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1、LlAMB.MURPHYinstitutionsandtheDemandsofJusticeI.INTRODUCTIONInthefirstsentenceofthefirstsectionofATheoryofJwticeRawlswritesthat“justiceisthefirstvirtueofsocialinstitutions.”Hesoonelaborates:Forustheprimarysubjectofjusticeisthebasicstructureofsociety,ormoreexactly,thewayinwhichthemajorsocialinst
2、itutionsdistrib-utefundamentalrightsanddutiesanddeterminethedivisionofad-vantagesfromsocialcooperation.Somewhatlaterinthebook,wefindthiscrucialpassage:Theprinciplesofjusticeforinstitutionsmustnotbeconfusedwiththeprincipleswhichapplytoindividualsandtheiractionsinparticu-larcircumstances.Thesetwo
3、kindsofprinciplesapplytodifferentsubjectsandmustbediscussedseparately.’InthisarticleIdefendthecontraryview:allfundamentalnormativeprinciplesthatapplytothedesignofinstitutionsapplyalsotothecon-ductofpeople.Ihavebenefittedenormouslyfromthecommentsofmanypeople.includingmembersofaudiencesatBrownUni
4、versity;theUniversityofMaryland,Collegepark;NewYorkUniversity;TuftsUniversity;theUniversityofVirginia;andapanelatthe1998AnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.IamparticularlyindebtedtoRich-ardAmeson,G.A.Cohen,RonaldDworkin,LewisKomhauser,ThomasNagel,ThomasPogge,JosephRaz,CarlosRo
5、senkrantz,andtheEditorsofPhilosophyE.PublicAffairs.ThefinancialsupportoftheFilomend‘AgostinoandMaxE.GreenbergResearchFundoftheNewYorkUniversityschoolofLawisgratefullyacknowledged.I.Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityhess,ign.Thethreepassagesarefoundatpp.3,7,anda%.01999byPrincetonUniyersityPress.P
6、hilosophy6PublicAffairsn,no.4252PhilosophyGPublicAnairsLikeallofhisphilosophicalthought,Rawls’sconceptionofjusticeasanormativerealmdistinctfromthatofethicsormoralityhasbeenex-tremelyinfluential.Itistruethatthegeneralideathatdistributivejusticemustbepromotedthroughthestructuralreformofsocietyrat
7、herthanindividuals’do-goodingisnotnewwithRawls;ithaslongbeentakenforgrantedbyprettymucheveryonewithegalitariansympathies.Likewise,Rawlsisnotthefirstphilosophertodiscusstheimportanceofsocialinstitutionsinformingpeople’sinterests,ch
