戴炜栋英语语言学概论课件.ppt

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1、Chapter6PragmaticsSomebasicnotionsSpeechacttheoryPrincipleofconversationCross-culturalpragmaticfailureWhatispragmatics?Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.TheviewoftraditionalsemanticsThemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.,apropertyatta

2、chedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinisolationfromlanguageuse.语言的意义被认为是内在的、固有的，即依附于语言自身的特征。因此，词的意义和句子的意义都应该从语言运用中孤立出来加以研究。Pragmaticsvs.semanticsWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisc

3、onsidered.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisconfinedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.ContextItisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Contextdeterminesthespeaker’suseoflanguageandalsotheh

4、earer’sinterpretationofwhatissaidtohim.Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning(句子意义与话语意义)Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisabstractandisolatedfromcontext.Ifthesentenceisutteredinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,itbecomesanutterance.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcre

5、te,andcontext-dependent.TherelationshipbetweenthetwoThemeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Speechacttheory(言语行为理论)ItwasproposedbytheBritishphilosopherJohnAustin(约翰·奥斯汀)inthelat

6、e50’softhe20thcentury.Accordingtothespeechacttheory,weareperformingactionswhenwearespeaking.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakmightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact.locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses

7、.(传达字面意义)illocutionaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.(表明说话意图)perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutterance.(话语产生的效果)Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts(塞尔对言语行为的分类)JohnSearle:AmericanphilosopherlinguistOneofthecontributionsSearlehasmadeishisclassificationofillocutio

8、narya