戴炜栋语言学名词解释.doc

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1、.word可编辑.·Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.3.appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlan

2、guages.4.prescriptive:Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay).5.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescrip

3、tive.(09C)6.synchronicstudy:Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(06C/04)7.diachronicstudy:It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(06C)8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallth

4、emembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole :Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence :Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）linguisticcompetence:universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguistick

5、nowledgeofalanguagespeaker.competence有什么区别？？11.performance :Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language :Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures :Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdi

6、stinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(08C)15.productivity:Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.16.duality（doublearticulation）:

7、Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(regardlessoftimeorspace)(04)18.culturaltransmission:Thecapacityforlanguageisgenetica

8、llybasedwhilethedetailsofa