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1、HumananatomyTheLocomotorSystem运动系统运动系统由bone骨、joints关节和muscles骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官功能:support支持Protection保护Locomotion运动Introductionoftheosteology骨学总论正常成人骨的数目是206块。Bonesinadultare206innumber.骨的分类按部位分类：skull颅骨bonesoftrunk躯干骨appendicularskeleton四肢骨按形态分类:longbone长骨shortbone短骨flatbon
2、e扁骨irregularbone不规则骨Longbones长骨(多分布于四肢):Diaphysisorshaft骨干,whichishollow(calledmedullarycavity骨髓腔),filledwithbonemarrowTwoends－epiphysis骺articularsurface关节面,metaphysis干骺端,epiphysialcartilage骺软骨,andepiphysialline骺线Shortbones短骨:立方形,例如腕骨Flatbones扁骨:thin,Irregularbones不规则骨:haveanyirregularormixed
3、shape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumaticbones含气骨*Sesamoidbones籽骨:developwithintendonBoneMarking骨性标志形态-突起（棘、结节、粗隆、嵴、髁等）,凹陷（窝、压迹、切迹等），空腔（管、窦、孔、裂孔、小房等。功能血管神经通过的部位组成关节肌的附着部位BoneMarkings骨性标志Foramen孔=opening,shortperforationCanal管道=alongerpassageFossa窝=shallowdepressionSulcus沟=grooveMeatus道=tubelikepassageway
4、orcanalCondyle髁=large,roundprotuberanceFacet面=smoothflatarticularsurfaceTrochanter转子=verylargeprojectionTuberosity粗隆=large,rounded,roughenedprojectionTubercle结节=small,roughprominenceSpine棘=sharp,slenderpointedeminenceRidge脊,crest脊,orline线=anarrow,roughelevation,runningsomewayalongthesurfaceLe
5、arningthetermsfoundinthisTablewillsimplifyyourstudyoftheskeleton.Generalstructuresofbone骨的结构Bonesubstance骨质compactbone骨密质spongybone骨松质呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成※Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplateandinnerplate外板和内板,whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediploë板障Perio
6、steum骨膜:OuterorfibrouslayerInnerlayerisvascularandprovidestheunderlyingbonewithnutrition.Italsocontainsosteoblasts(成骨细胞)Endosteum骨内膜isasingle-cellularosteogeniclayerliningtheinnersurfaceofbone.Bonemarrow骨髓Redmarrow红骨髓:haematopoietic造血Yellowmarrow黄骨髓:fattyChemicalcompositionandphysicalproperti
7、es化学成分和物理性质Organicmaterial有机质：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。Inorganicsalts无机质：主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性OrganicmaterialInorganicsaltsChildren11Adult37Old14Bonesoftrunk躯干骨Composition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternumandribsVertebrae椎骨Thereare33vertebrae
