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此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：TypesofGrammaticalMetaphorsinHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban外文作者：NesaNabifar,HamedKazemzad文献出处:TheJournalofAppliedLinguistics,2018,Vol.5,Issue1(如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文1689单词，10024字符，中文2478汉字。原文：TypesofGrammaticalMetaphorsinHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanNesaNabifar,HamedKazemzadGrammaticalMetaphor(GM)isoneofthefreshlanguagephenomenaintroducedbyHalliday(1985)intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Thompson(2004)statesthatthesalientsourceofGMwouldbe‘Nominalization’whereanounformattemptstorepresentaverbformorinotherwords,averbformwithitsdifferentprocessisrepresentedinanounform.Hecontinuesthatanywordingisoughttobeeithermetaphoricalorcongruentwording.InthisstudythestoryofHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanwasexploredinsearchofGMsdeployedthroughoutthefirsttwochapters.ThisstudytendedtoidentifytheinstancesofnominalizationtypesofGMinthefirsttwochaptersofHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanandofferthecongruentwording.Asthenextstep,thecongruentwordingswerecomparedwithmetaphoricalwordinginordertofindoutthelexicaldensityofeachwording.ThelexicaldensitywasobtainedbyConcordancesoftware.Theresultofstudyillustrated,inaverycrystal-clearway,theadvantageofGMinadultwritingwhichisstatedtobe oneofthenoticeablepointsregardingGMbyHalliday(1985).TheresultobtainedstatisticallyrevealedthatthedeploymentofGMincreasesthelexicaldensity,whichagainwasclaimedbyHalliday(2004)asoneoftheothersalientpointsaboutGM.Basedonthefindingsofthisstudy,someimplicationscanbedrawnforacademicwritingandreadingaswellasforteachersinvolvedinwritingandreadingpedagogy.Keywords:GrammaticalMetaphors,Types,HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanManylanguagestudiesinvolvetheexplorationoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmeaning.Infact,therelationshipbetweenwordsandmeaningsinonehand,andhowtheymakesuchameaningfulmakeupontheotherhandhavealwaysbeenofparamountinterestformanyoflanguagescholars.SystemicFunctionalLinguistics(SFL),basedontheworkofHalliday(1985),dealswiththisrelationshipbydevelopingtheconceptofGrammaticalMetaphor(GM).GMisaphenomenonarisingfromthestratificationofthecontentplaneinalanguage.AccordingtoSFL,alanguageisacomplexsemioticsystemwithvariousstrata(Halliday&Matthiessen,1999).Ontheotherhand,thecontentplaneofanylanguagerevolvesaroundtwostrataofsemanticsandlexicogrammar(Yanning,2008).Semanticstratumdealswiththetransformationofhumanexperienceandinterpersonalrelationshipsintomeaningswhilethelexicogrammarstratumwhichunifiesthelexicalandgrammaticalpartsoflanguage,isconcernedwiththefurthertransformationofmeaningsintowordings.HallidayandMatthiessen(1999)claimthatsemanticandlexico-grammaticalstratuminalanguagearerelatedbythemeansofrealization.Inthedevelopmentofhumanlanguages,thisrealizationalrelationshipevolvesfirstaspatternswheresemanticunitsarecongruentlymappedontolexico-grammaticalones.Forexample,semanticunitofsequenceiscongruentlyrealizedthroughthegrammaticalcategoryofclausecomplex.Thecongruentpatternsarenottheonlyformofrealizationbecausethestratifiedcontentplanehasthepotentialfortherealignmentofmappingbetweensemanticandlexico-grammaticalunits.Forinstance,semanticunitofsequencecanberealizedgrammaticallyasaclauseorevenagroupinsteadofaclausecomplex.Thisrealignmentoftherelationshipbetweensemanticsandlexicogrammar,asdefinedbyHallidayandMatthiessen(1999),isthephenomenonofGM.Forthisreason,theresearcherhopesthepresentstudywillshedlightonthelinguisticknowledgeaboutthegrammaticalmetaphorusedinHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanhelpingwriters,readers,teachers,studentsandtranslatorstounderstandlanguagemoreeffectively.MetaphorMetaphorisoneofthewell-knownphenomenainlanguageandliterature.Ithasalwaysreceivedalotofattentionfromdifferentdisciplinessuchasphilosophy,psychology,linguisticsandliterarystudies(Taverniers,2004).Metaphor,infact,isakindofmovementinwhichonethingismovedbeyonditselftobesomethingdifferent(Taverniers,2004).Followingaretwoexamples: ThepresentstudywasconductedwiththeaimofidentifyingtypesofideationalgrammaticalmetaphorsandtypesofprocessesinHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban.Thispartelaboratesonmethodologicaldimensions,i.e.,thedatacollection,explainingtheprocedure,theresearchdesign,aswellasthedataanalysis.ResearchQuestionsBasedonthenatureofthecomparativestudies,thefollowingstudyattemptstofindtheanswertothefollowingquestions:a.DoesJ.K.RowlingemployGMinwritingtwochaptersoftheHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban?b.Basedonthefirstquestion,whatisthesemanticchoiceofGMintwochaptersofHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban?MaterialHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanisthethirdnovelintheHarryPotterserieswrittenbyJ.K.Rowling.Thebookwaspublishedon8July1999.Thenovelwonthe1999WhitbreadBookAward,theBramStokerAward,the2000LocusAwardfortheBestFantasyNovel,anditwasshort-listedforotherawards,includingtheHugo.Afilmbasedonthenovelwasreleasedon31May2004,intheUnitedKingdomand4June2004intheU.S.aswellasinmanyothercountries.TwochaptersofthisbookwaschosenforidentificationofIGM.Inthispart,thefirsttwochaptersofHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanisanalyzedonthebasisofthedefinitionsofGMpresentedbyThompson(2004)andRavelli(1985).Asmentionedpreviously,GMisatooltoexpressaverbforminanounforminordertoincreasethelexicaldensityofthelanguageinonehandandmakingitanadultwayofspeakingandwritingontheotherhand.GMseemstobeanewnotionfortheresearchersandresearchstudiesoflanguageandtobespecific,itisanewbrandofinterestforthescholarsinterestedinsystemicfunctionallinguistics.MetaphoricalWording:Example1.Rememberingtheirlastmeetingashestoodinthedarkwindow,Congruentwording:Example2.Rememberingthelasttimethattheymeteachotherashestoodinthedarkwindow,ThelexicaldensityacquiredbyConcordancesoftwareforthemetaphoricalwordingis11wordswhilethesameforcongruentwordingis16words.Asstated,acorecharacteristicofnominalizationasaGMisthatitturnsactionsintothings,thusNominalizationsgiveexistencetothings;inparticular,theycreateconceptualobjects.ConclusionThispaperinvestigatedaparticularlexico-grammaticalresource,towhichSFLrefers toasIGM,inthestoryofHarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban,asoneofthebestsellingbookswithwideworldcriticalandreadershipsuccess.Thereasonforchoosingthissourceforadetailedlinguisticanalysiswasitsglobalfame.Inthesetwostories,theuseofGM,asoneofthemaincharacteristicsofhighlyliteraltexts,hasmadethetoneofthewritingtosoundmoreabstractandmoreformalthroughplacinghighqualityonthetransferenceofinformationinaneconomicalandcondensedway.Thus,itcanbeconcludedthattheuseofGMisanidealdeviceinliterarydiscourse.ReferencesEggins,S.(1994).Anintroductiontosystemicfunctionallinguistics.London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.(1978).Languageasasocialsemiotic.London:EdwardArnold.Halliday,M.A.K.(1985).Anintroductiontofunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Halliday,M.A.K.(1989).Spokenandwrittenlanguage.London:Oxford.Halliday,M.A.K.(1998).Thingsandrelations:Re-grammaticisingexperienceastechnicalknowledge.InJR.Martin&R.Veelceds,Readingscience:criticalandfunctionalperspectivesondiscoursesofscience(pp.185-235).London:Routledge..Halliday,M.A.K.(1999).Newwaysofmeaning:ThechallengetoappliedLinguistics.InJ.Webster(Eds.),(volume3).London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.(2003).Onthearchitectureofhumanlanguage.InJ.Webster(Eds.),OnLanguageandLinguistics(volume3,pp.123-150).London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.&Matthiessen,C.M.I.M.(1999).Construingexperiencethroughmeaning:Alanguage-basedapproachtocognition.london:continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.&Matthiessen,C.M.I.M.(2004).Anintroductiontofunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Martin,J.R.(1992).EnglishText:Systemandstructure.Amsterdam:Benjamins.Martin,J.R.,Matthiessen,M.I.M.,&Painter,C.(1979).Workingwithfunctionalgrammar.NewYork:Arnold.Painter,C.(2005).Thedevelopmentoflanguageasaresourceforlearning.InA.Hewings&M.Hewings(Eds.),GrammarandContext:AnAdvancedResourceBook,(pp.183-201).London:Routledge.Ravelli,J.L.(1985).Metaphor,modeandcomplexity:Anexplorationofco-varyingpatterns.B.A.(Hons)thesis,DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofSydney.Ravelli,J.L.(1988).Grammaticalmetaphor:Aninitialanalysis.InE.Steiner&R.Veitman(eds.)Oragmatics,Discourseandtext:Somesystemically-inspiredapproaches(pp133-147).London&NewYork:Pinter.Ravelli,J.L.(1999).Metaphor,modeandcomplexity:Anexplorationofco-varyingpatterns.(MonographsinSystemicLinguistics,12.)Nottingham:DepartmentofEnglishandMediaStudies,NottinghamTrentUniversity.Ravelli,J.L.(2003).RenewalofConnection:IntegratingTheoryandPracticeinanUnderstandingofGrammaticalMetaphor.InA.Simon-Vandenbergen,M.Taverniers,&J.L.Ravelli(Eds.),Grammaticalmetaphor:viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics,pp(234-332).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.Taverniers.M.(2002)Systemic-FunctionalLinguisticsandthenotionofgrammatical metaphor.Atheoreticalstudyandaproposalforasemiotic-functionalintegrativemodel.PhDdissertation,UniversityofGhent.Taverniers,M.(2004).Interpersonalgrammaticalmetaphorasdoublescopinganddoublegrounding.InA.Simon-Vandenbergen,M.Taverniers,&J.L.Ravelli(Eds.),Grammaticalmetaphor:Viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics(pp.26-45).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.Thompson,J.(2004).Introducingfunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Vandenbergen,S.,Marie,A.,Taverniers,M.,&Ravelli,L.(2003).Grammaticalmetaphor:viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics(ed.).Amsterdam:Benjamins.Yanning,Y.(2008).TypologicalinterpretationofdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishingrammaticalmetaphor.LanguageSciencesIssue(7).30-34.译文：《哈利波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒》中语法隐喻类型NesaNabifar,HamedKazemzad语法隐喻（GM）是韩礼德Halliday（1985）在功能语法框架中介绍的新语言现象之一。汤普森（2004）指出很明显GM的来源是'名词化'，意在试图用名词形式去表示动词形式，换而言之就是用名词形式去替代具有不同动作的动词形式。他继续说道任何措辞都应该是隐喻性的或者一致性的。在这项研究中，对哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒故事的前两章进行了分析以探寻语法隐喻（GM）在其中的应用。本次研究研究倾向于在哈利波特和阿兹卡班的囚徒的头两章中去识别语法隐喻名词化类型的实例，并提供一致性的措词。接下来就是将一致性的措辞与隐喻性措辞进行比较，以便找出每个措辞的词汇密度。通过使用Concordance软件获得词汇密度。研究的结果以一种非常明确的方式表明了语法隐喻（GM）在成人写作中的优势，这被韩礼德（1985）认为是关于语法隐喻（GM）最值得关注的一点。统计的结果显示，语法隐喻（GM）的应用提升了词汇密度，这也是Halliday（2004）声称的关于GM的另一突出的特点。根据这项研究的结果，可以为学术写作和阅读以及参与写作和阅读教学的教师提供一些启示。关键词：语法隐喻（GM），类型，哈利波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒许多的语言研究大部分都是涉及语言和语意之间关系的探索。事实上，语言与语意之间的关系是研究的一方面，而另一方面如何进行有意义的构造一直是许多语言学者最感兴趣的问题。基于Halliday（1985）之前所做的研究工作，系统功能语言学（SFL）通过进一步拓展语法隐喻（GM）的概念来处理这种关系。语法隐喻是一种语言内容层面的分层现象。根据SFL，语言是一个复杂的符号系统，具有不同的层次（Halliday＆Matthiessen，1999）。另一方面，任何语言的内容层面都围绕着语义学和词法学这两个层面展开的（Yanning，2008）。 语义层面说的是将人类经验和人际交往关系转化为意义的过程，而词汇语法层面则融合了语言的词汇和语法部分，它更进一步地将语意转化为措词。Halliday和Matthiessen（1999）表示语言中的语义和词汇语法层次是可以建立起联系的。在人类语言的发展过程中，这种关系的实现首先演变为将语义单元一致映射到词汇语法单元的模式。例如，语义单位序列是通过复合词的语法范畴来一致实现的。一致模式并不是唯一的实现形式，因为分层内容有可能重新调整语义单元和词法单元之间的映射关系。例如，语义单位序列可以在语法上整理为一个子句，甚至是一组语句而不是一个子句复合体。正如Halliday和Matthiessen（1999）所定义的，这种语义和词汇语法之间关系的重新排序是一种语法隐喻现象。出于这个原因，研究人员希望本研究能够揭示关于哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒所使用的语法隐喻的语言学知识以帮助作家、读者、教师、学生和翻译者更有效地理解语言。隐喻隐喻是语言和文学中众所周知的现象之一。它一直受到哲学、心理学、语言学和文学研究等不同学科的重视（Taverniers，2004）。事实上，隐喻是一种转移，在转移的过程中，某一事物超越自我的范畴而变得与之前不同（Taverniers，2004）。本研究旨在确定哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒的语法隐喻类型和过程类型。这一部分详细阐述了研究方法这一维度，即数据收集、解析步骤、研究设计以及数据分析。研究的问题基于比较研究的本质，接下来的研究试图找到以下问题的答案：a.J.K.罗琳在编写哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒前两章的时候是否运用了语法隐喻？b.基于第一个问题，哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒的前两章中语法隐喻的语义选择是什么？材料哈利波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒是J.K.罗玲编写的第三部哈利波特系列小说。这本书于1999年7月8日出版。这部小说赢得了1999年惠特布莱德图书奖，布莱姆斯托克奖，2000年度最佳幻想小说洛克斯奖，并且还获得了包括雨果文学奖在内的其他奖项。基于这部小说的电影于2004年5月31日在英国和2004年6月4日在美国以及其他许多国家发行。本书的两章被选中用于识别IGM。在这一部分，根据汤普森（2004）和拉韦利（1985）提出的对GM的定义，分析了哈利波特和阿兹卡班囚徒的前两章。如前所述，GM是一种用名词形式表达动词形式的载体以便一方面增加语言的词汇密度，另一方面使其成为一种成人说话和写作的方式。语法隐喻似乎是研究者和语言研究的新领域，具体而言，它是对系统功能语言学感兴趣的学者们新的研究对象。隐喻式例一:他站在漆黑的窗户旁边，记住了他们之间的最后一次会面。一致式 例二：他站在漆黑的窗户旁边，记住了他们最后一次彼此相遇的时间。通过Concordance软件获得了隐喻式的词汇密度为11个单词，而对应的一致式词汇密度为16个单词。如前所述，作为语法隐喻的名词化的核心特征是它将行动转化为事物，因此名词化为事物提供了存在的可能性;特别是他们创造了概念性的对象。结论本文究了作为世界上最受好评和最畅销书之一的利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒的故事中的一种独特的词汇语法资源,也就是SFL所指的IGM。选择这个它作为资料来源进行详细的语言分析是原因它享誉全球。在这两个故事中，使用了语法隐喻作为高度文字化文本的主要特征之一，通过以简明扼要的方式高质量地传递信息，为写作定下更抽象和更正式的基调。因此，可以得出结论，语法隐喻的使用是文学话语中的理想手段。参考文献Eggins,S.(1994).Anintroductiontosystemicfunctionallinguistics.London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.(1978).Languageasasocialsemiotic.London:EdwardArnold.Halliday,M.A.K.(1985).Anintroductiontofunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Halliday,M.A.K.(1989).Spokenandwrittenlanguage.London:Oxford.Halliday,M.A.K.(1998).Thingsandrelations:Re-grammaticisingexperienceastechnicalknowledge.InJR.Martin&R.Veelceds,Readingscience:criticalandfunctionalperspectivesondiscoursesofscience(pp.185-235).London:Routledge..Halliday,M.A.K.(1999).Newwaysofmeaning:ThechallengetoappliedLinguistics.InJ.Webster(Eds.),(volume3).London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.(2003).Onthearchitectureofhumanlanguage.InJ.Webster(Eds.),OnLanguageandLinguistics(volume3,pp.123-150).London:Continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.&Matthiessen,C.M.I.M.(1999).Construingexperiencethroughmeaning:Alanguage-basedapproachtocognition.london:continuum.Halliday,M.A.K.&Matthiessen,C.M.I.M.(2004).Anintroductiontofunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Martin,J.R.(1992).EnglishText:Systemandstructure.Amsterdam:Benjamins.Martin,J.R.,Matthiessen,M.I.M.,&Painter,C.(1979).Workingwithfunctionalgrammar.NewYork:Arnold.Painter,C.(2005).Thedevelopmentoflanguageasaresourceforlearning.InA.Hewings&M.Hewings(Eds.),GrammarandContext:AnAdvancedResourceBook,(pp.183-201).London:Routledge.Ravelli,J.L.(1985).Metaphor,modeandcomplexity:Anexplorationofco-varyingpatterns.B.A.(Hons)thesis,DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofSydney.Ravelli,J.L.(1988).Grammaticalmetaphor:Aninitialanalysis.InE.Steiner&R.Veitman(eds.)Oragmatics,Discourseandtext:Somesystemically-inspiredapproaches(pp133-147).London&NewYork:Pinter.Ravelli,J.L.(1999).Metaphor,modeandcomplexity:Anexplorationofco-varying patterns.(MonographsinSystemicLinguistics,12.)Nottingham:DepartmentofEnglishandMediaStudies,NottinghamTrentUniversity.Ravelli,J.L.(2003).RenewalofConnection:IntegratingTheoryandPracticeinanUnderstandingofGrammaticalMetaphor.InA.Simon-Vandenbergen,M.Taverniers,&J.L.Ravelli(Eds.),Grammaticalmetaphor:viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics,pp(234-332).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.Taverniers.M.(2002)Systemic-FunctionalLinguisticsandthenotionofgrammaticalmetaphor.Atheoreticalstudyandaproposalforasemiotic-functionalintegrativemodel.PhDdissertation,UniversityofGhent.Taverniers,M.(2004).Interpersonalgrammaticalmetaphorasdoublescopinganddoublegrounding.InA.Simon-Vandenbergen,M.Taverniers,&J.L.Ravelli(Eds.),Grammaticalmetaphor:Viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics(pp.26-45).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.Thompson,J.(2004).Introducingfunctionalgrammar.London:Arnold.Vandenbergen,S.,Marie,A.,Taverniers,M.,&Ravelli,L.(2003).Grammaticalmetaphor:viewsfromsystemicfunctionallinguistics(ed.).Amsterdam:Benjamins.Yanning,Y.(2008).TypologicalinterpretationofdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishingrammaticalmetaphor.LanguageSciencesIssue(7).30-34.
