributedtoSmithandRicardo,holdsthatinoneofitsdimensions—theeconomy—thisproducthasarationalformdescribedinuniversallawsresemblingthelawsofnature
5、.ThusMarxalsoclaimsthatsociallifecanbe“viewedasaprocessofnaturalhistory,”inwhichmenare“governedbylawsnotonlyindependentofhumanwill,consciousnessandintelligence,butrather,onthecontrary,determiningthatwill,consciousnessandintelligence.”Everylatersocialdeterminismstemsfromthisinsight.Thesetwodiscov
6、eriescompasstheantinomyofstructureandagency.Thisantinomystilldividessocialtheory,whichemphasizesnowone,nowtheotherofitspoles,thelogicofthesocialorderortheactionofsubjectsinhistory.TheantinomybedevilsMarxismfromthebeginning.ByMarx’sday,capitalismhadsubordinatedallotherareasofsociallifetoitsexigen
7、cies.Thisstateofaffairsarguedforanemphasisonstructure,thedeterminingpoweroftheeconomiclawsoveragainstthewillandintentionsofhumanbeings.AndyettheevidenceofVico—thathistoryisahumanproduct—wasincreasinglyconfirmedbyrevolutionar
