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1、1CHAPTER1WHATISAGREATPOWER?Mostinternationalrelationsscholarsassumethatthereisasetofcountries,calledGreatPowers,thathaveagreatereffectonworldpoliticsthanalloftheothercountriescombined.Politicalscientistsfocusagreatdealofattentionontheconsequencesoftheriseanddeclineofsuchcountries.Thisdiss
2、ertationproposesatheoreticalframeworkforunderstandingthecausesoftherelativeriseanddeclineofGreatPowers.Beforeproposingsuchaframework,Iwillsurveytheliteratureconcerning,first,thedefinitionoftheterm“GreatPower”,andsecond,previoustheoriesoftheriseanddeclineofGreatPowers.Becauseoftheimportanc
3、eoftheGreatPowersintheinternationalpoliticalsystem,politicalscientistsemphasizetheimportanceofGreatPowers.Forexample,Waltzstatesthat“thenumberofconsequentialstatesissmall.FromtheTreatyofWestphaliatothepresent,eightmajorstatesatmosthavesoughttocoexistpeacefullyorhavecontendedformastery.Vie
4、wedasthepoliticsofthepowerful,internationalpoliticscanbestudiedintermsofthelogicofsmall-numbersystems”(Waltz1979,131).ForGilpin,“Bothindividuallyandininteractionwithoneanother,thosestatesthathistoricallyhavebeencalledthegreatpowersandareknowntodayasthesuperpowersestablishandenforcethebasi
5、crulesandrightsthatinfluencetheirownbehaviorandthatofthelesserstatesinthesystem”(Gilpin1981,30).GilpinalsoquotesRaymondArontotheeffectthat“thestructureofinternationalsystemsisalwaysoligopolistic.Ineachperiodtheprincipalactorshavedeterminedthesystemmorethantheyhavebeen2determinedbyit”(Gilp
6、in1981,29).Morgenthau’sconcernwiththebalanceofpowerisalwaysfocused,inhishistoricalexamples,on“first-rate”powers(Morgenthau1973).MartinWightstatesthat“themostconspicuousthemeininternationalhistoryisnotthegrowthofinternationalism.Itistheseriesofefforts,byonepowerafteranothertogainmasteryoft
7、hestates-system–effortsthathavebeendefeatedonlybyacoalitionofthemajorityofotherpowersatthecostofanexhaustinggeneralwar”(Wight1978,30).WhilenotallofinternationalaffairscanbeexplainedintermsoftheGreatPowers,itisimpossibletounderstandmostofhistoryorcurrentglobalprocess
