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1、外文翻译原文TechnologyClustersversusIndustryClustersMaterialSource:GrowthandChangeAuthor:CARONH.ST.JOHNRICHARDW.POUDERAscitiesandregionsworktocultivatetheresourcesneededtoinitiateandgrowacluster,theyareoftenadvisedtolookforexistingclustersintheirregionthathavepassed
2、amarkettestandtobuildentrepreneurialnetworksneededtogrowthem(Rosenfeld1997).Intherushtodevelopcluster-basedeconomicdevelopmentstrategies,thereisoftenalackofclarityaboutwhataclusterisandwhateffortsarerequiredtogrowone.AsdescribedbyRosenfeld(1997:6),“fortheclust
3、ertobecomealegitimateandusefulsubjectofanalysisandpolicy,itmustbedefinedmoreclearlythanithasbeen.”Furthermore,mostdiscussionsofclustersdonotaddresssubtletiesinhowdifferenttypesofclustersarestructured,thetypesofeconomicactivitytheyperform(FeldmanandAudretsch199
4、9),orthefactorsthatwouldinfluencesurvivabilityovertime—allofwhichhavebearingonthelong-rangeeffectivenessofclusterdevelopmentstrategies.Afterareviewofthekeyunderlyingclusterconcepts,twogenericclustertypesthatcapturekeydifferencesintheformsofeconomicactivityunde
5、rtakeninmostclustersareproposed.Usingtheresource-basedviewastheorganizingframework,twogenericclustertypesthatcreateverydifferentregionalresourceprofilesovertime,accumulatingresourcesinadifferentmanner,cultivatingdifferentcapabilities,andderivingdifferentsource
6、sofregionaladvantagearedescribed.Asconcludedinthisstudy,thesedifferencesarelikelytohaveimplicationsforfirmslocatedintheregionsaswellasforeconomicdevelopersandpublicpolicyofficialschargedwithdevelopingclusterstrategies.FoundationConceptsInsettingthestageforthis
7、discussionofclusters,resources,andregionaladvantages,thearticlewillfirstbrieflyhighlightkeyfoundationconcepts:(1)clusterdefinitionsandstructuraldimensions,withanobjectiveofproposingtwogenericclustertypesthatareusefulinexplainingregionalresourceprofilesandsourc
8、esofregionaladvantages,and(2)theunderlyingdynamicsofindustryandtechnologyevolution,bothofwhichinfluencetherelativeroleofinnovation-seekingandefficiency-seekingintheevolutionandsust
