全球服装和鞋类产业集群的研究和收益【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文LearningandEarninginGlobalGarmentandFootwearChainsMaterialSource：TheEuropeanjournalofdevelopmentresearchAuthor：HubertSchmitzThisarticleexploresthepoweroftheglobalvaluechainapproachinexplainingthegrowthofproductioncapabilitiesandthedistributionofgains.Itsuggeststhattheupgradingopp

2、ortunitiesoflocalenterprisesarestructuredbytherelationshipsinglobalvaluechains.Thisisshownclearlyforthecaseofthegarmentandfootwearindustry,whereadvanceshavebeenrapidinproductandprocessupgradingbutmorelimitedinfunctionalupgrading.Withregardtothedistributionofgains,theglobalvaluechainapp

3、roachalsoprovidesclearhypothesesbuttheempiricalevidenceremainsweak.INTRODUCTIONItisuniversallyacknowledgedthattheamountoftradethatregionsengageinhasafundamentaleffectontheireconomicdevelopment.Thereismuchlessknowledgeabouthowtradeisorganizedandhowthisaffectseconomicdevelopment.Recentgl

4、obalvaluechain(GVC)analysishasmadesomeimportantadvancesinthisfield.Itscentralpropositionisthatitmattershowtradeisorganized:itmattersforunderstandingmarketaccess,theacquisitionofcapabilitiesandthedistributionofgains.Inthethinkingontradingrelationships,onecanbroadlydistinguishbetweenthre

5、ephases:Traditionally,therelationshipsbetweenproducersandcustomersarethoughttobemarket-based.Thisassumptioncontinuestoprevail(thoughnotalwaysexplicitly)inmanytextbooksconcernedwithinternationaltrade.Inthe1970sand1980s,theimportanceofintra-firmtradewashighlightedinresearchonmultinationa

6、lcorporationsandtheirsubsidiaries.Inthe1990s,anewformofcoordinatedtradewasshowntobeofincreasingimportance:leadfirmsfromdevelopedcountriescoordinate(orgovern)thetradewithdevelopingcountryfirmsthatremainnominallyindependent.12Overthepasttwodecades,thislatterformoftradehasgrownparticularl

7、yfast.Itgaverisetoanewlineofresearch:GVCanalysisshowsthattherearenewopportunitieswhichcomefromoperatinginglobalchainsbutalsolimitsandtraps.Thispaperanalysestheseindetail,focusingontheprospectsfordevelopingcountryenterprisesandworkersinthegarmentandfootwearindustry.Thepaperseekstoansw