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1、外文翻译原文IndustryClusterLiteratureReviewMaterialSource:Plan261: UrbanandRegionalDevelopment,March1998Author:JessicaLeVeenIndustryClusterDefinition Themajorityoftheliteratureonindustryclustersisfocusedontheactualdefinitionofacluster. Theverybasicdefinitionofanin
2、dustryclusteris“geographicalconcentrationsofindustriesthatgainperformanceadvantagesthroughco-location(DoeringerandTerkla1995,pg.225).” Thisdefinitionofclustersissimilartothatofagglomerationeconomies,butinfact,itiswithinindustryclustersthatagglomerationeconom
3、iesarelikelytobeobserved. Beyondthebasicdefinition,however,thereislittleconsensusonhowtodefineanindustrycluster. MichaelPorterpopularizedtheconceptofindustryclustersishisbookTheCompetitiveAdvantageofNations(1990). Porterdevelopedthe“DiamondofAdvantage,”wh
4、ichisfourfactorshedeterminedcreateacompetitiveadvantageforfirms. Thefourcornersofthediamondincludefactorconditions,demandconditions,industrystrategy/rivalry,andrelatedandsupportingindustries. Porterusedthisdiamondtodeterminewhichfirmsandindustrieshadcompetit
5、iveadvantages,andhisemphasisoftheimportanceofrelatedandsupportingindustriesencouragedinterestinclusters. Whilehisoriginalthesiswasappliedtonationsasawhole,Porterrecognizedthatthemajorityofeconomicactivitytakesplaceattheregionallevel. Thus,hisideasarecommonly
6、appliedtocitiesandregions. ThebulkofPorter’sthesisdealswiththecompetitiveadvantagesofclusteringforindustries. ThisaspectofhisworkisdiscussedintheSectionIII. Porterprovidesasimpledefinitionoftwotypesofclusters:verticalclusters,andhorizontalclusters. Verticalc
7、lustersaremadeupofindustriesthatarelinkedthroughbuyer-sellerrelationships. Horizontalclustersincludeindustrieswhichmightshareacommonmarketfortheendproducts,useacommontechnologyorlaborforceskills,orrequiresimilarnaturalresources(Porter1990). JacobsandDeMan
8、(1996)andRosenfeld(1996,1997)presentmorein-depthdiscussionsofthedifferentdefinitionsofindustryclusters,althoughtheseauthorsalsousethedefinitionsofverticalandhorizontalclustersasthebasisfortheird
