语法——从属结构

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1、从属结构概念如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分，这种现象叫做“从属”。例如：themanwithaguninhishandthemanwhowasholdingaguninhishand从属结构可以是词组（主要是介词词组），也可以是限定分句、非限定分句或无动词分句。名词词组：名词词组＋介词词组名词词组：名词词组＋关系分句限定从属分句限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。例如：Whatcausedthefireisstillamystery.Themanwhodidtherobberyhasbe

2、encaught.Sincethespeakercan’tcome,we’llhavetocancelthemeeting.主语，名词性分句修饰语，形容词性分句状语，副词性分句名词性分句名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，可以在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。That从句作主语That从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作主语，通常采用it作先行主语，将that从句放在后面。例如：Thatyoudonotlikeherhasnothingtodowithit.It’spossiblethatthe

3、re’llbeavacancy.Itisreportedthatthetroopshavealreadycrossedtheborder.That从句作补足语That从句也可以在系动词后作补足语，说明事实或想法。例如：Myadviceisthatyoushouldsellthecar.Theanswerissimplythattheyaren’tinterestedindoingit.That从句作宾语That从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如：Hecomplainedthathismealwascold.Evidencei

4、ndicatedthattheexperimentswereunsuccessful.少数几个介词后可以接that从句充当宾语，如exceptthat,butthat,savethat,inthat：Ipreferhisplantoyours,inthathisismorepractical.WeknownothingabouthersavethathersurnameisJones.That从句作同位语同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容，通常由that引导，除此外还可用whether,what等疑问词。例如：Wecametoth

5、edecisionthatwemustactatonce.Hemadeaproposalthatthemeetingbepostponed.thefactthat…是较常见的同位语结构，例如：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseverybodyintheoffice.Hewasheldresponsibleforthefactthathisdoghadbittenhisneighbor.Itisimpossibletodisguisethefactthatbusinessisba

6、d.Thefactthat常置于句首充当主语，也可置于某些不能直接跟that从句的介词或动词之后充当宾语。That的省略问题That从句充当主语、补语、同位语时，一般不省略。That从句充当宾语时，如果前面的动词为常用动词，that往往可以省略，如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用的动词，that不宜省略。例如：Shesaid(that)shewasfeelingbetter.Thejudgeheldthatthechild'sinterestsinthiscasemustcomefirst.当一个句子有多个that从句充当宾语时，第一

7、个that可以省略，但后面的that不能省略。例如：Hetoldme(that)hewouldgofishingtomorrowafternoonandthathewouldinviteMarytogowithhim.Whether/if从句Whether/if从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。例如：Sheaskedwhether/ifIcouldspeakFrench.Shedidn’tsayshe’dgoorstayathome.Tellmeyoulikeitornot.Iamwonderingornot

8、wewillgetthereintime.Tellmetodoit.Ididn'tknowtobelievehimornot.whether/ifwhether/ifWhether和if都可与or或ornot连用，但whether可以直接后随orn