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1、Unit8PopularScienceLesson22(E—C)Oil(1)ByG..C.ThornleyTherearethreemaingroupsofoil:animal,vegetableandmineral.Greatquantitiesofanimaloilcomefromwhales,thoseenormouscreaturesoftheseawhicharethelargestremaininganimalsintheworld.ToprotectthewhalefromthecoldoftheArcticseas,naturehasprovideditwitha
2、tickcoveringoffatcalledblubber.Whenthewhaleiskilled,theblubberisstrippedoffandboileddown,eitheronboardshiporonshore.Itproducesagreatquantityofoilwhichcanbemadeintofoodforhumanconsumption.Afewothercreaturesyieldoil,butnonesomuchasthewhale.Theliversofthecodandthehalibut,twokindsoffish,yieldnour
3、ishingoil.Bothcodliveroilandhalibutliveroilaregiventosickchildrenandotherinvalidswhoneedcertainvitamins.Theseoilsmaybeboughtatanychemist’s.Vegetableoilhasbeenknownfromantiquity.Nohouseholdcangetonwithoutit,foritisusedincooking.Perfumesmaybemadefromtheoilsofcertainflowers.Socpaaremadefromveget
4、ableandanimaloils.Totheordinaryman,onekindofoilmaybeasimportantasanother.Butwhenthepoliticianortheengineerreferstooil,healmostalwaysmeansmineraloil,theoilthatdrivestanks,aeroplanesandwarships,motor-carsanddiesellocomotivs,theoilthatisusedtolubricateallkindsofmachinery.Thisistheoilthatisusedto
5、lubricateallknidsofmachinery.Thisistheoilthathaschangedthelifeofthecommonman.Whenitisrefinedintopetrolitisusedtodrivetheinternalcombustionengine.Toitweowetheexistenceofthemotor-car,whichhasreplacedtheprivatecarriagedrawnbythehorse.Toitweowethepossibilityofflying.Ithaschangedthehorse.Toitweowe
6、thepossiblilityofflying.Ithaschangedthemethodsofwarfareonlandandsea.Thisknidofoilcomesoutoftheearth.Becauseitburnswell,itisusedasfuelandinsomewaysitissuperiortocoalinthisrepect.Manybigshipsnowburnoilinsteadofcoal.Becauseitburnsbrightly,itisusedforillumination;countlesshomesarestillilluminated
7、withoil-burninglamps.Becauseitisveryslippery,itisusedforlubrication.Twometalsurfacesrubbingtogethercausefrictionandheat;butiftheyareseparatedbyathinfilmofoil,thefrictionandheatarereduced.Nomachinewouldworkforlongifitwerenotproperlylubricated.