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1、二语习得概念对比1.modifiedinput:Adaptedspeechwhichadultsusetoaddresschildrenandnativespeakersusetoaddresslanguagelearnerssothatthelearnerwillbeabletounderstand.Examplesofmodifiedinputincludeshorter,simplersentences,slowerrateofspeech,andbasicvocabulary.enhancedinput:Inputwhichisalteredinanef
2、forttomakeitmoresalienttolearners.Itcanbemoreorlessexplicit,rangingfromexplicitmetalinguisticcommentstotypographicalenhancement(boldtypeorunderlining)orexaggeratedstressinspeaking.comprehensibleinput:AtermintroducedbyStephenKrashentorefertolanguagewhichalearnercanunderstand.Thelangua
3、gemaybecomprehensibleinpartbecauseofcluessuchasgestures,situations,orpriorinformation.2.behaviorism:Apsychologicaltheorythatalllearning,whetherverbalornon-verbal,takesplacethroughtheestablishmentofhabits.Accordingtothisview,whenlearnersimitateandrepeatthelanguagetheyhearintheirsurrou
4、ndingenvironmentandarepositivelyreinforcedfordoingso,habitformation(orlearning)occurs,connectionism:Atheorywhichviewslanguageasacomplexsystemofunitswhichbecomeinterconnectedinthemindastheyareencounteredtogethe匸Themoreoftenunitsareheardorseentogether,themorelikelyitisthatthepresenceof
5、onewillleadtotheactivationoftheother.innatism:Atheorythathumanbeingsarebornwithsomebasicknowledgeaboutlanguagesingeneralthatmakesitpossibletolearnthespecificlanguageoftheenvironment.interactionism:Atheorythatlanguageacquisitionisbasedbothonlearners'innateabilitiesandonopportunitiesto
6、engageinconversations,oftenthoseinwhichotherspeakersmodifytheirspeechtomatchthelearnerscommunicationrequirements.Theinnateabilitiesarenotseenasbeingspecifictolanguageorlanguageacquisition.3・developmentalfeatures:Thoseaspectsofalanguagewhich,accordingtoPienemannandhiscolleagues,develo
7、pinaparticularsequence,regardlessofinputvariationorinstructionalintervention.variationalfeatures:IncontrasttothedevelopmentalfeaturesintheframeworkdevelopedbyPienemannandhiscolleagues,variationalfeatures(foeexample,vocabulary,somegrammaticalmorphemes)canbelearnedatanypointinthelearne
8、r'sdevelopme
