冠状病毒Coronavirusl论文-2016 [Advances in Virus Research] Coronaviruses Volume 96 __ Preface.pdf

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1、PREFACECoronavirusesareimportanthumanandanimalpathogens,withsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)andMiddleEastrespiratorysyndrome(MERS)coronavirusbeingprominentexamples.Althoughanimalcoronavirus-associateddiseases,suchasfelineinfectiousperitonitis,havebeenreportedmorethanacenturyago,

2、thecausativeagentswereonlyrecognizedinthelate1960sasagroupofrelatedenvelopedRNAviruses.TheInternationalCommitteeonTaxonomyofVirusesapprovedaseparatevirusfamilyCoronaviridaein1975.Morerecently,anadditionaltaxonomicrankwasintro-ducedinthisfamily,withcoronavirusesbeingclassifiedasmembe

3、rsofthesubfamilyCoronavirinaethat,currently,iscomprisedoffourgenera.Thefirstcompletegenomesequenceofacoronavirus(avianinfectiousbronchitisvirus)waspublishedin1987.Thestudyrevealedthat,comparedtootherRNAviruses,coronaviruseshaveextremelylargegenomesofapproximately30kb.In1989,Alexande

4、rGorbalenyaandcolleaguespublishedthefirstcomprehensivesequenceanalysisofacoronavirusreplicasegene.Functionalpredictionsarisingfromthisseminalworkprovidedaframeworkformanysubsequentbiochemical,structural,andphylogeneticstudiesofcorona-andrelatedviruses.Thestudiesidentifiedseveralphyl

5、ogeneticallyrelatedlineagesofplus-strandRNAvirusesthat,despiteprofounddivergenceatthesequencelevel,wererevealedtoencodeaconservedarrayoffunctionaldomainsintheirreplicasegenesandtousesimilarstrategiestoexpressandreplicatetheirlargepolycistronicgenomes.Thesevirusesarenowrecognizedasme

6、mbersoftheorderNidoviralesandbelongtooneofthefourestablishedfamiliesArteriviridae,Mesoniviridae,Coronaviridae,andRoniviridae.NidovirusRNAsynthesisandprocessingwasrevealedtoinvolveanunusuallylargenumberofproteins,andalsotheenormouscomplexityofinteractionsbetweennidoviralandhostcellfu

7、nctionsisexceptionalintheRNAvirusworld.Coronavirusesandothernidoviruseswithgenomesizesofmorethan20kbalsostickoutfromallotherRNAvirusesbyencodinga30-to-50exoribonucleasethatwasshowntoincreasethefidelityofviralRNAsynthesisandisthoughttobeakeyfactorintheevolutionofRNAgenomesofthislarge

8、size.Additionalinte