四十天突破六级考试讲义

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四十天突破六级考试讲义1、每天保证一定的阅读量。2、短期内迅速突破词汇量。六级不考语法，只考词汇。六级最爱词汇：depriveof剥夺摸底：Unit841.Formanypatients,institutionalcareisthemost______andbeneficialformofcare.A)pertinentB)appropriateC)acuteD)persistent42.Amongallthechangesresultingfromthe______entryofwomenintotheworkforce,thetransformationthathasoccurredinthewomenthemselvesisnottheleastimportant.A)massiveB)quantitativeC)surplusD)formidable注：massive大量的43.Mr.Smithbecamevery______whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.A)ingeniousB)empiricalC)objectiveD)indignant注：indignant愤怒的44.Rumoursareeverywhere,spreadingfear,damagingreputations,andturningcalmsituationsinto______ones.A)turbulentB)tragicC)vulnerableD)suspicious45.The______cycleoflifeanddeathisasubjectofinteresttoscientistsandphilosophersalike.A)incompatibleB)exceedingC)instantaneousD)eternal注：eternal永恒的，永远的（六级最爱）46.Sheremainsconfidentand______untroubledbyourpresentproblems.A)indefinitelyB)infinitelyC)optimistically

1D)seemingly注：infinitely非常地，无限地，极大地47.Fiber-opticcablescancarryhundredsoftelephoneconversations______.A)simultaneouslyB)spontaneouslyC)homogeneouslyD)contemporarily注：三剑客词汇：simultaneously，spontaneously，contemporarily48.Thepolicewerealertedthattheescapedcriminalmightbeinthe______.A)vainB)vicinityC)courtD)jail注：vicinity附近，邻近49.Whetheryoulivetoeatoreattolive,foodisamajor______ineveryfamily'sbudget.A)nutritionB)expenditureC)routineD)provision注：1.expenditure花费2.budget预算（六级最爱）50.NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom______onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.A)configurationB)constitutionC)condemnationD)contamination注：2道理科题；2道文科题；1道环保题。51.ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe______fromfalltowinter.A)transmissionB)transformationC)transitionD)transfer注：1.transmission广播电视节目的传送；疾病的传播；文化的传递2.transformation变革3.transition季节的过度，时间的更替，社会制度的转型4.transfer转学，调任工作52.Ithinkweneedtoseeaninvestment______beforewemakeanexpensivemistake.A)guideB)entrepreneurC)consultant

2D)assessor注：consultant顾问53.The______onthisapartmentexpiresinayear'stime.A)treatyB)leaseC)engagementD)subsidy注：lease租约54.TheelderlyRussiansfindithardtoliveontheirstate______.A)pensionsB)earningsC)salariesD)donations注：pensions养老金55.Thereissupposedtobeasafety______whichmakesitimpossiblefortrainstocollide.A)applianceB)accessoryC)machineD)mechanism56.Afterfouryearsinthesamejobhisenthusiasmfinally______.A)deterioratedB)dispersedC)dissipatedD)drained注：1.drain（强调结果）耗尽2.disperse（强调过程）3.dissipate（强调过程）57.Noonecanfunctionproperlyiftheyare_______ofadequatesleep.A)deprivedB)rippedC)strippedD)contrived注：depriveof剥夺（六级最爱）58.Foryearsnow,thepeopleofthatfarawaycountryhavebeencruelly______byadictator.A)depressedB)immersedC)oppressedD)cursed注：1.oppress压制2.curse诅咒

359.Eversincetheriseofindustrialism,educationhasbeen______towardsproducingworkers.A)harnessedB)hatchedC)motivatedD)geared注：gear调整以适应60.Theprospectofincreasedpriceshasalready______worries.A)provokedB)irritatedC)inspiredD)hoisted注：provoke引起，引发61.Thesuspect______thathehadnotbeenintheneighbourhoodatthetimeofthecrime.A)advocatedB)allegedC)addressedD)announced62.Althoughthecolonists______tosomeextentwiththenativeAmericans,theIndians'influenceonAmericancultureandlanguagewasnotextensive.A)migratedB)matchedC)mingledD)melted注：mingle混合（六级最爱）63.E-mailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessagesthat_______welltohumanneeds.A)adheresB)reflectsC)conformsD)satisfies注：conformto表符合64.Thewingsofthebirdstill______afterithadbeenshotdown.A)slappedB)scratchedC)flappedD)fluctuated注：1.flap拍动2.slap掴耳光3.scratch用爪子抓、刮、挠；scratchyourhead思考；scowl皱眉头4.fluctuate波动65.Thedisagreementovertraderestrictionscouldseriously______relationsbetweenthetwocountries.A)tumbleB)jeopardize

4C)manipulateD)intimidate注：jeopardize危险66.Whenyouputupwallpaper,shouldyou______theedgesorputthemnexttoeachother?A)coincideB)extendC)overlapD)collide碰撞运动撞运动注：1.overlap重叠2.coincide一致；coincident一致的【门卫大爷的故事：时间的巧合；地点的一致；意见的巧合】3.frugal节俭的4.collide运动物体撞运动物体，撞击67.Underthepresentsystem,stateenterprisesmust______allprofitstothegovernment.A)turndownB)turnupC)turnoutD)turnin注：turnin上交68.OilcompaniesintheU.S.arealreadybeginningtofeelthepressure.Refineryworkersandpetroleum-equipment-manufacturingemployeesarebeing_______.A)laidoutB)laidoffC)laiddownD)laidaside注：1.layoff裁员2.layout布置3.laydown制定政策；放下，放弃4.layaside放到一边，搁置；积蓄69.We'll______youforanydamagedonetoyourhousewhileweareinit.A)compensateB)remedyC)supplementD)retrieve注：compensate补偿，弥补（六级最爱）70.Shecutherhairshortandtriedto______herselfasaman.A)decorateB)disguiseC)fabricateD)fake注：disguise伪装disgusting令人恶心的英语表音，汉语表义（谐音法记忆）：1.trivial琐碎的，不重要的tricycle三轮车

5triangle三角形2.vigor精力，活力3.naive天真的4.quaint古怪的；acquaintwith对什么熟悉5.Longtimenosee.好久不见。6.Iwillshanghaiyou.我要伤害欺骗你。7.ponderous笨重的8.liberty自由9.blush脸红10.amorous好色的，情爱的；amorousletter情书词根词缀法记忆：-clude=closev.-clusiveadj.-clusionn.include包括inclusiveadj.inclusionn.exclude把……排除在外conclude得出结论preclude防止，杜绝词义偏：1、一词多义：delicate【林黛玉的N个特征】脆弱的，娇弱的；（颜色）淡淡的，（味道）淡淡的；细腻的皮肤；精致的；纤细的；精细的（尤指眼科手术）2、同音异形词：shear剪sheer完全的complement补充compliment赞扬isolate使孤立，使隔离3、完全同义词（同时出现均不是答案）：bewilder,confuse,puzzle令人迷惑的，令人困惑的4、短语动词记忆类型：视觉型：重复写下来听觉型：自己录自己的讲解混合型：记情节，细节911事件故事：1.clash撞击；冲突2.crash坠毁3.smash击碎，打碎4.ash废墟

65.abash羞愧6.cash现金avarice贪婪gaze凝视gazelle瞪羚[Unit1-41]Asa_____actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A)flexibleB)versatileC)sophisticatedD)productive注：1.versatile多才多艺的verse诗歌universe宇宙reverse颠倒，反转conversation对话controversy相矛盾，有争论2.flexible弹性的，灵活的elastic弹性的（指皮筋）elegant优雅的3.sophisticated复杂的，老于世故的naive天真的innocent天真的，无辜的freshman大一，新生sophomore大二；moron低能儿，白痴junior大三senior大四4.reproduce复制，生殖duplicate复制breakoff断裂（部分从整体上拿下）[P1-42]Therearenotmanyteacherswhoarestrong______oftraditionalmethodsinEnglishteaching.A)sponsorsB)contributorsC)advocatesD)performers注：1.advocate支持者，拥护者2.sponsor发起人，赞助商3.contributor捐献者，贡献者attribute归因于retribution回报distribute分发=giveout4.performer演员form形式

7transform改变reform改革conform符合（与need和standard搭配）；遵守法律，法规conformtoadhereto粘着；遵守adage名言，格言complywith遵守，符合[P1-43]Wemanagedtoreachthetopofthemountain,andhalfanhourlaterwebeganto_____.A)ascendB)descendC)declineD)plunge注：1.decline抽象的数字的下降；婉言谢绝2.ascend（轻的，薄的物体的）上升；声音从远处传来；攀登3.descend下来，下降；descendant后代precusor祖先4.plunge跳进，投入lung肺peep偷窥titan巨人plight困境pray祈祷anarrayof大量[P1-44]Competition,theybelieve,________thenationalcharacterratherthancorruptit.A)enforcesB)confirmsC)intensifiesD)strengthens注：1.ratherthan而不是，前后互为反义词2.corrupt腐败；削弱bankrupt破产3.enforce实施，执行4.confirm确认5.intensify加剧；intense强烈的；intensive集中的，强化的，仔细的，深入的6.strengthen加强；strong强壮的当不能判别动词是否可以连接某名词时，找出动词的形容词形式，看是否可以修饰名词，如果可以则动词也可以。[P1-45]Theaccident__________himofhissightandtheuseofhislegs.A)excludedB)disabled

8C)deprivedD)gripped注：1.depriveof剥夺（六级最爱）2.exclude排除exclusive排他的，独占的，专属的3.disable使残疾4.grip紧抓，紧握gripping扣人心弦的loom若隐若现bloom开花blear模糊gloom郁闷；阴沉，昏暗morose郁闷的amble散步（nasty肮脏的；stink发出臭味）gamble赌博litter垃圾glitter闪光roan杂毛groan呻吟rope绳子grope摸索口诀记忆法：散步的哥哥在赌博垃圾前的哥哥放光辉长了杂毛的哥哥在呻吟抓住绳子的哥哥在摸索[P1-46]Onweekendsmygrandmausually__________aglassofwine.A)subscribestoB)engagesinC)hangsonD)indulgesin注：1.indulgein纵情于，沉迷于；enjoysth.喜欢dull枯燥的；郁闷的；钝的2.prescribe开药方describe描述，描写conscribe征兵circumscribe限制ascribe归因于，归咎于=attributetosubscribe订阅名词形式均为-scription3.engagein忙于做某事；engagement约定compact紧凑的；简洁的

9dispersev.分散4.hangson紧抓，紧握[P2-47]Thepeoplelivingintheseapartmentshavefree_______tothatswimmingpool.A)accessB)excessC)excursionD)recreation注：1.haveaccessto2.excursion远征，探险precursor祖先3.access接近inaccessible不可接近的，难以到达的excess过剩的，过度的concess妥协，让步process加工；前进prodigy奇迹procession队列4.recreation娱乐entertainment娱乐retain保留detain拘留pertain相关contain包含，包括amusement娱乐leisure休闲[P2-48]Atthepartywefoundthatshygirl________hermotherallthetime.A)dependingonB)coincidingwithC)adheringtoD)clingingto注：1.dependon依赖，依靠2.coincidewith巧合3.adhereto粘着，贴着；遵守法律法规【complywith,conformto,adhereto】4.clingto依附，靠着clinch拥抱[P2-49]Whenapsychologistdoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople_________andaskthemquestions.A)atlengthB)atrandomC)inessence

10D)inbulk注：1.atrandom随机地2.atlength最终地，最后地，完全地，详尽地3.inessence本质上地，实质上地[p30-41]The______ofthescientificattitudeisthatthehumanmindcansucceedinunderstandingtheuniverse.A)essenceB)contentC)textureD)threshold4.inbulk散装地，大量地介词＋名词的短语本书出现的就是考试范围[P2-50]Ithinkshehurtmyfeelings__________ratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed.A)virtuallyB)deliberatelyC)literallyD)appropriately注：1.ratherthan表示前后互为反义词2.deliberately故意地liberty自由3.virtually实际上地4.literally照字面意思地，逐字逐句地5.appropriately恰如其分地，恰当地6.claim主张，声称（作为词根表示“喊”）acclaim欢迎，欢呼exclaim惊叫，尖叫elude逃跑，躲避reclaim取回declaim抨击，巧辩；高声朗诵proclaim宣布，声明[P2-51]Eventhoughhewasguilty,the__________judgedidnotsendhimtoprison.A)mercifulB)impartialC)conscientiousD)conspicuous注：1.merciful仁慈的theme主题supreme最高的，至高无上的scheme计划schema图解2.impartial公正的，不偏不倚的partial偏袒的

11与人交往的软化原则：smile微笑open思想上的敞开forward身体前倾touch语言上的共鸣eyecontact目光接触nod点头，认可，同意3.conscientious有责任心的，有良知的conscience良知4.conspicuous明显的，显著的suspicious怀疑的[P2-52]Theeducation______forthecomingyearisabout$4billion,whichismuchmorethanwhatpeopleexpected.A)allowanceB)reservationC)budgetD)finance注：1.budget预算（六级最爱）2.allowance津贴，补助，许可3.reservation订房间，保留makeareservation[P2-53]Theyhadfierce__________astowhethertheircompanyshouldrestorethetraderelationshipwhichwasbrokenyearago.A)debateB)clashC)disagreementD)contest注：1.clash见911故事2.contest竞赛context上下文，事情的来龙去脉pretext借口texture结构；质地3.debate争论，辩论[P2-54]Theytossedyourthoughtsbackandforthforoveranhour,butstillcouldnotmake__________ofthem.A)impressionB)comprehensionC)meaningD)sense注：1.makesenseof理解，明白catchon理解，明白2.impression印象express表达

12compress压缩suppress镇压，压制3.comprehension理解apprehension理解，领悟；忧虑，恐惧[P2-55]Thepoliticiansayshewill__________thewelfareofthepeople.A)preyonB)takeonC)getatD)seeto注：1.seeto照顾，照看2.preyon以……为食，捕食3.takeon承担taketo喜欢takeafter像takeintoaccount考虑taketurns轮流takeup占据takeoff起飞takeout拿出takein欺骗；吸收takeover接管takeon承担4.getat理解，明白（一般不是答案）[P3-56]Ifyou__________thebottleandcigarettes,you'llbemuchhealthier.A)takeoffB)keepoffC)getoffD)setoff注：1.keepoff远离2.takeoff起飞；脱衣3.getoff下来，下车4.setoff动身出发[P3-57]Hewas__________tostealthemoneywhenhesawitlyingonthetable.A)draggedB)temptedC)elicitedD)attracted注：1.tempt（不好的）诱惑induce（不好的）诱惑beinducedbyadamant固执的；坚强的

13Adam'sapple喉结attract（好的）吸引tractor拖拉机lure（既好又坏的）引诱2.drag拖，拉，拽3.elicit引起，引发arouse引起evoke引起，引发[P2-54]Theytossedyourthoughtsbackandforthforoveranhour,butstillcouldnotmake__________ofthem.A)impressionB)comprehensionC)meaningD)sense注：1.makesenseof理解，明白conceiveof设想perceive察觉receive收到2.impression印象expression表达oppress压制，压抑depress沮丧3.comprehension理解apprehension理解，领悟；忧虑，恐惧[P2-55]Thepoliticiansayshewill__________thewelfareofthepeople.A)preyonB)takeonC)getatD)seeto注：1.preyon以……为食，捕食2.takeon承担；流行3.getat理解，明白（一般不是答案）catchon=makesenseof理解明白（常考）4.seeto照顾，照看[P3-56]Ifyou__________thebottleandcigarettes,you'llbemuchhealthier.A)takeoffB)keepoffC)getoffD)setoff注：1.keepoff远离2.takeoff起飞；脱衣服

143.getoff下来，下车4.setoff动身出发[P3-57]Hewas__________tostealthemoneywhenhesawitlyingonthetable.A)draggedB)temptedC)elicitedD)attracted注：1.drag拖，拉，拽2.tempt（不好的）诱惑contempt蔑视scorn蔑视sneer蔑视induce（不好的）诱惑beinducedbyadamant固执的；坚强的Adam'sapple喉结attract（好的）吸引tractor拖拉机distract转移distracted心烦意乱的subtract减去lure（既好又坏的）引诱leisure休闲娱乐entertainment休闲娱乐amusement休闲娱乐recreation休闲娱乐3.elicit引起，引发arouse引起evoke引起，引发provoke引发vex引发[P3-58]Beingsomewhatshortsighted,shehadthehabitof__________atpeople.A)glancingB)peeringC)gazingD)scanning注：1.glance一瞥2.peer仔细地看3.gaze凝视，指感兴趣的看gazelle瞪羚avarice贪婪4.scan扫描gape吃惊的看

15peep偷窥[P3-59]Ofthethousandsofknownvolcanosintheworld,the_______majorityareinactive.A)tremendousB)demandingC)intensiveD)overwhelming注：1.volcano火山2.overwhelming压倒性的；overwhelmingmajority占绝大多数的，压倒一切的majority多数minority少数，少数民族3.tremendous巨大的，高速的，可怕的astremendousspeed以高速tremble颤抖legend传说，传奇irritate激怒irritable易怒的irrigate灌溉castigate严惩navigate航行investigate调查口诀：激怒的是桌子灌溉的是大门扔掉大门受惩罚那六个大门在航行投资大门为调查4.demanding苛刻的；需要耗时耗力的5.intensive集中的；强化的；仔细的；深入的intensiveclass强化班intensivereading精读[P3-60]Ingeneral,matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe______concernofstategovernments.A)extinctB)excludingC)excessiveD)exclusive注：1.exclusive排他的，独占的，专属的2.extinct灭绝的[P3-61]ThepoetryofEzraPoundissometimesdifficulttounderstandbecauseitcontainssomany________references.A)obscureB)acute

16C)notableD)objective注：1.obscure晦涩的absurd荒谬的，可笑的ambiguous模棱两可的，似是而非的2.acute尖的；敏锐的；急性的acupuncture针灸3.notable重要的，知名的notion概念4.objective客观的subjective主观的（陪考）empirical主观的，凭经验的（陪考）arbitrary主观的，凭经验的，武断的，独裁的（陪考）[P3-62]Themayorwasaskedto__________hisspeechinordertoallowhisaudiencetoraisequestions.A)constrainB)conductC)condenseD)converge注：1.constrain强迫，抑制（永陪词汇）2.condense压缩3.converge（运动物体的）会聚，集中；（不同思想的）会聚，集中assemble（人群的）聚集[P3-63]Themorningnewssaysaschoolbus_________withatrainatthejunctionandagroupofpolicemenweresentthereimmediately.A)bumpedB)collidedC)crashedD)struck注：1.bump运动撞静止bumpercar碰碰车lump疙瘩，肿块gooselump鸡皮疙瘩plump丰满的2.collide运动撞运动3.crash碰撞，坠毁（911故事）4.strike打击，撞击[P3-64]Sometimespatientssufferingfromseverepaincanbehelpedby"drugs"thataren'treallydrugsatall________sugarpillsthatcontainnoactivechemicalelements.A)orratherB)ratherthan

17C)butratherD)otherthan注：1.notbutrather不是……而是……2.orrather准确的说，准确的讲3.ratherthan而不是4.otherthan除了[P4-65]Wearewritingtothemanager____therepairsrecentlycarriedoutattheaboveaddress.A)withtheexceptionofB)withthepurposeofC)withreferencetoD)withaviewto注：介词＋名词＋介词词义取决于中间的名词1.withtheexceptionof除了2.withthepurposeof目的是3.withreferenceto关于4.withaviewto带有……观点，关于……观点[P4-66]WhenIsaidgoodbyetoher,she_____thedoor.A)sawmeatB)setmeoffC)sentmetoD)showedmeto[P4-67]Inthemeantime,thequestionfacingbusinessiswhethersuchresearchis_____thecosts.A)worthB)worthofC)worthyD)worthwhile注：六级不考，仅在四级中考[P4-68]Duringthenineteenyearsofhiscareer,FranceBatistehaswonthe____ofawideaudienceoutsideItaly.A)enjoymentB)appreciationC)evaluationD)reputation注：1.appreciation欣赏，感激2.enjoyment自得其乐3.evaluation评价（抽象的人或事）assessment评估（对有形或无形资产）4.reputation名声，声望prestige名声，声望

18stimulate刺激[P4-69]Althoughmostdreamsapparentlyhappen__________,dreamactivitymaybeprovokedbyexternalinfluences.A)spontaneouslyB)simultaneouslyC)homogeneouslyD)instantaneously注：（六级最爱）三剑客1.spontaneously自发地，天生地provoke引起，引发2.simultaneously同时地3.homogeneously同样地，一样地4.instantaneously稍纵即逝地，昙花一现地[P4-70]Heisholdinga______positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.A)subordinateB)succeedingC)successiveD)subsequent注：1.subordinate下属的，次要的，从属的2.succeeding随后的3.successive连续的4.subsequent随后的[P4-41]By_______computation,heestimatedthattherepairsonthehousewouldcosthimathousanddollars.A)coarseB)rudeC)roughD)crude注：1.rude和crude在六级考试中是同义词，表示粗鲁的，原始的，天然的。2.rough粗劣的，粗糙的aroughdiamond形容一个人外表不经雕琢的，内心却是如钻石般，表示很有潜力。3.coarse粗糙的[P4-42]Yourstoryaboutthefrogturningintoaprinceis_______nonsense.A)shearB)sheerC)shieldD)sheet注：1.sheer完全的，纯粹的2.nonsense胡说,古怪；nonsensenonsense（表示自谦）哪里，哪里

193.shear剪4.shield盾5.sheet床单，白纸[P5-43]Icouldseethatmywifewas________havingthatfurcoat,whetherIapprovedofitornot.A)intentonB)adequateforC)shortofD)deficientin注：1.intenton热衷于2.adequatefor足够的，可以胜任的3.shortof缺乏4.deficientin不足的proficient有技巧，熟练efficient有效的，效率高的sufficient足够的，充足的【中秋节的故事】[P5-44]The_______runnercanrun2milesinfifteenminutes.A)commonB)averageC)usualD)general注：1.average普通的，平均的2.common普通的[P5-45]Oneofhiseyeswasinjuredinanaccident,butaftera______operation,hequicklyrecoveredhissight.A)preciseB)considerateC)delicateD)sensitive注：1.delicate精致的2.precise精确的3.considerate体贴的，体谅的considerable相当多的，大量的4.sensitive敏感的sensitivetosentimental多愁善感的resent愤恨[P5-46]Asanexcellentshooter,Peterpractisedaimingatboth_______targetsandmovingtargets.A)stationaryB)standing

20C)stableD)still注：1.stationary静止的，固定的2.standing永恒的；延续的3.stable稳定的4.still静止的；静寂的[P5-47]InAmericanuniversities,classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible_______andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.A)scalesB)ranksC)gradesD)patterns注：1.scale等级，刻度，天平2.rank排名3.grade年级；品味degrade降级4.pattern模式[P5-48]Theinsurancecompanypaidhim$10,000in_______afterhisaccident.A)installmentB)compensationC)substitutionD)commission注：1.compensation赔偿（六级最爱）2.installment分期付款3.substitution代替；保险代理人；替代品substituteforsb.代替constitute构成constitution宪法amendment修正案institute学院institution机构4.commission委托，委任，佣金，回扣emission放射[P5-49]Thepoliticalfutureofthepresidentisnowhangingbya_______.A)ropeB)cordC)stringD)thread注：1.rope绳，索2.cord棉线，电话线

213.string毛线；琴弦4.thread细线[P5-50]Thestatuewouldbeperfectbutforafewsmall_______initsbe.A)mistakesB)weaknessesC)flawsD)errors注：1.mistake和error同义词，表示错误，过失2.weakness（人的）弱点，缺点3.flaw瑕疵[P5-51]Whyshouldanyonewanttoread_______ofbooksbygreatauthorswhentherealpleasurecomesfromreadingtheoriginals?A)digestsB)insightsC)themesD)leaflets注：1.digest摘要ingest摄入congest堵塞，拥挤2.theme主题3.insight洞察力，理解力，观察事物的角度4.leaflet小散页booklet小册子lakelet小湖[P6-52]Parentshavealegal_______toensurethattheirchildrenareprovidedwithefficienteducationsuitabletotheirage.A)impulseB)obligationC)influenceD)sympathy注：1.obligation责任，义务2.impulse冲动pulse脉搏repulse憎恶，排斥repulsive令人厌恶的instinct本能extinct灭绝的distinct区别的，截然不同的distinction（特征上的）区别separation（具体形态上的）分离

22breakoff部分从整体上剥离下来breakup捏碎，打碎shatter粉碎[P6-53]Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina_______.A)scarcityB)shortageC)minimumD)minority注：1.minority少数，少数民族2.scarcity物质方面的缺乏3.shortage短缺4.minimum最小的，最低的minimize将……降到最小miniature缩微模型minister大臣administer管理maximum最大的，最高的，最多的[P6-54]Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto_______farming.A)gobackonB)goinforC)gothroughwithD)goalongwith注：1.goinfor从事，追求，参加，赞成2.gobackon违背，背弃3.gothroughwith经历了困难而完成……4.goalongwith陪伴[P6-55]JackwasabouttoannounceourplanbutI_______.A)cuthimshortB)turnedhimoutC)gavehimupD)puthimthrough注：1.cuthimshort打断讲话cutmyhairshort剪断头发cutmyhair剃光头2.turnhimout驱逐出去3.givehimup放弃，甩掉，断绝关系4.puthimthrough让某人经历考验[P6-56]IamsureIcan_______himintolettingusstayinthehotelforthenight.

23A)speakB)talkC)sayD)tell注：talksb.intodoingsth.劝说某人做某事[P7-64]Thejoysoftravel,havinglong_______thedisabled,areopeninguptovirtuallyanyonewhohasthemeans.A)omittedB)neglectedC)missedD)discarded注：1.neglect忽视elect选举negative否定的relieve缓解2.omit省略；删除emit放射submit提交3.miss错过；省略missout4.discard扔，抛revenue收入，税收avenue林荫路[P7-65]Fewerandfeweroftoday'sworkersexpecttospendtheirworkinglivesinthesamefield,_______thesamecompany.A)allelseB)muchworseC)letaloneD)lesslikely注：1.letalone更不要说2.allelse其他一切3.muchworse更糟糕的是4.lesslikely最不可能的是[P7-66]Whenhefinallyemergedfromthecaveafterthirtydays,Johnwas_______pale.A)startlinglyB)enormouslyC)uniquelyD)dramatically注：1.startlingly惊人地2.enormously（具体形态）巨大地；（变化）巨大地3.uniquely独特地，唯一地

24[P7-67]Thankyouforapplyingforapositionwithourfirm.Wedonothaveanyopeningsatthistime,butweshallkeepyourapplicationon_______fortwomonths.A)pileB)segmentC)fileD)sequence注：1.applicationpackage申请包裹2.pile堆3.segment部分；切片；章节4.sequence次序，顺序[P7-68]Itwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial_______willbeconductedbycomputer.A)transmissionsB)transitionsC)transactionsD)transformations注：三剑客词汇1.transaction交易2.transmission（广播电视节目的）传送；（疾病的）传播；（文化的）传递ease轻松disease疾病lease租金release释放please高兴，满意crease褶皱3.transition（季节的）过渡；（社会制度的）转型4.transformation改变[P7-69]The______ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.A)implementationB)expeditionC)demonstrationD)manifestation注：1.manifestation用现象来说明问题，表明问题2.implementation履行诺言，完成任务3.expedition探险，远足4.demonstration演示，证明[P8-70]ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincreased_______,awiderrangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.

25A)circulationB)reproductionC)manipulationD)penetration注：1.circulation循环；发行量2.reproduction复制；生殖3.manipulation操纵，控制（永陪词汇）4.penetration渗透，弥漫permeate渗透，弥漫permanent永恒的，永久的potential潜力[P8-41]Hiscareerwasnotnoticeably______bythefactthathehadneverbeentocollege.A)preventedB)restrainedC)hinderedD)refrained注：1.hinder阻碍2.restrain=refrain限制，抑制[P8-42]Whentrappedindriftingsands,donotstruggle,oryouwillbe______indeeper.A)absorbedB)pushedC)heavedD)sucked注：1.suck吸suckingandrefreshing吸一口精神百倍refreshment茶点2.absorb吸收并成为一部分；招收会员3.heave举起hoist升起[P8-43]To____forhisunpleasantexperienceshedrankalittlemorethanwasgoodforhim.A)commenceB)compromiseC)compensateD)compliment注：1.compensate补偿，偿还2.compliment赞扬3.commence开始initiatevt.开始一个计划，开始一个项目considerate考虑周到的contemplate凝思

26hesitate犹豫together一起4.compromise妥协（永陪词汇）[P8-44]Allvisitorsarerequestedto__________withtheregulations.A)complyB)agreeC)assistD)consent注：1.遵守法律三兄弟adhereto遵守法律、法规conformto遵守法律、法规；符合一种需要，标准complywith遵守法律、法规2.assist帮助consist组成consistentadj.一致的insist坚持resist拒绝resistancen.exist存在3.consent同意consentto同意[P8-45]Thecaptain__________thehorizonforapproachingships.A)scannedB)scrutinizedC)exploredD)swept注：1.scan仔细的搜索寻找2.scrutinize近距离审查，考察3.explore探索研究4.sweep打扫，清除[P8-46]Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill_____totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.A)confineB)conformC)confrontD)confirm注：1.conform符合2.confine限制；圈养define下定义definite明确的infinite无限的，极大的3.confront面临4.confirm确认

27[P9-47]Althoughhewasonadiet,thefood__________himenormously.A)inspiredB)temptedC)overcameD)encouraged注：1.tempt诱惑2.inspire启迪3.overcome克服4.encourage鼓励[P9-48]Hisargumentdoesnotsuggestthatmankindcan_____tobewastefulintheutilizationoftheseresources.A)resortB)grantC)affordD)entitle注：1.afford负担得起affray争吵2.resort诉诸于，求助resortto=makeuseof利用3.grant津贴，补助4.entitle给……题名；授权[P9-49]Ifyouwantthispain-killer,you'llhavetoaskthedoctorfora______.A)receiptB)recipeC)subscriptionD)prescription注：1.pain-killer止疼片2.prescription药方3.receipt收据4.recipe菜谱；秘诀[P9-50]Somefishhaveagreater__________foracidwaterthanothers.A)toleranceB)resistanceC)dependenceD)persistence注：1.tolerance忍耐，忍受2.resistance抵抗3.dependence依赖4.persistence恒定不变，坚持，持续

28[P9-51]Therewasonceatowninthiscountrywherealllifeseemedtolivein_____withitssurroundings.A)coincidenceB)harmonyC)uniformD)alliance注：1.harmony和谐，协调2.coincidence巧合，一致3.uniform制服；统一的，一致的4.alliance联盟[P9-52]Thecourtconsidersafinancial______tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.A)paymentB)obligationC)optionD)penalty注：1.penalty惩罚2.payment付款3.obligation责任，义务4.option选择[P9-53]Itistruethat____awildplantintoamajorfoodcropsuchaswheatrequiresmuchresearchtime.A)multiplyingB)breedingC)magnifyingD)generating注：1.breed生养2.multiply增加3.magnify放大，扩大4.generate产生[P9-54]Thegovernmenthasdevotedalargersliceofitsnational______toagriculturethanmostothercountries.A)resourcesB)potentialC)budgetD)economy注：1.budget预算（六级最爱）2.resource资源3.economy经济economical节约的frugal节俭的miserly小气的，吝啬的

29[P9-55]Inthispoorcountry,survivalisstilltheleadingindustry;allelseis______.A)luxuryB)accommodationC)entertainmentD)refreshment注：1.luxury奢侈2.accommodation提供食宿3.entertainment娱乐4.refreshment精神清爽；茶点[P10-56]Somecriminalswereprinting__________dollarbillsuntiltheywerearrested.A)decentB)fakeC)patentD)suspicious注：1.fake假的，伪造的2.decent合适的；体面的3.patent专利，执照tent帐篷attention注意力suspicious怀疑的[P10-57]Mr.Bloomisnot__________now,buthewillbefamoussomeday.A)significantB)dominantC)magnificentD)prominent注：1.prominent卓越的，著名的2.significant重要的，有意义的3.dominant占主导地位的，重要的[P10-58]Hisbodytemperaturehasbeen_____for3days,thehighestpointreaching40.5degreecentigrade.A)uncommonB)disorderedC)abnormalD)extraordinary注：1.abnormal不正常的2.uncommon罕见的3.disordered混乱的4.extraordinary特别的[P10-59]

30Heseemstobe__________enoughtoclimbtothemountaintopinanhour.A)radiantB)conscientiousC)conspicuousD)energetic注：1.energetic精力充沛的2.radiant阳光明媚的；容光焕发的3.conscientious有责任心的，有良知的4.conspicuous明显的，显著的[P10-60]Althoughcatscannotseeincompletedarknesstheireyesaremuchmore__________tolightthanarehumaneyes.A)glowingB)brilliantC)sensitiveD)gloomy注：1.sensitive敏感的2.glowing兴高采烈的3.brilliant聪明的4.gloomy郁闷的[P10-61]Whilenuclearweaponspresentgrave________dangers,thepredominantcrisisofoverpopulationiswithustoday.A)inevitableB)constantC)overwhelmingD)potential注：1.potential潜在的2.constant常数3.inevitable不可避免的4.overwhelming占绝大多数的，压倒一切的[P10-62]Thisisthe______pianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.A)trueB)originalC)realD)genuine注：1.ACD为同义词2.original最初的，原版的3.genuine真的；真诚的humble谦虚的generous慷慨的

31[P10-63]Comparisonandcontrastareoftenused_______inadvertisements.A)intentionallyB)pertinentlyC)incidentallyD)tiresomely注：1.intentionally故意地2.pertinently相关地；中肯地；贴切地3.incidentally偶然地[P10-64]Acompleteinvestigationintothecausesoftheaccidentshouldleadtoimprovedstandardsandshould__________newoperatingprocedures.A)resultinB)matchwithC)subjecttoD)proceedwith注：1.resultin导致2.matchwith相匹配3.subjectto屈服于，遭受=undergo4.proceedwith继续[P10-65]______popularbeliefthatclassicalmusicistoocomplex,itachievesasimplicitythatonlyageniuscancreate.A)SubjecttoB)ContrarytoC)FamiliartoD)Similarto注：1.Contraryto与……相反2.C应该是Familiarwith3.Similarto与……相似[P11-66]Thebondoftrueaffectionhadpulledussixverydifferentmenfromsixverydifferentcountries-acrossAntarctica;weprovedintheendthatweweren'tverydifferent__________.A)forallB)asusualC)inparticularD)afterall注：1.afterall毕竟，终究2.forall尽管3.asusual平常4.inparticular特别，尤其[P11-67]Thoughherparents__________hermusicalability,Jerrilou'spianoplayingisreallyterrible.A)pourscornon

32B)heappraiseuponC)giveventtoD)castlightupon注：1.pourscornon蔑视，贬低sneer嘲笑2.heappraiseupon大加赞赏3.giveventto发泄4.castlightupon明显，显现[P11-68]Somechildrendisplayan__________curiosityabouteverynewthingtheyencounter.A)incredibleB)infectiousC)incompatibleD)inaccessible注：1.incredible令人难以置信的2.infectious传染的3.incompatible不相容的，相矛盾的4.inaccessible难以到达的，难以接近的[P11-69]BruceStephengrippedthe__________wheelhardasthecarbouncedupanddown.A)stirringB)drivingC)steeringD)revolving注：steering操纵，掌舵。方向盘[P11-70]Manyofthescientistsandengineersarejudged____howgreattheirachievementsare.A)inspiteofB)inwaysofC)infavorofD)intermsof注：1.intermsof根据2.inspiteof尽管3.infavorof支持，赞成4.bymeansof通过……方法解决[P11-41]Thedirectionswereso_______thatitwasimpossibletocompletetheassignment.A)ingeniousB)ambitiousC)notoriousD)ambiguous注：1.ingenious机灵的，灵巧的，有发明天分的

332.ambitious野心勃勃的；有雄心的3.notorious臭名昭著的[P11-42]Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost________areasinJapaneselife.A)sophisticatedB)competitiveC)considerateD)superficial注：1.competitive竞争的2.considerate体贴的，体谅的3.superficial表面的，肤浅的[P12-43]Ifapersontalksabouthisweakpoints,hislistenerisexpectedtosaysomethinginthewayof_______.A)persuasionB)remedyC)encouragementD)compromise注：1.encouragement鼓励2.persuasion劝告3.remedy治疗4.compromise妥协（永陪词汇）[P12-44]Herinterestinredecoratingthebighousekepther________forawholeweek.A)constrainedB)dominatedC)restrictedD)occupied注：1.constrained不舒服的，被强迫的（永陪词汇）2.dominated占统治地位的，占主导地位的3.restricted受限制的[P12-45]Ifwe_______ourrelationswiththatcountry,we'llhavetofindanothersupplierofrawmaterials.A)diffuseB)diminishC)terminateD)preclude注：1.terminate（正式）终止，停止2.diffuse弥漫，扩散；学历的改变移交，政权的改变移交3.diminish减少，降低4.preclude排除；阻止；防止

34[P12-46]Moviedirectorsusemusicto_______theactiononthescreen.A)contaminateB)complimentC)contemplateD)complement注：1.compliment赞扬2.complement补充3.contemplate沉思，思考4.contaminate（化学）污染tame驯化contamination污染物[P12-47]Aterribletrafficaccidenthappened;peopleweresaddenedwhentheywatchedthe________sightonTV.A)panicB)patrioticC)patheticD)periodic注：1.pathetic悲惨的2.panic恐慌3.patriotic爱国的4.periodic周期性的；定期的[P12-48]Manytouristswere_______bythecity'scomplicatedtrafficsystem.A)degradedB)bewilderedC)evokedD)diverted注：1.complicated复杂的intricate复杂的complex复杂的2.bewilder使迷惑puzzleoverwhelmconfuse3.degraded被降级的4.evoke引起，引发arouseprovokevextrigger5.divert疏散convert宗教信仰的改变convertintodim光线黯淡

35distress沮丧sting刺distinct区别distinguish区别extinguish熄灭instinct本能extinct灭绝的[P12-49]Overthelastfifteenyears,runninghasbecomeapopular________for30millionparticipantsofallages.A)fantasyB)pastimeC)symposiumD)penalty注：1.pastime休闲，娱乐2.fantasy幻想3.symposium酒会，专题讨论会conference一般性会议cone松果icecone圆筒冰激凌conifer针叶树convention传统；国际性的代表大会summit峰会seminar研讨会forum论坛4.penalty惩罚[P12-50]Somepeoplethinkthata________translation,orword-for-wordtranslation,iseasierthanafreetranslation.A)literalB)literaryC)liberalD)linear注：1.literal照字面上的2.literary文字精美的，雕琢文字的3.liberal自由的4.linear线性的，直线的linearthinking直线般思考mooningthinking曲线般思考[P13-51]Manynovelsthatattempttomirrortheworldarereally_______oftherealitythattheyrepresent.A)reflectionsB)demonstrationsC)illuminationsD)reproductions

36注：1.reflection反射；反映；倒影2.demonstration游行；演示3.illumination点亮，照亮4.reproduction复制品[P13-52]Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual_______manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.A)retainsB)gainsC)achievesD)acquires注：acquire习得LanguageAcquiredAbility语言习得能力[P13-53]Generally,itisonlywhenanimalsaretrappedthatthey________toviolenceinordertoescape.A)proceedB)appealC)resortD)incline注：1.resort诉诸于，求助2.proceedwith继续进行=continuewith3.appeal上诉4.incline喜欢；倾向decline婉言拒绝recline倾斜，斜躺[P13-54]Maryonce_______withanothermusiciantocomposeapieceofpopmusic.A)mergedB)collaboratedC)coincidedD)constituted注：1.collaborate（文化艺术方面）合作incollaborationwith合作cooperation合作2.merge合并；加强3.coincide巧合4.constitute构成，组成[P13-55]Duringtheirfistteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe_______oflessons.A)observationB)investigationC)inspectionD)examination

37注：investigation调查[P13-56]Heattendstothe_______ofimportantbusinesshimself.A)transactionB)transitionC)transmissionD)transformation注：1.transaction交易2.transition季节的过度；社会制度的转型3.transmission广播电视节目的传送；疾病的传播；文化的传播4.transformation改变[P13-57]Outof_______revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.A)perfectB)totalC)sheerD)integral注：1.sheer完全的，纯粹的（六级最爱）2.revenge报复3.integral完整的integrity诚实，正直[P13-58]Amost______argumentaboutwhoshouldgoandfetchthebreadfromthekitchenwasgoingonwhenIcamein.A)trivialB)delicateC)minorD)miniature注：1.trivial琐碎的；价值不高的2.fetch取fetchwater打水3.delicate【林妹妹的N个特征】精细的（尤指眼科手术）4.minor次要的，从属的5.miniature缩微的模型[P13-59]Thechildrencheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoons_______slowlyintothesky.A)floatingB)raisingC)heavingD)ascending注：1.ascending轻的，薄的物体的上升；声音从远处传来2.floating漂浮的3.raise抚养

384.heave举重物[P14-60]Doyouhaveany______aboutwhatlivingbeingsonotherplanetswouldbelike?A)idealB)comprehensionC)notionD)intelligence注：1.notion概念2.intelligence智力IQ智商EQ情商[P14-61]Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute_______ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponoursenseorgans;thegreatmajoritypassusby.A)fictionB)functionC)fractionD)friction注：1.perceive察觉2.minute极其微小的3.fraction碎片，片段4.fiction小说5.function功能6.friction磨擦，冲突[P14-62]Formanypatients,institutionalcareisthemost_______andbeneficialformofcare.A)persistentB)appropriateC)thoughtfulD)sufficient注：1.appropriate适当的2.persistent坚持的，固执的3.thoughtful=considerate体贴的，体谅的4.sufficient足够的，充足的[P14-63]It'spleasureforhimto______hisenergyandevenhislifetoresearchwork.A)dedicateB)dictateC)decorateD)direct注：1.dedicate=devoteto奉献，全身心投入做某事；献给commemorate纪念

392.dictate听写3.decorate装修4.direct直接[P14-64]Theyarewell_______witheachothersincetheyoncestudiedinthesameuniversity.A)identifiedB)recognizedC)acknowledgedD)acquainted注：1.acquaint熟悉2.identify辨别3.recognize承认，认出来，认识到4.acknowledge承认，告知[P14-65]Thereisa______differenceinmeaningbetweenthewordssurroundingsandenvironment.A)gentleB)subtleC)feebleD)humble注：1.subtle细微的，微妙的2.gentle温柔的，儒雅的3.feeble脆弱的，易受伤害的vulnerable易受攻击的4.humble谦虚的genuine真诚的generous慷慨的[P14-66]Allthefinishedproductsarestoredina________ofthedeliveryportandshippingisavailableatanytime.A)garageB)cabinetC)capsuleD)warehouse注：1.warehouse仓库2.garage修车厂3.cabinet小橱柜4.capsule胶囊；太空舱[P14-67]Whenhetriedtomakea________,hefoundthatthehotelwascompletelyfilledbecauseofaconvention.A)reservationB)claimC)messD)revision

40注：1.reservation预定，保留2.claim主张，要求，声称，认领acclaim欢迎exclaim大喊elude逃跑，躲避declaim抨击；朗诵proclaim宣布3.mess混乱inamess凌乱4.revision修改，校对[P14-68]Parentstakeagreatinterestinthe_______questionsraisedbytheirchildren.A)nastyB)naiveC)obscureD)offensive注：1.nasty肮脏的，污秽的2.naive天真的3.obscure晦涩的，难懂的4.offensive粗鲁的，无礼的，冒犯的[P15-69]Althoughitwashisfirstexperienceaschairman,he________overthemeetingwithgreatskill.A)presidedB)administeredC)masteredD)executed注：1.preside主持2.administer管理3.master掌握，控制4.execute执行[P15-70]Bothpartiespromisedto______thecontracttobesignedthefollowingday.A)keepwithB)tanglewithC)adheretoD)devoteto注：1.adhereto遵守2.keepinwith跟某人保持友好关系3.tanglewith卷入纠纷，卷入争论4.devoteto奉献，贡献

41资料的选择：1、听力原题2、TOEFL的听力3、《走遍美国》、《探索》、《国家地理》听力结构：SectionA：10个短对话SectionB：3个段子；复合式听写（很少考）类型题：比如：Wouldyougotodancewithmetonight?去不去干……回答Yes/No.以及理由。Wouldyougowithus?Wouldyoujoinus?Wouldyougowithme?Doyouwannacome?Wannacome?应试听力提高的三个层次：1、听懂原文2、搞清考题之间的类型关系3、判断出是什么考题听力遇到的问题：一、语音问题：连读：跟读提高口语，考试时不太重要，注意听重读。二、态度方向：测试：I'mupset.×I'moverjoyed.√I'mbesidemyselfwithjoy.√I'mintheblues.×Ifeelhightoday.√Ifeeldownrecently.×三、口语话问题：语气（升降调、重读）例句：Somethingjusthitthefrontwindow.What?（什么东西呀？你说什么（没听清）？惊奇，生气。）例句：Hewasmyboyfriend.考校园生活：学生：异性（同学关系）、同性（室友关系）口语词汇tape胶带（邮局场景）cassette磁带project作业=assignmentawful糟糕的terrific特棒的awesome特棒的Isee.我明白。Icantellthat.我能看得出。Iunderstandthat.我听说。Ihavegot...我有……haveto=havegotto(gotta)begoingto=begonnawantto=wannatellhimI'lltakethisbook.表示买Iwon'tbuythat.我不信。buy=believe四、场景问题：1、如何出考题2、如何判断场景（场景线索词）例如：book（校内：Libary；校外：bookstore）textbook,dictionary,magzine,referencebook,bibliographymanager,order--bookstore解题思路：比如：traffic:trafficjamcar:breakdown六次课安排：But题型，三个解题思路（1）场景题（2、3）

42段子题、替换题（4、5）复合式听写、实战考题（6）SectionABut题型(3-4个题目）：but前的话没用，but是关键，but后面的句子是正确选项。例题：P25-5-Test1-P100A)Hehassomeworktodo.B)Thewomanisgoingtodothat.C)Hisbossiscomingtoseehim.D)Hedoesn’tfeellikeeatinganybreadtoday.W:Iwonderifyouhavetimetogotothefoodstoretoday.Wehavealmostrunoutofbread.M:You’dbetterdothat.Ihaven’tgotmyreportreadyyet,butmybossneedsittomorrow.Q:Whyisn’tthemangoingtodotheshopping?注：1.第二人的回答都是充满了遗憾。2.runoutof用完，没有boor土人，粗野的人（GRE词汇）生活中常用的动词非常简单：takemakegowinlethave口语中常用短语：1.mess脏乱Hisdormitoryisinabigmess.2.meet=comeacross=runinto=banginto遇见。happentomeet恰巧碰到3.与动词搭配使用最多的是out，因为out代表一种极端的状态，很彻底。runoutof用完了checkout借书；办理出院手续；彻底检查；退房（checkin开房）；结帐离开wearout穿破bewornout（物）破旧；（人）疲惫makeout辨认出figureout想清楚，弄明白Shehasafigurethatkills.身材很棒。Shehasafacethatkills.长得非常漂亮workout想清楚，弄明白，解决问题；（gym场景）拼命锻炼helpout帮个大忙findout打听，查明真相dineout外出吃饭，下馆子cafeteria饭堂，自助餐厅【学校的饭菜不好吃】cookout在外野餐hangout闲逛turnout(tobe)事实证明[P25-8]A)Hecan’tfindhisnewapartment.B)Hehadabiggerapartmentbefore.C)Hefindsthenewapartmenttoobigforhim.

43D)He’shavingahardtimefindinganapartment.W:Howdoyoufindyournewapartment?M:Well,it’squitenicereally,althoughIhaveahardtimegettingusedtolivinginabigplace.Q:Whatistheman’sproblem?注：1.dormitory宿舍apartment公寓laboratorysecretary房子难找；房租贵；房太吵2.Howdoyoufind...=Howdoyoulike...3.beusedtodoingsth.习惯于做某事选项中找beaccustomedtodoingsth.或adaptusedtodosth过去常常选项中找wasalways或找否定句+now[P28-6]A)Hemeantsheshouldmakeaphonecallifanythingwentwrong.B)Hemeantforherjusttowaittillhelpcame.C)Hewasafraidsomethingwouldgowrongwithhercar.D)Hepromisedtogiveherhelphimself.W:CouldyoutellmewhatIshoulddoifmycarbreaksdown?M:Well,I'msureyouwon'thaveanytrouble,Mrs.Smith,butifsomethingshouldhappen,justcallthisnumber.They'llseethatyougethelp.Q:Whatdoesthemanreallymean?注：谈论车的最大话题一定是坏掉breakdown。[P28-8]A)Hehaseditedthreebooks.B)Hehasboughtthewrongbook.C)Hehaslosthalfofhismoney.D)Hehasfoundthebookthatwillbeused.M:Hey,Louise,I'vegotausedcopyofourchemistrytextbookforhalfprice.W:I'mafraidyouwastedyourmoney,yoursisthefirstedition,butwe'resupposedtobeusingthethirdedition.Q:Whathasthemandone?注：usedbook二手书，旧书对话发生的时间一般是开学或期末。开学：orientation新生培训freshman/fresher大一新生sophomore大二junior大三senior大四期末：考试、突击熬夜、失眠、吃药、抢救[P30-1]A)Shewantstoreturntheskirtherhusbandbought.B)Shewantstobuyanotherskirt.C)Shewantstochangetheyellowskirtforablueone.

44D)Shewantstochangetheblueskirtforayellowone.M:Now,what'syourproblem,Madam?W:Oh,yes.Myhusbandboughtthisyellowskirthereyesterday.Itisverynice,butit'snotthecolourIwant.Haveyougotanyblueones?Q:Whatdoesthewomanwanttodo?注：1.蓝色情节blue服装最喜欢的颜色darkblue深蓝lightblue浅蓝navyblue海军蓝navy常用这个词表示蓝色pink红色习惯用这个词表示2.羊毛情节wooldownjacket羽绒服[P33-5]A)It'stoowindy.B)Thepeoplethereareterrible.C)Theairispolluted.D)Thebeachesaredirty.W:TheplaceI'veheardsomuchaboutisLosAngeles.Theclimateisprettygood.Year-roundflowers,year-roundswimming.Howdoyoulikeit?M:Well,thebeachesarebeautiful.Butthepeoplethereareterriblyannoyedbythedirtyair.Imean,thecombinationoffog,smokeandautomobileexhaust.Thereisnotenoughwindtoblowitaway.Q:WhatdoesthemanthinkofLosAngeles?注：选项B不可能为正确选项。[P36-4]A)Theapartmentisbetterfurnished.B)Shepreferstoliveinaquietplace.C)It'slessexpensivetoliveinanapartment.D)Shefindsherroommatesdifficulttogetalongwith.M:Ihearyouaremovingtoanapartment.Canyoutellmewhy?W:Actually,Ididn’twanttomove.Itwouldbemoreexpensivetoliveoutsidethecollege.ButIjustcan’tbearthenoisemadebythepeoplelivingnextdoor.Q:Whydoesthewomanwanttomove?住房场景：1、房难找2、房租太贵3、房太吵注：1.口语中现在进行时表将要2.must表猜测havegottodo表应该，必须

45[P36-7]A)Hedidn'tbuyanything.B)Hegotsomemedicineforhisfoot.C)Hewassickandcouldn'tgoshopping.D)Heboughteverythingexceptthefootball.W:Didyougoshoppingthisafternoon?M:Yes,butallIgotwasasorefoot.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?注：sorefoot脚疼sorethroat嗓子疼[P36-9]A)Shedidn'tknowherdaughtercouldsingsowell.B)Shesingsbetterthanherdaughter.C)Shedoesn'tlikeherdaughter.D)Sheherselfdoesn'thaveagoodvoice.M:Iheardyourdaughtersingattheschoolconcertlastnight.Shehasalovelyvoice,Imustsay.W:Thankyou,butIdon’tknowwhereshegetsit.Q:Whatdoesthewomanprobablymean?[P36-10]A)Hefindshistorybooksdifficulttounderstand.B)Hehastoreadalotofhistorybooks.C)Hedoesn'tlikethehistorycourse.D)Hehaslosthishistorybook.W:Whyareyousotiredandupset?M:I’vebeentakingthehistorycoursethisterm.ButthetroubleisthatI’llnevergetthroughthereadinglist.Q:Whyisthemanworried?作业：1.paper论文；newspaper报纸；文件；纸research查询资料（library)2.presentation口头报告=report,speech,address着装正式；心里感受nervousinterview面试（也需正式着装）3.readingassignment阅读作业readinglist读书清单对作业的评价一定是抱怨写论文的步骤：1、选题2、查资料3、打印

46充满遗憾：谈论交通--堵车；谈论车--坏掉；谈论买票--卖光；谈论接人--晚点；谈论野餐--下雨写论文的困难：1、题目难选2、资料难查3、打字困难（机房总被占）typewriter（breakdown坏了；ribbon色带）,printer,laserprinter,laptop,三个基本思路：一、学习话题：学几门课，课程难不难，课的进展，考试如何，作业如何，老师怎样，实验课怎样，图书馆怎样……回答：基本上都是抱怨二、生活话题：穷，省钱，购物一定要bargain，带学生证，例如：1.Iwanttomakealongdistancecall.Whenisthebesttime?例如：2.MaybeIoughttosubscribetothejournal.捐献；定购订阅。Whydon'tyousavethemoneyandreaditinthelibrary?例如：3.A)Towearaheavysweatertothegame.B)Topostponethegame.C)Tochangetickets.D)Towatchthegameathome.三、混合话题，但忙于学习。场景题：选项的特点：1.地点；2.todo表目的；3.-ing；4.AandB结构，人物关系提问特点：What,Where,When,Who总结重点：出题思路判断场景的线索词例如：fine罚款（校外交通；校内图书馆）cashier出纳（各个场景）teller（银行）出纳员ATM(AutomaticTellerMachine)自动提款机[P24-1]A)Heisstillbeingtreatedinthehospital.B)Hehashadanoperation.C)He’llrestathomeforanothertwoweeks.D)Hereturnedtoworklastweek.M:Howisyourfather,Mary?ThelasttimeIcametoseeyou,youwereabouttotakehimtothehospital.W:Hecamehomelastweek.Theoperationwasverysuccessful.Thedoctorsaidhe’dalmostrecoveredandcouldgobacktoworknextweek.Q:Whatdidthewomansayaboutherfather?注：beabouttodo正要做某事医院场景：1、医生难找

472、病情如何3、有病耽误课misstheclass缺课的原因：1、生病getill2、睡过头oversleep3、traffic（车坏了，或者交通的问题）医院的线索词：operation手术infirmary（校内）医务室；cafeteria饭堂；tuition学费treat,treatment治疗（过程）cure治愈（结果）[study,learn;search,find;try,manage]clinic诊所ward病房studenthealthcenter学生健康中心medicalcenter医疗中心prescribe开处方；preview预习；interview面试；international国际的filltheprescription抓药refilltheprescription再抓药checkout办理出院手续emergencydepartment急诊室[P24-3]A)TomeetTomWang.B)Toworkinhisoffice.C)Togotohospital.D)Toattendameeting.M:ThisisTomWangspeaking.CouldyoutellmeMr.Smith’sschedulefortomorrow?Iwouldliketomeethimathisconvenience.W:Letmesee.He’llgotoseehisdoctorat8,andchairameetingat10inthemorning.Well,hewillbeintheofficethewholeafternoon.Q:WhatdoesMr.Smithplantodoat10o’clocktomorrowmorning?注：chair主持打电话场景：1、约人肯定约不到makeanappointment（约医生）2、约会去不了comeup突然来临reschedule重新安排时间fitmein安排3、电话打不通，打错电话runoutofcoin硬币用光cutoff通话被中断hangup挂断电话receiver听筒hook挂钩

48telephonebook电话簿yellowpages电话簿yellowpress色情出版物dialthenumber打电话打电话步骤：lookupthenumberinthetelephone;pickupthereceiver;dropthecoinsintheslot投币孔;dialthenumberyouwanted.[P25-4]A)Shewasafraidshemightbekepttoolate.B)Shewouldhavesomethingmoreimportanttodo.C)Shehadtomeetafriendofhers.D)Shewasnotinthemoodtoattendtheparty.W:Hello,Steve.ThisisSusan.I’mafraidIwon’tbeabletocometotheparty.Iwasjustaskedtogotoameeting.M:Docomeafteryourmeeting,Susan.Ourpartywon’tbeoveruntilmidnight.Q:Whydidthewomansaythatshecouldnotjoinintheparty?注：beinthemoodtodosth.愿意做某事，有这种心情做某事[P25-9]A)Towriteacheck.B)Tofindatelephonenumber.C)Toringupsomebody.D)Tocheckthetelephoneservice.W:I’msorry,butthenumberyouaredialingisnotinservice.M:Butthat’simpossible.Ijustspoketohimthismorning.Couldyoupleasecheckitforme?Q:Whatisthemantryingtodo?注：operator接线员[P27-2]A)Thewomanisbeinginterviewedbyareporter.B)Thewomanisaskingforapromotion.C)Thewomanisapplyingforajob.D)Thewomanisbeinggivenanexamination.M:Now,I'mgoingtostartoffbyaskingyouadifficultquestion.Whywouldyouliketogetthispost?W:Well-firstofallIknowthatyourfirmhasaverygoodreputation.ThenI'veheardyouoffergoodopportunitiesforpromotionfortherightperson.Q:Whatdoweknowfromthisconversation?工作场景：1、找到工作高兴2、失去工作伤心3、拒绝工作奇怪（主动拒绝令人感到奇怪）

49找工作的步骤：1、信息来源：newspaper报纸:classifiedad.分类广告,helpandwantedsection供求关系版bulletinboard公告板flier传单2、打电话确认3、准备简历4、面试：携带证明identification、证书certificate；确定你是否有资格qualification（bequalifiedforsomepost;beupto胜任）；推荐信referenceletter[P27-3]A)Hiscarwashitbyanothercar.B)Hewashurtwhileplayingvolleyball.C)Hefelldownthestairs.D)Whilecrossingthestreet,hewashitbyacar.W:DidyouhearMikeisinhospitalwithheadinjuriesandabrokenarm?M:Yes,apparentlyhewasstruckbyanothervehicleandturnedcompletelyover.Q:WhathappenedtoMike?[P27-4]A)Tookaphotoofhim.B)Boughthimapicture.C)Heldabirthdayparty.D)Boughthimaframeforhispicture.M:CouldyouhelpmetodecidewhatIshouldbuyformybrother'sbirthday?W:Remember,youtookapictureofhimathislastbirthdayparty?Whynotbuyhimaframesothathecanfixthepictureinit.Q:Whatdidthemandolastyearforhisbrother'sbirthday?注：提醒模式remember,first,today,now(rightnow)[P31-5]A)Women'srightsinsociety.B)Thewoman'sjobisalibrarian.C)Animportantelection.D)Careerplanning.W:Wealltalkabouthowliberatedweare,butinfactwomenarestillnotequallytreated.M:Idon'tthinkso.You'vegotthevote,you'vegotyourcareers-Ithinkyou'vegoteverythingimportant.Q:Whataretheyarguingabout?注：liberated自由的，被解放了的free免费的（选项中反义替换pay)，有空闲时间的（选项中反义替换busy)。StatueofLiberty自由女神[P31-6]A)Shetotallyagreeswithhim.

50B)Shethinksitiseasiersaidthandone.C)Shefeelsthatwhathesaysissimplynonsense.D)Shethinksthatheisratherimpoliteperson.M:It'spartlyyourownfault.Youshouldneverletinanyonelikethatunlessyou'reexpectinghim.W:It'sallverywelltosaythat,butsomeonecomestothedoorandsays"electricity"or"gas"andyouautomaticallythinkheisOK,especiallyifheshowsyouacard.Q:Howdoesthewomanfeelabouttheman'sremarks?注：fault过失针对责备场景：It'sallverywelltosaythat.说起来容易。Itiseasiersaidthandone.说起来容易，做起来难。[P33-7]A)Thewomanthanksthemanforhisefforts.B)Thewomanthinksthateverythingwasallright.C)Thewomanblamesthemanforhisabsence.D)Thewomandoesn'tthinkitwastheman'sfault.M:Look,I'msorryIdidn'tturnupforthematchyesterday,butitwasn'treallymyfault,youknow.W:It'sallverywellsayingitwasn'tyourfault,butthankstoyouwelost10to1.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?注：thankto由于[P44-2]A)Heisnottoblame.B)Itwashisfault.C)Hewillacceptallresponsibility.D)Hewillbemorecarefulnexttime.W:Whatanaccident!Ifyouhadbeencareful,thingswouldnotbeastheyare.M:Whatdoyoumean,itwasmyfault?Ifitwere,surelyIwouldtakeallresponsibilityforit.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?[P31-8]A)Onthe6thofJune.B)Onthe8thofJune.C)Onthe9thofJune.D)Onthe19thofJune.M:I'dliketomaketworeservationsonFlight651forJune8th.W:I'msorry,we'rebookeduponthe8th.Butwestillhaveafewseatsavailableonthe9th.Q:Whendoesthemanwanttoleave?注：1.makereservation预定，保留2.bebookedup被定光befilled充满了befullof充满了

51betaken被占用机场场景：1、票已售完2、接人晚点3、送人伤感机场线索词：airplane飞机flight航班takeoff起飞land降落circle盘旋wing机翼；建筑物的侧楼；博物馆侧面展厅；翅膀terminal终端机(computer)；终点站；候机大厅[P33-3]A)Thecauseoftheflood.B)Theheroicfightagainstaflood.C)Theeffectsoftheflood.D)Floodsofthepasttwentyyears.M:Thishasbeentheworstfloodforthepast20years.Ithascausedmuchdamageanddestruction.W:Lookatthepricesoffruitsandvegetables.Nowondertheyaresoexpensive.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?注：两个选项正好相反，一定有一个为正确的选项。自然灾害的影响一定严重。天气一定是极端的天气。[P33-4]A)Theywaitedforeachotheratdifferentplaces.B)Theywerebothbusydoingtheirownwork.C)Theywenttothestreetcorneratdifferenttimes.D)Themanwenttotheconcertbutthewomandidn't.W:George,wherewereyouyesterdayevening?Iexpectedtoseeyouattheconcert.M:Oh,Iwaitedforyouatthecornerofyourstreet.ThenIlookedforyouatyourflat,butthehousekeepersaidyouwereout.Q:Whydidn'ttheymeetthatevening?注：flat（英）公寓=apartment（美）sneaker运动鞋（美）trainer运动鞋(英）sweatshirt运动衫（美）jersey运动衫（英）corn玉米（美）maize玉米（英）church教堂（美）chapel教堂，小礼拜堂（英）cathedral天主教大教堂（美）luggage行李（美）baggage行李（英）bang头发刘海（美）fringe头发刘海（英）[P33-6]A)InMexico.B)InNewMexico.C)Inthecity.D)InCalifornia.M:I'dliketomakeanappointmenttoseeDr.Smithtomorrow.W:I'msorry.Dr.Smithwentonaone-weekvacationinMexico,andonhiswaybackhe'llbestayingin

52Californiafor5days.Letmesee.He'llprobablybebackthedayaftertomorrow.Q:WhereisDr.Smithnow?[P34-9]A)ThecredithoursrequiredforanM.A.degree.B)TherequirementsofanM.A.degree.C)Gettingextracredits.D)Takingmoreoptionalcourses.M:You'llneed36credithourstogetanM.A.degree.FifteenmustbefromtheEnglishDepartmentandfifteenfromtheEducationDepartment.Fortheremainingsixcredithours,youcaneitherwriteathesisortaketwomoreoptionalcourses.W:Rightnow,thisisveryconfusingtome,butI'msureI'llknowwhattodoasIlearnmoreaboutit.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?注：M.A.MasterofArts文学硕士选课：take,takeup,enrollin,registerfor,signupfor[P36-1]A)Athome.B)Inaphonebox.C)Inheroffice.D)Inafriend'shouse.M:Pleaseholdtheline,Mrs.Smith.Thedoctorwilltalktoyouinaminute.W:I’mafraidImayhavetohangup.Idon’thaveanymorecoinsandthelinewillbecutsoon.Q:WhereisMrs.Smithmostprobably?打电话场景：1、约人约不到2、约会去不了3、电话打不通电话亭:telephoneboxtelephonetolltelephoneboothtelephonestandnewsstand报亭vegetablestand菜摊stands露天座位[P36-2]A)Onthewestsideofasquare.B)Attheendofastreet.C)Totheeastofthetrafficlight.D)Ontheeastsideofasquare.M:Excuseme,butcouldyoushowmethewaytothetrainstation?W:Certainly.Gostraightuntilyoureachthetrafficlight,thenturnleftandyouwillseeasquare.Thestationisontheeastsideofit.Q:Whereisthetrainstationlocated?[P36-5]A)Inahospital.B)Inalibrary.

53C)Inatravelagency.D)Inarestaurant.M:Youcangetalotofpracticeingivingoutticketsandhandlinghotelreservations.Lateron,youcantaketelephonecalls.W:That’sgreat!Thanks,Mr.Thomson.I’llcometoworktomorrow.Q:Wherewillthewomanprobablybeworking?旅行社：booktickets定票makehotelreservation订房[P36-6]A)Customerandsalesperson.B)Teacherandstudent.C)Bossandsecretary.D)Guestandwaitress.M:Pleasemake20copiesofthisanddeliverthemtothechiefexecutiveandheadsofdepartments.W:Certainly,sir.Theywillfinditontheirdeskstomorrowmorning.Q:Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?注：chiefexecutive行政主管chiefexecutiveofficerCEO[P39-2]A)Whethertoemploythewoman.B)Whethertotakeupthenewjob.C)Whethertoaskforaraise.D)Whethertobuyanewhouse.M:Youknow,I’mjustnottoosureifthenewsalarywillbehighenoughoreventhenewpositionisreallywhatIwant.Besides,IliketheworkthatIamdoingnow.W:Itsoundsasthoughyou’vealreadymadeupyourmindaboutwhatyouaregoingtodo.Q:Whatisthemanthinkingabout?注：takeup选课（take,takeup,enrollin,registerfor,signupfor）；接受（take）[P39-3]A)Ateacher.B)Apsychologist.C)Alibrarian.D)Apublisher.W:I’mlookingforatextbookformyPsychologycourse.It’scalled“IntroductiontoEducationalPsychology”.Doyouhaveit?M:Yes,wedo.You’llfinditinSection24onthetopshelf.Q:What’stheman’soccupation?注：1.textbook教科书

542.introduction初级课程3.shelf书架图书馆：referenceroom参考资料室periodical'sroom期刊室currentissue当月期刊olderissue过期期刊backissue过期期刊cardcatalog索引室，卡片检索putonreserve预留关于图书馆基本思路：1、想借的书借不到。2、想还的书已过期。[P39-8]A)Thewomanenjoyedthemovieverymuch.B)Thewomansawahorrormovie.C)Themanaskedthewomantobecarefulatnight.D)Themanwenttotheshowwiththewoman.W:Istillcan’tgetovertheshowlastSaturdayevening.Ikeephavingfrighteningdreamsallnight.M:So,nexttimebeforeyouwalkintoatheatre,makesurewhatyouaregoingtosee.Q:Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation?注：frighteningdreams恶梦nightmare恶梦考试、交通对电影的评价基本上是负面的It'sawasteoftime.It'sawasteofmoney.Itisn'tworththepriceoftheadmission.Ithasgotanawfulreview.对音乐会的评价基本上是正面的[P41-2]A)Itwilltakeaboutonemonthtorepairthewatch.B)Thewomanshouldhavesavedmoremoney.C)Itisagoodideatokeeptheoldwatch.D)Thewatchisnolongerworthrepairing.W:Ican’tfigureoutwhat’swrongwithmywatch.ItwasjustamonthagothatIhaditrepaired.M:Don'twasteyourtimeandmoneyanymore.It'saveryoldwatchandisquitewornout.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?思维：崇尚消费1、东西坏了，扔了算了，买个新的2、修不如买东西方思维差异：1、崇尚消费2、提倡个人奋斗：借钱不借；借笔记一般也不借3、重视钱4、饮食方面：applepie一定好吃（代表美国的传统文化traditionalAmerican）

55ThispicnicisasAmericanasapplepie.典型的美式野餐。applepievirtue美国的传统美德Itookthelastoneanditwasoutoftheworld.Evenmymother'scan'tmatchthis.Youwouldn'thavetoforcemetotakeanotherhelping.5、不谦虚self-confidence6、表达直接且理性，逻辑严紧注：1.figureout判断出2.wornout（物）破旧；（人）疲惫[P41-3]A)Arguing.B)Protesting.C)Complaining.D)Bargaining.M:Oh,whatamorning!Youknow,Ihadsomuchworktodoandthephonejustkeptringing.Threesalespecoplecalledmethismorning!W:Iknowhowitis.Igetalotofcallstoo...evenonweekends.Q:Whatarethetwospeakersdoing?注：Iknowhowitis.表示同情。Iknowhowyoufeel.[P42-4]A)Familieswithcars.B)American'sheavydependenceoncars.C)Roadsandhighways.D)TrafficproblemsinAmerica.W:YouAmericansarefunny!Itseemsasifyouweremarriedtoyourcars.M:Yeah,Iguessthat'strue.Thecountryisbecomingonebighighway.Iwasreadingthatthereareabout4millionmilesofroadsandhighwaysinthiscountrynow.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?短对话，听到什么不选什么。段子题：听到什么选什么。[P42-5]A)Theapplesandpearsmightnotbesogood.B)Theapplesarenotasgoodasthepears.C)Theapplesandpearsareverygood.D)Theapplesandpearsareasgoodastheylook.W:Iintendtobuysomefruitforthechildren.Theseapplesandpearsseemtobeinseason.I'llgettwodozenofeach.M:Ihopethey'reasgoodastheylook.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?注：1.pear梨pearl珍珠

562.beinseason新鲜购物场景：supermarket超市（便宜，日常生活用品supplies）departmentstore百货公司（贵，衣服，家用电器appliance）[P42-8]A)Customerandsalesman.B)Colleagues.C)Employeeandboss.D)Classmates.W:Hi!Jack.Ijustcamebackyesterday.AnythingnewwhileIwasaway?M:Congratulations,Susan.It'ssaidyou'llbepromotedtomanagerandbecomemyimmediateboss.Q:Whatismostprobablytherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakersatthemoment?注：1.immediateboss顶头上司2.employee雇员employer雇主interviewer面试者interviewee被面试者payer付款人payee收款人[P44-3]A)Themanisaforgetfulperson.B)Thetypewriterisnotnew.C)Themancanhavethetypewriterlater.D)Themanmisunderstoodher.M:Isn'tthatanewbrandoftypewriteryouareworkingat?W:Oh,Bill.Thisisn'tthefirsttimeyou'veaskedmeaboutit.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?健忘：forgetfulHeisforgetful.Isn'theforgetful?Howforgetfulheis!Absentmindedslipone'smindslipper拖鞋slippery光滑的害羞：shyembarrassed窘迫的self-conscious自我意识的keeptooneselfkeepone'smind/thoughtconsciousness意识外向：outgoingsociableeasygoing[P44-4]A)Therewillbeheavyfoginallareas.B)Therewillbeheavyrainbymidnight.C)Therewillbeheavyfogintheeast.D)Therewillbefoginallareasbymidnight.W:It'snearly10o'clock.Let'slistentotheweatherforecast.M:Here'stheweatherforecast.Fogisspreadingfromtheeast,andit'llaffectallareasbymidnight.

57It'llbeheavyinsomeplaces.Q:What'stheweatherforecast?注：1.谈论天气一般极端不好。2.fog大雾，浓雾mist薄雾shower阵雨pour倾盆大雨highwind大风gale狂风blizzard大风雪3.letup雨停了clearup天放晴warmup天变暖4.superhot特别热burninghot特别热freezingcold冰冷icycold冰冷[P45-9]A)Shehasbeendismissedforherpoorperformance.B)Shehasbeenfiredbythecompany.C)Shehasbeengrantedleaveforonemonth.D)Shehasbeenofferedanewjob.M:I'msorrytotellyouthatyouneedn'tcomenextweek.Youknow,salesofourcompanyhavebeenpoorrecently.W:I'vealwaysworkedhard.Wouldyoubekindenoughtogivemeamonth'stimesothatIcanfindanewjob?Q:Whathashappenedtothewoman?工作场景：找到工作高兴失去工作伤心拒绝工作奇怪参见[P27-2][P47-1]A)Tochangethetennisshoesinthesportsweardepartment.B)Tohelphisfriendfindtherightdepartment.C)Tofindhislostshoesonthetenniscourt.D)Tobuyhimselfapairoftennisshoes.M:CouldyoupleasetellmewhereIcanfindtennisshoes?W:Yes.Youcangettheminthesportsweardepartmentontherightsideofthestore.Q:Whatdoesthemanwanttodo?参见[P42-5]注：departmentstore一般会分楼层floorflour面粉网球：brokenstring球拍断线restring重新上线serve发球return回球forehand正手backhand反手[P48-7]A)Theenvironmentalproblem.B)Thehealthproblem.

58C)Theeducationalproblem.D)Theinternationalproblem.W:Iwonderifourchildrenwillstillbeabletobreaththecleanair,drinkcleanwaterandseethebluesky.M:Iagreewithyou.Ithinkit'stimemanlearnedtoliveinharmonywiththeearthinsteadofjustexploitingit.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?注：inharmonywith与……和谐相处[P48-9]A)Theythinkcinemasaretoofarawayfromtheirhomes.B)Theyaredisappointedwiththefilmsproducedthesedays.C)Theybothdislikefilmsaboutadventurestories.D)Theybothliketheideaofgoingtothecinemaatnight.M:Iusedtogotothecinemaalot.Itdidmakeanicenightout,butnotnow.W:No,Idon'teither.Therearen'tanygoodadventurousstorieslikethemoviestheymadewhenIwasyoung.Q:Whatcanbeconcludedfromthisconversation?注：1.film胶卷，电影2.haveanicenightout在外面玩一宿[P50-1]A)Theirparentscutbacktheloan.B)Thewomandoesn'twantFranktotakeanotherEnglishcourse.C)Theycan'tpaytherentthismonth.D)Thewoman'sbossrefusedtogiveheraraise.W:Frank,we'vegotaproblem.Wedon'thaveenoughmoneytopaytherentthismonth.IthinkI'dbetteraskMomandDadforaloan,oraskmybossforaraise.M:Well,Idon'tknow.ButmaybeI'dbetternottakeanotherEnglishcoursethissemester.Q:What'stheproblemtheyaretalkingabout?[P50-2]A)AskDr.Smithtoalterhisdecision.B)AskDr.Smithtocallthelibrary.C)GetthebookdirectlyfromDr.Smith.D)GetDr.Smith'swrittenpermission.M:MayItakethisbookout?IneedittoworkonmypaperforDr.Smith'shistoryclass.W:Iamafraidnot.ThebookhasbeenputonreservebyDr.Smith.Unlessyouhavehiswrittenpermission,wewon'tletitout.Q:Whatshouldthemandotoborrowthebook?注：1.putonreserve保留2.letitout借出去

59letusout下课meet上课breakup下课；分手makeup补考；重归于好flame火焰oldflame旧情人abigdate周末玩通宵blinddate经介绍的第一次约会standsb.up放鸽子gosteady正式确定情侣关系playthefield恋爱不专一[P50-4]A)Hefeelsunsympathetic.B)Hefeelsit'sapity.C)Hefeelsit'sunfair.D)Hefeelsglad.W:Bytheway,didyouhearthatJackfailedthemidtermEnglishexam?It'stoobadbecauseit'lldisqualifyhimfornextyear'sscholarship.M:Hedeservedit.He'sneverreallystudiedsincelastsemester.Q:HowdoesthemanfeelaboutJack'sfailingtheexam?注：Hedeservedit.他活该。语气词总结：1、糟糕系列：It'stoobad.Whatapity!toughluckIt'sreallytough.Ohno!Uh-uhshitfuck2、吃惊系列：Boy.Man.Ohmy.Ohdear.Ohmygoodness.Wow3、赞美系列：terrificawesomefantasticwonderfulcoolsupercoolultracool4、赞同系列：Yeah.Youbet.Ah-huh5、否定系列：Nope.6、脏话系列：dummy笨蛋idiot白痴moron白痴jerk废物asshole混蛋S.O.B.sonofbitch段子题：忽视题裁，重视结构

60一、提前看选项：找出相同词，确定文章讨论范围；找数字，准备记录，听到什么选什么（短对话中数字题需要计算，听到什么不选什么）。[P28-One]11.A)Theyoftentakeplaceinhermajorindustries.B)Britishtradeunionsaremorepowerful.C)TherearemoretradeunionmembersinBritain.D)Britainlosesmoreworkingdaysthroughstrikeseveryyear.12.A)SuchstrikesareagainsttheBritishlaw.B)Suchstrikesareunpredictable.C)Suchstrikesinvolveworkersfromdifferenttrades.D)Suchstrikesoccurfrequentlythesedays.13.A)TradeunionsinBritainarebecomingmorepopular.B)MoststrikesinBritainareagainsttheBritishlaw.C)UnofficialstrikesinBritainareeasiertodealwithnow.D)Employer-workerrelationsinBritainhavebecometenser.[P37-Two]15.A)HehasalwayslivedinAmerica.B)HehasbeeninAmericaforthreeyears.C)HevisitedAmericathreeyearsago.D)HehascometoAmericatodoresearchonadvertising.16.A)Therewerefarmoreadvertisementstherethanhehadexpected.B)Theadvertisementstherewerewelldesigned.C)Theadvertisementstherewerecreativeandnecessary.D)Hefoundtheadvertisementstheredifficulttounderstand.17.A)Bemorecarefulaboutwhattheyadvertise.B)Spendlessmoneyonadvertising.C)Advertisemorefortheirproducts.D)Usenewadvertisingtechniques.[P57-One]11.A)About45million.B)About50million.C)About5.4million.D)About4.5million.12.A)Theactorsandactressesarenotpaidfortheirperformance.B)Theactorsandactressesonlyperformintheirowncommunities.C)Theyexistonlyinsmallcommunities.D)Theyonlyputonshowsthatareeducational.

6113.A)Itprovidesthemwiththeopportunitytowatchperformancesforfree.B)Itprovidesthemwiththeopportunitytomakefriends.C)Itgivesthemthechancetodosomethingcreative.D)Itgivesthemachancetoenjoymodernart.文章的结构：1、介绍型文章：介绍新的概念，时间顺序，与众不同。起源、现状、影响（现实意义）。2、讨论型文章：分析问题，解决问题。3、对比型文章：对比两种观点、理论，说明现实意义。二、听两头：开头100％出考题，结尾也非常重要。听到什么选什么。1、如果选项短，是细节题，应该边听边看选项。2、如果选项长，是主线题，应该专注听。结尾的特点：记重复重现的词；引导结果的连词therefore,thus,so,asaresult,thatis,开头结尾一般考topic题三、中间应该抓小词first,most,because,only,just,but强烈的转折，强烈的因果都非常重要。四、猜题原则客观的事实，用常识(commonsense)猜题。歌曲SealedwithakissThoughwe'regonnasaygoodbyeforthesummerdarlingIpromiseyouthisI'llsendyouallmyloveeverydayinalettersealedwithkissCauseit'sgonnabeacoldlonelysummerButI'llfilltheemptinessI'llsendyouallmyloveEverydayinalettersealedwithakissI'llseeyouinthesunlightI'llhearyourvoiceeverywhereI'llruntotenderlyholdyouButdarlingyouwon'tbethereIdon'twannasaygoodbyeforthesummerKnowingthelovewe'llmissOhletusmakeapledgetomeetinSeptemberAndsealedwithakissSealedwithakisssealedwithakiss注：wanna=wanttogonna=goingto歌曲Takemehome,CountryRoadsJohnDenver

62Almostheaven,WestVirginiaBlueRidgeMountainsShenandoahRiverLifeisoldthereOlderthanthetreesYoungerthanthemountainsGrowinglikeabreezeCountryRoads,takemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginia,mountainmommaTakemehome,countryroadsAllmymemoriesgathered‘roundherMiner’slady,strangertobluewaterDarkanddusty,paintedontheskyMistytasteofmoonshineTeardropsinmyeyeCountryRoads,takemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginia,mountainmommaTakemehome,countryroadsIhearhervoiceInthemorninghourshecallsmeTheradioremindsmeofmyhomefarawayAnddrivingdowntheroadIgetafeelingThatIshouldhavebeenhomeyesterday,yesterdayCountryRoads,takemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginia,mountainmommaTakemehome,countryroadsCountryRoads,takemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginia,mountainmommaTakemehome,countryroadsTakemehome,countryroadsTakemehome,countryroads注：down往南去up往北去数字题（客观题）：听到什么选什么中心思想题：文章开头的名词，文章中间的高频词，选项中的小词（development,evolution,formation,invention,new,special,effect）

63细节题：first,most,because,only,just[P28-One]11.A)Theyoftentakeplaceinhermajorindustries.B)Britishtradeunionsaremorepowerful.C)TherearemoretradeunionmembersinBritain.D)Britainlosesmoreworkingdaysthroughstrikeseveryyear.12.A)SuchstrikesareagainsttheBritishlaw.B)Suchstrikesareunpredictable.C)Suchstrikesinvolveworkersfromdifferenttrades.D)Suchstrikesoccurfrequentlythesedays.13.A)TradeunionsinBritainarebecomingmorepopular.B)MoststrikesinBritainareagainsttheBritishlaw.C)UnofficialstrikesinBritainareeasiertodealwithnow.D)Employer-workerrelationsinBritainhavebecometenser.StrikesareverycommoninBritain.Theyareextremelyharmfultoitsindustries.Infact,thereareothercountriesinWesternEuropethatlosemoreworkingdaysthroughstrikeseveryyearthanBritain.ThetroublewiththestrikesinBritainisthattheyoccurinessentialindustries.Thereareover495unionsinBritain.Someunionsareverysmall.Over20havemorethan100,000members.Unionsdonotexistonlytodemandhigherwages.Theyalsoeducatetheirmembers.Theyprovidebenefitsforthesickandtrytoimproveworkingconditions.Tradeunionerssaythatwemustthanktheunionsforthegreatimprovementinworkingconditionsinthelasthundredyears.Itisnowagainstthelawforunionmemberstogoonstrikewithoutthesupportoftheirunion.Thiskindofstrikeiscalledtheunofficialstrikeandwascommonuntilrecently.Employersfeelthatunofficialstrikesweremostharmfulbecausetheywouldnotbepredicted.However,theseunofficialstrikesstilloccurfromtimetotimeandsomeunionshavealsorefusedtocooperatewiththelaw.Asaresult,thegeneralpictureoftherelationsbetweenworkersandemployersinBritainhasgonefrombadtoworse.Questions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.11.InwhatwayarestrikesinBritaindifferentfromthoseinotherEuropeancountries?（开头）12.WhyareBritishemployerssoafraidofunofficialstrikes?（most,because）13.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthispassage?（结尾Asaresult）注：Unionsdonotexistonlytodemandhigherwages.【否定转移】一个句子中（无标点），如果前面是否定，后面表达的是原因、结果和目的，那么前面的not否定的是句子后面的原因、结果和目的，而并非是谓语动词。Ididn'tspend3hoursrepairingyourvacuumcleanersothatitcouldsitinthecloset.Ididn'tteachbecauseit'seasy.[P49-Two]15.A)Howtohandlespiders.B)SpidersintheUnitedStates.C)People'sfearofspiders.D)Aspecialkindofspider.

6416.A)Mostspiderswillnotbiteevenwhenhandled.B)Mostspidersarepoisonousanddangerous.C)Mostspidersarelikelytoattackpeople.D)Mostspidershavesharpeyes.17.A)Becauseshecannotfindahusbandforherself.B)Becausethefemalespiderislargerthanthemaleone.C)Becausethefemalespiderofteneatsherhusband.D)Becausesheisablackfemalespider.Youshouldnotfearspidersbecauseoftheirpoison.OfallthespidersinNorthAmerica,onlyonekindisreallydangerousandmostwouldnotbiteeveniftheywerehandled.Theymuchprefertorunawayortodroptothegroundonathreadofsilk.Evenso,whenaspiderrunsdirectlytowardaperson,itgivestheimpressionthatitisabouttoattack.Actually,itcannotseethepersoninitsway.Thespideristooshort-sightedtoseethingsatadistance.Itonlywantstogowhereitwillnotbedisturbed.IntheUnitedStatesonekindofspiderisresponsibleforthefrighteningreputationoftherest.ItistheBlackWidow.Socalledbecausethefemale,whichislargerthanthemale,ofteneatsherhusbandaftermakinglove.TheBlackWidowisfoundinallstatesbutismostcommoninthesouthandthewest.Sheconstructsaloose,irregularwebunderapileofrowansornearthefoundationsofbuildingswheresheisseldomdisturbed.Sheisnotanattackingspiderandmanypeoplehaveproventhisbylettinghercrawlovertheirhands.Whenshebites,itisusuallyinself-defence.Inspiteofthestoriesyoumayhaveheard,itisrareforapersontobebittenbyaBlackWidowandevenmoreunusualforthebitetoprovefatal.Butrememberthatherpoisonispowerfulandeventhoughsheisshy,sheshouldberespected.Questions15to17arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.15.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?16.Whatdowelearnaboutspidersfromthepassage?（only,most）17.WhyisthespideryoujustheardaboutcalledtheBlackWidow?（because）注：Youshouldnotfearspidersbecauseoftheirpoison.否定转移段子题：1、看选项：找相同词，确定文章范围；抓数字2、听两头：中心思想3、抓小词：细节题数字题（客观题）：听到什么选什么中心思想题：文章开头的名词，文章中间的高频词，选项中的小词（development,evolution,formation,invention,new,special,effect）细节题：first,most,because,only,just[P29-Three]17.A)17,000.B)1,700.C)24.D)9,000.18.A)It'slocatedinacollegetown.B)It'scomposedofagroupofoldbuildings.

65C)Itsclassroomsarebeautifullydesigned.D)Itslibraryisoftencrowdedwithstudents.19.A)TeachersarewellpaidatDeepSprings.B)StudentsaremainlyfromNewYorkState.C)Thelengthofschoolingistwoyears.D)Teachersneedn'tpayfortheirrentandmeals.20.A)Takeawalkinthedesert.B)Gotoacinema.C)WatchTVprogrammes.D)Attendaparty.DeepSpringsisanAmericancollege.Itisanunusualcollege.ItishighinthewhitemountainsinCalifornianotinacollegetown.Thecampusisacollectionofoldbuildingswithnobeautifulclassrooms.Theonlycollege-likethingaboutDeepSpringsisitslibrary.Studentscanstudyfromthe17,000books24hoursaday.Thelibraryisnevercrowdedasthereareonly24well-qualifiedmalestudentsatthecollege.Inaddition,thereareonlyfivefull-timeprofessors.Theseteachersbelieveintheideaofthiscollege.Theyneedtobelieveinit.Theydonotgetmuchmoney.Infact,theirsalariesareonlyabout9,000dollarsayearplusroomandmeals.Theschoolgivestheyoungteachersaswellasthestudentssomethingmoreimportantthanmoney."ThereisnoplacelikeDeepSprings,"saysasecond-yearstudentfromNewYorkState,"MostcollegestodayaremuchthesamebutDeepSpringsisnotafraidtobedifferent."Hesaysthatstudentsathiscollegeareinasituationquiteunlikeintheotherschool.Studentsaretheretolearnandtheycannotrunawayfromproblems.Thereisnoplacetoescapeto.Atmostcolleges,studentscanclosetheirbooksandgotoafilm.Theycangoouttorestaurantsortoparties.DeepSpringsstudentshavecompletelydifferentalternatives.Theycantalktoeachotherortotheirteachers.Anotherpossibleactivityistogotothelibrarytostudy.Theymightdecidetodosomework.Thestudentwhodoesn'twanttodoanyoftheseactivitiescangoforawalkinthedesert.DeepSpringsisfarfromtheworldofrestaurantsandcinemas.Thereisnotevenatelevisionsetoncampus.Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.17.WhatisthetotalnumberofstudentsatDeepSpringsCollege?18.WhatistrueofthecampusofDeepSpringsCollege?19.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?20.WhatcanstudentsatDeepSpringsdointheirsparetime?注：选项短，细节题，边听边看选项。[P32-Three]17.A)Thelowcostofitsservice.B)Itsspecializationintransportingsmallpackages.C)Beingthefirstairlinetosendurgentletters.D)Itsmodernsortingfacilities.18.A)10,000.B)35.C)130.D)30.

6619.A)Becauseofitslocationinthecountry.B)Becauseofitsgoodairportfacilities.C)Becauseofitssize.D)Becauseofitsround-the-clockservice.20.A)Itsfull-timestaff.B)ThepostmenwhoworkinMemphis.C)Studentswhoworkintheirsparetime.D)ThestaffmembersoftheInternationalAirport.FederalExpressisaprivateairlineservicewhichexpandsthePostalServiceintheUnitedStates.ItistheonlyU.S.airlinespecializinginthetransportationofsmallpackages-35kilosorless.FederalExpresslinks130majorU.S.citiesand10,000surroundingcommunities.Anurgentpackagepickedupinonepartofthecountrythisafternooncanbedeliveredtoanyotherpartofthecountrytomorrowmorning.AlloftheFederalExpressjetsflyintotheInternationalAirportatMemphis,Tennessee,becauseitislocatedinthecenteroftheUnitedStates.ThesortingfacilityforFederalExpressiscalled"TheHub".Everynight,fromabout12midnightto3a.m.,thepackagesaregatheredandsortedintoshipmentsforspecificdestinations.Themainlaborforceiscomprisedofstudentsworkingpart-time.SinceFederalExpressstartedbusinessin1971,ithasflownmillionsofairkilometerswithoutfail.Inthespaceofonehour,39jetswilltakeofftodestinationsallacrosstheUnitedStates.Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyonhavejustheard.17.WhatmakestheFederalExpresssouniqueintheU.S.airlineservicebusiness?18.HowmanymajorU.S.citiesdoesFederalExpresslink?19.WhydoalloftheFederalExpressjetsflyintotheInternationalAirportatMemphis,Tennessee?20.WhocomprisesthemainlabourforceofFederalExpress?注：1.FederalExpress联邦快递2.urgentpackage快件[P40-One]11.A)Becausetheycan'taffordto.B)Becausetheythinksmallhousesaremorecomfortabletolivein.C)Becausebighousesareusuallybuiltinthecountryside.D)Becausetheypreferapartments.12.A)Becausemanyyoungpeoplehavemovedintocomfortableapartments.B)Becausemanyoldhousesinthebadpartofthetownarenotinhabited.C)Becausemanyolderpeopleselltheirhousesaftertheirchildrenleave.D)Becausemanypeoplehavequittheiroldhousetobuildnewones.13.A)Theyhavetodotheirownmaintenance.B)Theyhavetofurnishtheirownhouses.C)Theywillfinditdifficulttomaketherestofthepayment.D)Theywillfinditdifficulttodisposeoftheirold-stylefurniture.

67[P40-Two]14.A)Theyarenotactivehunters.B)Theydon'tsleepmuch.C)Theyareoftenseenalone.D)Theydon'teatmuch.15.A)Tocatchthebirds.B)Tolookforshadeintheheatoftheday.C)Tocatchotheranimals.D)Tolookforakillmadebyanotheranimal.16.A)Theyarelargerinsize.B)Theyrunfaster.C)Theyhavetohuntmoretofeedtheyoung.D)Theyarenotaslazyasthemales.[P40-Three]17.A)Lessthan30minutes.B)From30to45minutes.C)Atleast45minutes.D)Morethan45minutes.18.A)Heshouldshowrespectfortheinterviewer.B)Heshouldshowconfidenceinhimself.C)Heshouldtalkenthusiastically.D)Heshouldbedressedproperly.19.A)Speakingconfidentlybutnotaggressively.B)Talkingloudlytogivealastingimpression.C)Talkingalotaboutthejob.D)Speakingpolitelyandemotionally.20.A)Professionalknowledgeisadecisivefactorinjobinterview.B)Findingajobismoredifficultthanonecanimagine.C)Ajobseekershouldcreateagoodimageduringaninterview.D)Self-confidenceismostimportantforajobseeker.Tobesuccessfulinajobinterview,youshoulddemonstratecertainpersonalandprofessionalqualities.Youneedtocreateagoodimageinthelimitedtimeavailable,usuallyfrom30to45minutes.Youmustmakeapositiveimpressionwhichtheinterviewerwillrememberwhileheinterviewsothercandidates.Thefollowingaresomequalitiesyoushouldespeciallypayattentiontoduringaninterview.Firstofall,youshouldtakecaretoappearproperlydressed.Therightclotheswornattherighttimecanwinrespectoftheinterviewerandhisconfidenceinyourjudgement.Itmaynotbetruethatclothesmaketheman.Butthefirstandoftenlastimpressionofyouisdeterminedbytheclothesyouwear.Secondly,youshouldpaycloseattentiontoyourmannerofspeaking,sincespeechisareflectionofpersonality.Youshouldreflectconfidence

68byspeakinginaclearvoice,loudenoughtobeheard,withoutbeingaggressiveoroverpowering.Youshouldbepreparedtotalkknowledgeablyabouttherequirementsofthepositionyouareapplyingfor.Finally,tobereallyimpressiveyoumustconveyasenseofself-confidenceandenthusiasmforwork.Ifyoudisplaythesecharacteristics,withjustalittleluck,you'llcertainlysucceedinthetypicalpersonnelinterview.Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.17.Howlongdoesaninterviewusuallylastaccordingtothespeaker?18.Howcanonegivetheintervieweragoodfirstimpression?19.Whatshouldbethebestmannerofspeakingforajob-seekerduringaninterview?20.Whatisthemainideaoftheshorttalkyouhavejustheard?注：personnel人事；personal个人的[P63-One]11.A)Thecolorofthedog.B)Thepriceofthedog.C)Whetherthedogwillfittheenvironment.D)Whetherthedogwillgetalongwiththeotherpetsinthehouse.12.A)Itmustbetrainedsoitwon'tbite.B)Itneedsmoreloveandcare.C)Itdemandsmorefoodandspace.D)Itmustbelookedaftercarefully.13.A)Theyarelesslikelytorunaway.B)It'seasierfortheirmasterstotrainthem.C)Theyarelesslikelytobeshywithhumanbeings.D)It'seasierforthemtoformarelationshipwiththeirmasters.Mostpeoplehavehadadogorwantedoneastheircompanionatsometimeintheirlives.Ifyouarethinkingofbuyingadog,however,youshouldfirstdecidewhatsortofcompanionyouneedandwhetherthedogislikelytobehappyinthesurroundingsyoucanprovide.Specialistadviceisavailabletohelpyouchoosethemostsuitablebreedofdog.Butinpart,thedecisiondependsoncommonsense.Mostbreedswereoriginallydevelopedtoperformspecifictasks.So,ifyouwantadogtoprotectyouoryourhouse,forexample,youshouldchooseabreedthathastherightsizeandcharacteristics.Youmustalsobereadytodevoteagooddealoftimetotrainthedogwhenitisyoungandgiveittheexerciseitneedsthroughoutitslife,unlessyouliveinthecountryandcanletitrunfreely.Dogsaredemandingpets.Whereascatsidentifywiththehouseandsoarecontentiftheirplacethereissecure,adogidentifieswithitsmasterandconsequentlywantshimtoshowproofofhisaffection.Thebesttimetobuyababy-dogiswhenitisbetween6and8weeksoldsothatitcantransferitsaffectionfromitsmothertoitsmaster.Ifbabydogshavenotestablishedarelationshipwiththehumanbeinguntiltheyareoverthreemonthsold,theirstrongerrelationshipwillalwaysbewithdogs.Theyarelikelytobetooshywhentheyarebroughtoutintotheworldtobecomegoodpets.Questions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.11.What'smentionedasaconsiderationinbuyingadog?12.Whydoesthespeakersayadogisamoredemandingpetthanacat?13.Whyisitadvisedtobuybabydogsunderthreemonthsold?注：1.demanding苛求的2.consequently=so因此

69consequent最后一个subsequent下一个[P26-Three]17.A)Morejobscouldbeprovidedthanbefore.B)Morepeoplecouldbeeducatedthanbefore.C)Morebookscouldbeprintedanddistributed.D)Morewayscouldbeusedtoexchangeknowledge.18.A)Around1400.B)Around1900.C)Around400.D)Around900.19.A)China.B)Sweden.C)Egypt.D)Japan.20.A)Moreandmorepaperisbeingconsumednowadays.B)Paperenablespeopletoreceiveeducationmoreeasily.C)Theinventionofpaperisofgreatsignificancetoman.D)Papercontributesalottothekeepingofhistoricalrecords.Paperisoneofthemostimportantproductseverinventedbyman.Widespreaduseofwrittenlanguagewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutsomecheapandpracticalmaterialtowriteon.Theinventionofpapermeantmorepeoplecouldbeeducatedbecausemorebookscouldbeprintedanddistributed.Togetherwiththeprintingpress,paperprovidedanextremelyimportantwaytocommunicateknowledge.Howmuchpaperdoyouuseeveryyear?Probablyyoucannotanswerthatquestionquickly.In1900theworld'suseofpaperwasaboutonekilogramforeachpersonayear.Nowsomecountriesuseasmuchas50kilogramsofpaperforeachpersonayear.CountriesliketheUnitedStates,EnglandandSwedenusemorepaperthanothercountries.Paper,likemanyotherthingsthatweusetoday,wasfirstmadeinChina.InEgyptandtheWest,paperwasnotverycommonlyusedbeforetheyear1400.TheEgyptianswroteonakindofmaterialmadeofawaterplant.Europeansusedparchmentformanyhundredsofyears.Parchmentwasverystrong;itwasmadefromtheskinofcertainyounganimals.WehavelearntofthemostimportantfactsofEuropeanhistoryfromrecordsthatwerekeptonparchment.Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.17.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedabouttheinventionofpaper?18.WhendidtheEgyptiansbegintousepaperwidely?19.Whichofthefollowingcountriesusesmostpaperforeachpersonayear?20.Whatisthemainideaofthisshorttalk?[P43-Three]topic题，四个选项中有and应优先考虑

70题型总结：SectionA:1、but题型2、场景题（线索词）3、替换题（听到什么不选什么）SectionB:1、主观题（找积极态度，正面评价）2、客观题（数字题，听到什么选什么）3、宏观题（中心思想题）4、细节题（注意中间的提示词）替换题paraphrase：1、词组与词的替换（一般题干中出现词组；选项中出现词）。比如：runintosb.=meetsb.calloff=cancel2、词与词替换（同义词或者反义词替换）比如：interesting=stimulating；fascinating；exciting；notboring[P25-10]A)One.B)Four.C)Five.D)None.M:Ihopethereweren’tmanyvisitorswhenIwasawayyesterday.W:Therewasn’tasingleone,Mr.Green.ButIreceivedfourphonecallsbeforeIlefttheofficeatabout5:30.Q:HowmanypeoplevisitedMr.Green’sofficeyesterday?注：notasingleone=none[P27-1]A)Readfourchapters.B)Writeanarticle.C)Speakbeforetheclass.D)Previewtwochapters.W:WhatisthehomeassignmentfromProfessorSmith?Imissedtheclassthismorning.M:FinishreadingChapters5and6,andwriteanessaybasedonChapters3and4.Remember,it'syourturntogiveapresentationnextMonday.Q:Whatwillthewomandoinadditiontothehomeassignmentforthewholeclass?注：提醒模式：remember,first,today,now(rightnow)[P28-5]A)Nomedicinecouldsolvethewoman’sproblem.B)Thewomanshouldeatlesstolosesomeweight.C)Nothingcouldhelpthewomanifsheatetoolittle.D)Thewomanshouldchoosetherightfoods.M:Whatdidyourdoctorprescribeforyou?W:Well,hesaidtherewasnoneedformetotakeanymedicineifIatewell-balancedmeals.Q:Whatdidthedoctorsay?[P30-2]

71A)It'stooexpensive.B)Itisn'tneeded.C)Acollegewouldbebetter.D)Itshouldbebuilt.M:Thecitycouncilhasfinallyvotedthefundstobuildanewhighschool.W:It'sabouttimetheydidit.Idon'tknowwhattookthemsolong.Q:What'sthewoman'sopinionabouttheschool?注：It'sabouttime...强烈的主观建议，选项中找shouldIt'stime...It'srighttime...It'sjusttime...It'shightime...[P30-3]A)Jacksoldhiscar.B)Jack'scarwasstolen.C)Jackboughtanewcar.D)Jackhadacaraccident.M:Lastnight,Jacklefthiscarparkedinfrontofhisgirl-friend'shouseandwhenhecameouttogohome,itwasgone.W:Wow!That'sreallytough.Hejustboughtitlastmonth,didn'the?Q:Whatdoyouthinkhappened?注：1.一个完整的句子加个小尾巴都是反义疑问句，其核心是陈述句。2.itwasgone不见了itwasmissing[P31-7]A)Toworkintheflowerbeds.B)Toweedthegarden.C)Tohireagardener.D)Tocleantheyard.M:Youryardisalwayssobeautiful,Cathy.Youmusthaveagardener.W:Oh,no.Itwouldcostatleast$50amonthtohiresomeonetodothework,soIdomostofitmyself.Ienjoytakingcareoftheflowers,butIhavetoforcemyselftodotheweedingandcutthegrass.Q:WhatdoesCathyliketodo?注：weed杂草grass草[P31-9]A)Themanthinksthewomaniswastinghertime.B)Themanthinksthewomanshouldmakefulluseofhertime.C)Themancanwaitandthereisnoneedforhertohurry.D)Themaniseagertoknowthewoman'sanswer.W:Ihavetothinkaboutyouroffer.Ican'tsay"yes"or"no"atthemoment.

72M:Youcantakeyourtime.Itwilldoifyouletmeknowyourdecisioninadayortwo.Q:Whichofthefollowingistrue?注：1.Youcantakeyourtime.不着急。There'snorush.What'stherush?2.do=dosomegood/work/help解决问题，起作用，好用，好使[P33-2]A)Itwasprettygood.B)Itwasratherdull.C)Itwasnotwellorganized.D)Itwasattendedbymanypeople.W:Let'stalkaboutthepreparationsfortheparty.M:Right.Wereallyneedtoplanbetterthistime.Rememberwhatamessitwasatthelastparty!Q:Whatdoweknowaboutthelastparty?注：1.dull（人）笨；（书）boring；（刀）钝2.mess乱糟糟[P36-3]A)Shehastochangethetimeforthetrip.B)Shehasn'tdecidedwheretogonextmonth.C)Shecan'taffordthetimeforthetrip.D)Shewillmanagetoleavethismonth.M:You’regoingtomakeatriptoSanFrancisco,aren’tyou?W:Yes.ButIhaven’tgottheplaneticketyet.I’mthinkingofpostponingthetriptonextmonthsincethisisthebusiestmonthfortheairlines.Q:Whatdoweknowaboutthewomanfromthisconversation?注：trip旅行；摔跟头机场场景：1、票已售完2、接人晚点3、送人伤感态度方向题建议题复合式听写SectionA1、but题型（3个）2、场景题（3个）3、替换题（3个）4、态度方向题、建议题（1个）态度方向（YesorNo）题型选项中一般有两个相反选项。短对话中第一个人提出一个观点或一个一般疑问句，第二个人的回答YesorNo，后面再进一步解释原因。表示“Yes”“赞同”的一组词：And...；I'llsay；Yousaidit.；Youcansaythatagain.；andhow；isn'tit,though；aren'tthey,though；Youbet.；Ofcourse；Certainly；Indeed；Sure.表示“No”的一组词：Areyoukidding/joking/serious?Nokidding/joking.Whotoldyouthat?Sayswho/you?Wheredidyouanidealikethat?[P25-6]A)Hehaslittlechancetoplayfootball.B)Heoftencutsclassestoplayfootball.C)He’slookingforsomebodytoplaythegamewith.D)Helovesplayingfootballverymuch.

73W:Hi,Bill.Haveyoubeenplayingmuchfootballlately?M:IplayasoftenasIcangetoutoftheclassroom.Andthegameismywaytobesomebody.It’smylife,youknow?Q:WhatdoesBilltellthewoman?注：1.somebody了不起的人物，重要人物bigpotatonobody无名小卒smallpotato,littlepotatocouch长沙发；表达coach教练，长途车couchpotato喜欢看电视的人[P25-7]A)Gotothelabforaquicklook.B)Checkonwhat’sfordinner.C)Havearunbeforetheyeat.D)Goandseeiftheyhavedroppedanythinginthelab.W:Couldwedropbythelabforaminute?IhavesomeexperimentsrunningthatIneedtocheckonbeforedinner.M:Sure.Ihaveplentyoftime.I’dbeinterestedtoseewhatyou’reworkingon,anyway.Q:Whatwilltheydo?注：1.dropby,dropin,dropover顺便拜访stopby,stopin,stopover[P28-7]A)No,hemissedit.B)Yes,hedid.C)No,hedidn’t.D)Yes,heprobablydid.W:Didyouwatchthegamelastnight?M:Iwouldn'thavemisseditforanything!Q:Didthemanwatchthegamelastnight?注：Iwouldn'thavemisseditforanything!用否定的句子表达肯定的含义。Icouldn'tagreewithyoumore.表示同意couldbebetter不好couldn'tbebetter很好couldbeworse还不错couldn'tbeworse糟糕透顶-Myrentisgoingtobeincreased.MymotocycleneedsrepairandIhavetogotothedentist.-Well,Ithinkthingscouldbeworse.（安慰）[P30-4]A)Heknowsmorethanthewomandoes.B)Whatthewomansaidistrue.C)Whatthewomansaidiswrong.

74D)Somepeoplepretendtoknowwhattheyreallydon't.W:Somepeopleknowalotmorethantheytell.M:Unfortunatelythereverseisalsotrue.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?注：thereverseisalsotrue反之亦然=viceversa[P33-1]A)No,it'sopenonlytoteachersandpostgraduates.B)Yes,butheneedstheapprovalbyhisprofessor.C)Yes,becauseheisaseniorstudent.D)Yes,hecanstudythereifheiswritingaresearchpaper.M:Hello,I'maseniorstudent.Couldyoutellmewhetherthisreferenceroomisonlyforfacultymembers?W:No,it'salsoopentothepostgraduates;andundergraduatescancometooifthey'vegotprofessors'writtenpermission.Q:Canthemanstudyinthereferenceroom?注：facultymembers教职员工总称。faculty才能参见[P39-3]建议题型第一个人有麻烦时，第二个人回答如果知道如何解决则提出一个建议，如果不知怎么办则安慰第一个人。建议本身就是答案。表示安慰：Don'tworry.Nevermind.Takeiteasy.Calmdown.表示建议：Youshould.Yououghtto(oughta)...Shouldn'tyou比youshould语气强烈的多Whynot...Whydon'tyou...Howabout...Whatabout...IfIwereyouIwould...=Youshould...hadbetterLet's...Isthereanythingwrongwith...[P34-10]A)Theygetabargainrightaway.B)TheygoandbuyabigTVset.C)TheyselltheirTVset.D)Theyhavealookattheadvertisement.M:ThisTVsetisgettingworseandworse.Nowitdoesn’tworkatall.W:Here’sanadvertisementaboutabigTVsale.Theremightbesomegoodbargainsinit.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggest?注：不要进行递推。Whydon'tyouaskBetty?[P42-7]A)Shecouldhelphimwiththeproblems.

75B)Heshouldgooutforawhile.C)Shecouldgoouttogetherwithhim.D)Heshoulddotheproblemshimself.M:I'mgettingabsolutelynowherewiththesephysicsproblems.W:Howaboutmygoingthroughthemwithyou?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?注：gettingabsolutelynowherewith做某件事毫无进展[P42-10]A)ItwasprobablyMr.Brown'sphonenumberthatthewomanwrotedown.B)ItwasjustanhouragothatthemanmetMr.Brown.C)Thewomanforgottowritedownthephonenumber.D)Thewomanneededasheetofpapertoputdownthenumber.W:WhatamemoryIhave!IdidwritedownthenumberonasheetofpaperwhenIansweredthephonethismorning.Butnowthepaperhasdisappearedwithoutanytrace.M:Don'tworry.IwillbeseeingMr.Browninanhour.Q:Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation?参见[P44-3][P42-7]A)Shecouldhelphimwiththeproblems.B)Heshouldgooutforawhile.C)Shecouldgoouttogetherwithhim.D)Heshoulddotheproblemshimself.M:I'mgettingabsolutelynowherewiththesephysicsproblems.W:Howaboutmygoingthroughthemwithyou?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?注：gettingabsolutelynowherewith做某件事毫无进展[P42-10]A)ItwasprobablyMr.Brown'sphonenumberthatthewomanwrotedown.B)ItwasjustanhouragothatthemanmetMr.Brown.C)Thewomanforgottowritedownthephonenumber.D)Thewomanneededasheetofpapertoputdownthenumber.W:WhatamemoryIhave!IdidwritedownthenumberonasheetofpaperwhenIansweredthephonethismorning.Butnowthepaperhasdisappearedwithoutanytrace.M:Don'tworry.IwillbeseeingMr.Browninanhour.Q:Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation?参见[P44-3]模考：[P64-Test15]PartIListeningComprehensionSection

76A1.A)Themanwassorrytomissthefootballgame.B)Themanattendedtheconcert,butdidn'tlikeit.C)Themanwassorrythathedidn'tattendtheconcert.D)Themanismoreinterestedinfootballthaninclassicalmusic.2.A)Studying.B)Singingloudly.C)Listeningtomusic.D)Talkingonthephone.3.A)Shecan'tmakeanycalls.B)Shecan'treceiveanycalls.C)Shecan'trepairthephone.D)Shecandonothingwiththephone.4.A)WhatTomsaidistrue.B)Tomisveryresponsible.C)Tomisnothumorousatall.D)Tom'swordsaren'treliable.5.A)Howtouseacamera.B)Howtouseakeyboard.C)Howtouseawasher.D)Howtouseataperecorder.6.A)Theyshouldputthemeetingtoanend.B)Shewouldliketodiscussanotheritem.C)Shewantstodiscusstheissueagainlater.D)Theyshouldholdanothermeetingtodiscussthematter.7.A)Hedoesn'tthinktheBrowns'investmentisawisemove.B)HebelievestheBrownshavedoneasensiblething.C)HebelievesitisbetterfortheBrownstoinvestlater.D)Hedoesn'tthinktheBrownsshouldmovetoanotherplace.8.A)Hemaypullitdownandbuildanewrestaurant.B)Hemayconvertitanduseitasarestaurant.C)Hemaysellittotheownerofarestaurant.D)Hemayrentitoutforuseasarestaurant.9.A)Sheisnotinterestedincourse.B)Shedoesn'tlikethewaytheprofessorlectures.C)She'shavingahardtimefollowingtheprofessor'slectures.D)She'shavingdifficultywiththeheavyreadingassignments.10.A)Heneverkeepshispromises.

77B)Hehaschangedhismind.C)Heiscrazyaboutparties.D)Heisnotsociable.Scripts:1.W:It'sapityyoumissedtheconcertyesterdayevening.Itwaswonderful.M:Ididn'twanttomissthefootballgame.Well,I'mnotaclassicalmusicfananywayQ:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?场景题2.W:Hey,ifyoucan'tenjoythatatasensiblevolume,pleaseuseearphones.I'mtryingtostudy.M:Oh,I'msorry.Ididn'trealizeitwasbotheringyou.Q:Whatisthemanprobablydoing?场景题注：1.volume音量2.earphones耳机3.M:CanIhelpyou,Ms?W:Yes,Iboughtthistelephonelastweek.Anditworksallrightwithout-goingcalls,butitdoesn’tringforthein-comingones.Q:What'stheproblemwiththewoman'stelephone?but题型4.W:IthoughtTomsaidhegotAsinallhistests.M:Mary,youshouldknowbetterthantotakeTom'swordstooseriously.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?场景题注：1.gotAs/gotstraightAs/gotAsinarow2.knowbetterthantodo不至于傻到这样做吧5.W:Canyoushowmehowtousethis,John?M:It'sfullyautomatic.Allyouhavetodoisfocusonthesceneandpressthebuttonhere.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?场景题注：1.focuson聚焦2.button按钮6.M:Ithinkweshouldmoveontothenextitem.W:OK,butI'dliketotakethismatterupagainattheendofthemeeting.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?but题型注：takesth.up提起，谈及7.W:Youknow,theBrownshaveinvestedalltheirmoneyinstocks.M:Theymaythinkthat'sawisemove.Butthat'sthelastthingI'ddo.Q:What'stheman'sopinionabouttheBrowns'investment?but题型；替换题注：thelastthing表极端的厌恶，选项中找否定。[P48-6]A)Heisoftenaskedtogoandseeexhibits.B)Hewouldliketogoandseetheexhibit.C)Hewenttoseetheexhibitlastyear.

78D)Hedefinitelydoesnotwanttogo.W:Wouldyouliketogoandseethenewexhibitwithus?M:That'sthelastthingintheworldIeverwanttodo.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?例题：参见02年1月3题8.M:WhatisMr.PetersongoingtodowithhisoldhouseonLondonRoad,rentitorsellit?M:Iheardhe'sthinkingofturningitintoarestaurant,whichisn'tabadideabecauseit'sstillasolidbuilding.Q:WhatwillMr.Petersondowithhisoldhouse?替换题9.M:HowdoyoulikeProfessorBockman'scourseontheHistoryofPhilosophy?Heisadistinguishedscholaronthatsubject.M:Heisagreatteacher,butI'mhavingahardtimewiththereadinglist.IfeelIcan'teverfinishit.Q:Whatproblemdoesthewomanhavewiththecourse?but题型10.W:Robertwantstoknowifhecangowithustotheparty.M:That'sodd.Thismorninghesaidhewantedtogobyhimself.Q:WhatdowelearnaboutRobert?场景题注：That'sodd/ridiculous/absurd复合式听写SectionBCompoundDictationPresidentClintonlatertodayjoins(S1)_______________presidentsFord,CarterandBushat"thepresident'ssummitforAmerica'sfuture"(S2)______________atrecruitingonemillionvolunteertutorstoprovideafter-school,weekendandsummerreadinghelpforuptothreemillionchildren.Mr.ClintonwillaskCongressthiscomingweekfornearlythree(S3)______________dollarstofundafive-yearprogramcalled"AmericaReads".Theprogramwouldfundthe(S4)_______________effortsof20thousandreading(S5)_________________anditwouldalsogive(S6)________________tohelpparentshelpchildrenreadbythethirdgrade,oraboutageeight.DuringhisSaturdayradio(S7)______________,thepresidentexplainedwhytheprogramisimportant."Weneed'AmericaReads'andweneeditnow.Studiesshowthatifthefourth-gradersfailtoreadwell,(S8)_____________________________.But,40percentofthemstillcan'treadatabasiclevel."Volunteertutors,whoprovidecommunityserviceinexchangeforcollegefundingarebeingusedinliteracyandtutoringprograms.(S9)_____________________.ThepresidentsaysmanyofthePhiladelphiasummit'scorporatesponsorswillrecruittutors.(S10)_______________________________________________________________________________________.S1--S7考的是词S8--S10考的是句子结构：必须有主语和谓语可以用阿拉伯数字句子必须有主语和谓语注意首字母大写问题改写：S8They'relikelytoleaveschoolandnotlikelytosucceed.S9Theprogram,startedbyPresidentClinton,iscriticismbyCongress.S10Manyuniversitiesaresendingmanystudentstosupporttheprogram.

79SectionBS1formerS2aimedS3billionS4coordinationS5specialistsS6grantsS7addressS8They'relikelytodropoutofschoolandlesslikelytosucceedinlife.S9Theprogram,initiatedbyPresidentClinton,hascomeundercriticismbyCongress.S10Dozensofcollegesanduniversitiesarepreparedtosendthousandsoftheirstudentsinsupportoftheprogram.听写练习：Test4-PassageThreeBBCTest6-PassageThreeInterviewTest10-PassageTwoAmericanMovie沙云龙校长讲话：优秀是一种习惯。心理素质好最重要。幸福是一种理解，不是一种存在。做人的四种能力：自然能力、技术能力、管理能力、人际交往能力。自信2002年1月六级听力考题SectionA1.A)Allthepassengerswerekilled.B)Theplanecrashedinthenight.C)Nomoresurvivorshavebeenfound.D)It'stoolatetosearchforsurvivors.2.A)Itsresultswerejustasexpected.B)Itwasn'tverywelldesigned.C)Itfullyreflectedthestudents'ability.D)Itsresultsfellshortofherexpectations.3.A)Hebelievesdancingisenjoyable.B)Hedefinitelydoesnotlikedancing.C)Headmiresthosewhodance.D)Hewon'tdanceuntilhehasdonehiswork.4.A)Hiscomputerdoesn'tworkwell.B)Heisn'tgettingalongwithhisstaff.C)Hedidn'tregisterforapropercourse.D)Hecan'tapplythetheorytohisprogram.5.A)Readingonthecampuslawn.B)Depositingmoneyinthebank.C)Applyingforfinancialaid.D)Reviewingastudent'sapplication.6.A)Anewshuttlebus.

80B)Ascheduledspaceflight.C)Anairplaneflight.D)Thefirstspaceflight.7.A)Thedeadlineisdrawingnear.B)Shecan'tmeetthedeadline.C)Sheturnedintheproposalstoday.D)Theyaretwodaysaheadoftime.8.A)Bygoingonadiet.B)Byhavingfewermeals.C)Bydoingphysicalexercise.D)Byeatingfruitandvegetables.9.A)Heenjoyeditasawhole.B)Hedidn'tthinkmuchofit.C)Hedidn'tlikeitatall.D)Helikedsomepartsofit.10.A)Itlooksquitenew.B)Itneedstoberepaired.C)Itlooksold,butitrunswell.D)Itsengineneedstobepainted.Scripts:1.W:Istherescuecrewstilllookingforsurvivorsoftheplanecrash?M:Yes.Theyhavebeensearchingtheareaforhours,buttheyhaven’tfoundanybodyelse.They’llkeepsearchinguntilnightfalls.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?but题型2.M:Howmanystudentspassedthefinalphysicsexaminyourclass?W:Forty.Butstillasmanyas20percentoftheclassfailed.Quitedisappointing,isn’tit?Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinktheexam?but题型；替换题3.W:Lotsofpeopleenjoydancing,doyou?M:Believeitornot,that’sthelastthingI’deverwanttodo.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?替换题4.W:Jim,I’mhavingdifficultywithallthetheoreticalstuffwearegettinginourcomputercourse.M:Oh,thatpartIunderstand.WhatIcan’tfigureoutishowtomakeitworkinmyprogram.Q:Whatistheman’sproblem?场景题

815.W:DidyouseeMarysomewherearound?M:Yes.She’sinthecampusbankapplyingforastudentloan.Q:WhatwasMarydoing?场景题题干中比较具体；选项中比较概括。6.W:Thespaceshuttleistakingofftomorrow.M:Iknow.Thisisanotherroutinemission.Itsfirstflightwas4yearsago.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?场景题7.W:Whenarewesupposedtosubmitourprojectproposals,Jane?M:Theyareduebytheendoftheweek.We’veonly2daysleft.We’lljusthavetohurry.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?场景题8.W:WhenIgoonadiet,Ieatonlyfruitandthattakesoffweightquickly.M:IprefertoeatwhateverIwant,andthenrunregularlytoloseweight.Q:Howdoesthemancontrolhisweight?替换题注：减肥：takesoffweight,loseweight9.W:John,canyoutellmewhatinthebookinterestedyoumost?M:Well,nothingspecific.ButIlikeditoverall.Q:Whatdidthemanthinkofthebook?but题型；替换题10.W:HowdoyoulikethecarIjustbought?M:Well,itseemstorunwell,butIthinkitneedsanewpaintjob.Q:Whatdoesthemanthinkaboutthecar?but题型教习过好几门课程，深感写作这一课是最难教的，“危乎高哉！‘写作’之难难于上青天。……一夫当关，万夫莫开。”学生学习英语写作多时，大多不能迥脱蹊径之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲观起来，认定“文不可以‘教’而能”。虽说文字和技法可以也应当教一些，俾学生邯郸学步，渐次入门，但就本质特征而论，写作远不只是一个章法和技巧的问题，而是“气之所行”，是皮相之下许多深层主观因素的综合，是一个厚积薄发的养成过程。这些主观因素，在我看来，体现在国内的英语写作考试当中只局限于素心烂读的积累。Readingmakesafullman.这是英国学者的传世之言，我们的祖先说“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”。我们赞叹一篇文章，往往是因为我们被文章中的语言所吸引、所征服：语汇丰富、句式整齐、语言或精练或华丽，句式安排熟练自如，自然流畅；而者只能来自于reading。但是我们已没有那么多的时间去“读”了，于是乎，语言的总结就变得极其必要！要归纳记叙文中漂亮、地道的语言是困难的，但是要归纳论说文这个各种英语考试的作文类型中的语言不是不可能的。论说文是由开头、结尾、启转、分析、举例、比较等部分所组成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型来表达。由于这些句型都是地道的英语，是经过千锤百炼，且能表达论说文写作中的不同意思，若能把以论说文为主的当代英语essays中的这些句型摘录归纳成类，供读者参考，无疑是能有助于提高英语写作的语言水平。

82模仿和学用漂亮和地道的英语表达法或句型并不是可耻的事。地道的英语不应是你用学过的词汇和语法规则按某个意思苦苦思索造出来的，地道的英语应是你把英美人对这个意思的习惯说法用到你自己的文章上来的。该讲义收集了论说文常用的一些句型，与六级考试的一些文章结构模式；希望同学们能以此为依据，Practicemakesperfect，达到熟能生巧的境界，从而在六级考试作文部分获得理想的分数！写作原则内容简单化结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结）语言要包装错误要回避万能理由(Omnipotence)：1、方便：convenient/convenience2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency3、节省和浪费：savetime/money/space;economical,thriftwastetime/money/space;costly,lavish4：人的心理健康：independent,cooperative,competitive,considerate,confident,creative,sociable,perseverance;selfish,isolated,conservative5、人的身体健康：health,disease,strong,strength,energetic6、娱乐：colorful,pleasure,joy,recreation,entertainment,relaxtired,boring,lonely7、环境：environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty8、安全和危险：safe,danger,risk9：经验：experience,socialexperience,enterthesociety10、人际：humane,fair,unfair,help,assist,freedom,freely基本表达(BasicElementsofEnglishWriting)：越来越：beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise,thegrowingnumberof人们认为：itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat许多问题：ahostof/anumberofproblems引起人们注意：claimcall/attractgeneral/public/worldattentiontosth.意识到：thereisagrowingawareness/realizationof/that,awakensb.tothefact/danger适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodateoneselftonewenvironment/change接触各种思想/经历：beexposedtonewideas/experiences/problems接触社会：comeintofrequent/closecontactwiththeworld/society获得成功：achieve/accomplishsuccess提出观点/建议：advance/putforward/comeupwiththearguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力：maketremendous/persistent/sustainedefforttodosth.,takegreatpainstodo(withwork/study)影响学习/工作：interferewithstudies/work产生影响：have/exertaprofoundinfluenceonlife/personality,haveadramatic/undesirableeffecton较好地驾驭生活：beabetterpilotofone'slife剥夺机会/权力：depriveoneselfofthechance/right/opportunity取代就的方式：substitutefor/taketheplaceoftheoldway采取措施：takeeffectivesteps/measuresto控制我们的环境：take/gainincreasingcontroloverourownenvironment躲避危险/挑战：shy/runawayfromthedangers/challenge满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodatethedemandof补偿损失：compensatefor/makeupfortheloss/damage

83解释某现象：accountfor/explainthephenomenon对……很好的了解：haveabetterunderstanding/appreciationof,haveanewperspectiveon.provide/gainaninsightinto把某因素考虑进去：takesth.Intoaccount(consideration),givemuchthoughtto品位人生/自由/青春：savorthelife/freedom/youth培养对……的信心：develop/fosterone'sinterest/confidencein经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experiencegreatchanges/hardships/experience表现出自信心等：projectone'sconfidence/feeling/image生活充满不公正的地方：lifeisfullofminorirritation/injustice追求学习/职业：pursueone'sacademicinterest/professionalcareer学习知识/技术：pursue/acquireknowledge/technology/skill被看作学习的……榜样：beheldupasagoodexample交流经验/知识：shareexperience/ideas/problems/knowledge发挥/起到重要作用：playan(important/active/great)role/part逃学/缺课：skipschool/aclass/ameeting/alecture知识/经验丰富：richinknowledge/experience确立/追求目标：set/pursueagoal/higherstandard到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stainthegoal/aim/objective克服困难：overcomeobstacles/difficulty面临危险/困难：beconfronted/facedwith/inthefaceofdanger/difficulty阻碍了成功：standinthewayofsuccess,beanobstacle/barriertosuccess/growth阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stuntthedevelopmentof持传统的看法：holdconventionalwisdom发表看法：voice/expressone'sopinion持相反/合理的观点：taketheopposite/freshview揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatterthemythof求得帮助：enlistone'ssupport/help缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fillthegap/gulf(betweencityandcountry)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/ownthesuccess/failureto对……重要：beindispensable/important/vitalto施加压力：put/exertaacademicpressureon重视：assign/attachmuchimportance/significanceto强调：place/putmuchemphasis/stress/valueon把注意力集中在：focus/concentrateone'sattention/efforts/thoughtsupon提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnishanopportunity/informationforsb.抓住机会：grab/seize/taketheopportunity得到机会：enjoy/gainaccesstoaopportunity/information有可能：thereis(little/much)possibility/likelihoodthat,chances/theoddsarethat展开竞争：competeagainst/withsb.fortheprize/position/control/themasteryof开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：makemuch/littlesensetome带来无穷的幸福/满足：beasourceofhappinesssatisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint献身于：devote/dedicate/commitoneselftoacause/career大不（没什么）两样：makemuch(little/no)difference真正重要的是：whatreallymatters/accountsis…

84改变生活旅程：change/alterthecourseoflife建立在大量的学习/实践上：builtontremendousamountofstudy/practice进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carryoutanstudy/task/experiment辞去工作/学习：leave/quitone'sjob/work/school参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)theexamination/contest,race参加活动/讨论：takepart/participate/beengagedinsports/activities/discussion影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shapeone'sthinking/attitude进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enteraschool/college/society/theworkforce/professionals实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieveone'sdream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relievethestress/pressure/tension提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgradesocialstatus/position/standingrisetothepositionofleadership提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one'sskill/ability加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boostthedevelopmentof随着生活节奏的加快：withthequickeningpace/rhythm/tempoofmodernlife/society开阔眼界/兴趣：broadenone'sinterest/outlook,expand(broaden/enlarge)one'smentalhorizons有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contributemuch/little/greatly/toabetterunderstandingof/thepopularityof/thegrowthof/thesolutionof有助于解决问题：goalongwayto(towards)solvingtheproblem迷恋名利/分数：beobsessed/preoccupiedwithgrades/fame/fortune把时间花/浪费在：spend/wastetimedoingsth.,putinhoursdoingsth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)useof/takeadvantageofopportunity/time,tap/harnesstechnologypotential/skills/talent把知识/经验运用到…：apply/putthetheory/knowledge/experience…topractice/dailylife/gooduse取得进步：makemuchprogress/strides/gainsin充分发挥潜力/能力：developone'sability/potentialtothefull,givefullplaytoone'sability充满激情/渴望：haveaburningdesire/agreatpassionfor实例二99年6月真题ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法①11分Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.②5分

85Ithinkreadingnotonlyselectivelybutalsoextensively.Becausethetwosidesarenotcontradict.Ourtimeislimited.Sowecannotreadeverybookintheworld.However,wewillnotbeinterestedineverybook.Weshouldreadthosebooksmaybeusefultoours,readthosebookswhichwelike.Butthosebookswhichwechoosemustbeextensivelysoitcangiveoursallkindsofknowledge,newsandsoon,italsomakeoursbecomeawiseman.Ontheonehandreadingselectivelyletoursnotwasteourtimewhichitislimited.Moreoveritcanemphasisamongallbooksthatwecanread.Ontheotherhandreadingextensivelycandealwithallkindsofneedinourlife.Theyareallusefultoours.失分原因：分段太少，语法错误太多③2分Mostpeoplethoughtthatreadbooksshouldhavebeenselective.Butothersbelievedreadingextensivelywascorrection.Selectivebooksorreadingextensively?Sure,youcanchoiceonefrompreviousideas,ononehand,Therearetoobooktoreadforus.Weshouldchoosethosewhichweinterested,anditwouldbehelpfulforus.Onanotherhand.Someone’sinterestingwaswide.Eachbookcouldbringyouspecificcontainwecouldn’treadingatonlyonelevel.Iconfirmedalloftheseideasweregoodbutweren’twise.Asareader,themaintaskistodiscovermoreandmorebooksthesecondtaskistoheldsomewhichwonderfulandhelpfulforus.Don’ttreatthesebookswithrecklessabandon.Thebesttechnologyofreadingisconnect.失分原因：分段太多，语法错误太多④14分Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.⑤8分Somepeoplethinkreadingshallbechosen.Becausesomebooksaregoodtohumanbeingsandsomebooksareharmfultopeople.Somepeoplethinkthatmenshouldreadbookswidely.Becausewidereadingcanhelpmangetmuchknowledge.Andmancanuseittochangetheworld.Itismypointthatreadingmustbeselectively.Becausereadingisimportanttoman.Somebookscanhelpmanbutsomebookscanleadsomepeopletocrime.ItcanbeseeninthenewspapersandwatchedonTV.Wecanmakefulluseofsomegoodbooksandgainmoreusefulknowledge.Itcanmakeourlifemorebeautiful.Wemustgiveupthoseunhelpfulbooks.Theyarenotgoodtous.Readingthemiswastingtimeandmoney.Soreadingselectivelyisanimportantpartinreading.失分原因：结构失调，表述方式单一典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：

86（启）ParagraphI：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。（承）ParagraphII：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。（转）ParagraphIII：（1）承上启下的过渡句；（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。（合）ParagraphIV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。④14分Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.（启）注：1.第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.（承）注：1.本段总分总结构2.theyarguethat=theythinkthat3.withthedevelopmentof...4.what'smore递进关系，moreoverButothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.（转）注：1.But转折词2.theyemphasizethat=theythinkthat3.today'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas现代社会今昔非比4.许多知识awiderangeof/alargescopeof/much；获取知识acquire/getknowledge5.knowsnothing→little；hemaybeuseless→hemaynotbeofgreatusetothesociety后者比前者更委婉Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.（合）①11分Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothe

87wrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.注：1.“people,who”应去掉逗号，改为非限制定语从句。2.theysuggestthat=theythinkthat3.touch碰，闪光点词汇，如教材P7：shouldertheresponsibilityofdoingsth.肩负起责任But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.Directions:Writeacompositionabout120/150wordsbasedonthefollowingoutline:1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2）诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实2002.6Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)Averagenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek1、上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。2002.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:　　　　　ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,

88LiMing2001.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项ALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWang2001.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.面试在求职过程中的作用。2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……2000.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Thefirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbasyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.很多认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……2.也有人持不同意见，……3.我的看法和打算2000.1Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）1999.6Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyoucompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为读书要有选择。2.有人认为应当博览群书。3.我的看法。

891999.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic.Don'tHesitatetoSay"No"Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们说"不"。2.为什么有些人在该说"不"的时候不说"不"。3.该说"不"时不说"不"的坏处。1998.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo"LuckyNumbers"ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。2.我认为数字和运气无关，……1998.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(givenonChinese)below:1.假冒伪劣商品的危害。2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。1997.6Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonJob-HoppingYoushouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为…2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为…3.我的看法。1997.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.为什么说"欲速则不达"。2.试举例说明。1996.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegrouphsbelow.HeaalthGainsinDevelopingCountriesLifeExpectancyInfantMortality

901996.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:WhyITaketheCollegeEnglishTestBand6,Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试2.我参加CET－6考试的理由Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1995.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:ShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？3.我的看法Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1995.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.现在有些不良的商业广告2.这些广告的副作用和危害性3.我对这些广告的态度Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1994.6Directions:

91Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:TheCareerIPursue.Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1994.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicWeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledge.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.科学技术是社会发展所不可缺少的2.社会科学和自然科学相互渗透3.现代大学生需要广博的知识1993.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewOnOpportunity.Youmustbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveinChinese):有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Remembertowriteitneatly.1993.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MotorcyclesAndCityTraffic.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.近年来中国城市的摩托车2.摩托车的优点和缺点3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展的前景的看法Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1992.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLookingForwardtotheTwenty-FirstCentury.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonyouranswertothefollowingquestionwritteninChinese:1.新世纪科技发展的前景如何？2.新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？3.新的科学技术会带来什么问题？4.你怎样对待新世纪的挑战战？Yourcompositionshouldbenoless120words.1992.1

92Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthefollowinggraphwhichshowsthechangeinthenumberoffilm-goersandTV-watchersinacertaincity.Thetitleofthecompositionis:FilmIsGivingWaytoTV.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsforyourcompositionanditmustincludethefollowingideas(giveninChinese):1.电影观众越来越少2.电视观众越来越多，因为……3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影,因为…….Quoteasfewfiguresaspossible.Remembertowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.1991.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.ThesuggestedTitleis:CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCity.Rememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;2.Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.

93Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.1991.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutManIstoSurvive.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline:1.人类面临的问题（如能源，疾病，污染，人口等）2.悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）3.人类的智慧出路Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Besuretowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.1990.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCities.Foursuggestedsolutionstothisproblemarelistedbelow.Youaresupposedtowriteinfavourofonesuggestion(ONEonly)andagainstanother(ONEonly).Youshouldgiveyourreasonsinbothcases.Youshouldwritenolessthan120words.Remembertogiveashortintroductionandabriefconclusion.Writeyourcompositionclearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1.多造高层建筑2.向地下发展3.建造卫星城市4.疏散城市人口1990.1Directions:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficaccordingtothefollowingOUTLINE.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.RememberthatthecontentsoftheOUTLINEshouldALLbeincludedinyourcomposition.ButyouarenotsupposedtotranslatetheOUTLINEwordforword.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案（solution）1.建造(laydown)更多道路优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度(2)加速车流（flowoftraffic）缺点：占地过多2.开辟（openup）更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合

94题型分类(Classificationofeveryessay):一、第一种题型（对比观点选择题；EssayI）:(一)题型特点：1、大多为三点提纲，提纲模式一般为：有一些人……；还有人……；我的看法或观点；2、少数时候也会出现两点提纲的情况，此时可以补充成三点提纲来写作。(二)历年真题：2000.6；1999.6；1998.6；1997.6；1996.1；1995.6；1993.6；1993.1二、第二种题型（社会热点话题；EssayII）:(一)题型特点：1、应该为三点提纲，但是通常以两点提纲出现的题目居多，所涉及主题为当时社会热点；2、如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。3、通常模式为：现象概述--细节（原因、危害、方式等）--自我评论(二)历年真题：2002.12；2000.12；2000.1；1999.1；1997.12；1995.1；三、第三种题型（图标题；Report;EssayIII）:（一）题型特点：1、以图表作为信息来源的写作模式2、通常模式为：描述图表--解释原因--自我评论（二）历年真题：2003.6;2000.6；1996.6；1992.1；1991.6四、第四种题型（书信题；EssayIV）:(一)题型特点：1、写书信（二）历年真题：2001.6；2002.1；五、第五种题型（谚语格言题；EssayV）:(一)题型特点：1、文章题目为一句格言或谚语2、通常模式为：解释谚语--举例论证--画龙点睛(二)历年真题：1997.1；文章主体句式(Body)：一、原因结果例：Thereareprobably+[many\several\three]+[resons\causes]+forthis+[dramatic\marked]+[increase\decline\change]+in...二、比较对照例：[Thereisnodoubtthat\Obviously,]+ithas[its\both]+[drawbacks\disadvantages

95egativeeffects]+[aswellas\and]+[merits\advantages\positiveeffects]...三、例证例：Wemay+[cite\quote\mention\take\pointout]+[asingle\acommon\another]+exampleof...

96四、事实例：Noonecan+[deny\doubt\ignor\overlook]+the+[bare\hard\essential\profound]+factthat...五、数据调查例：A+[recent

97ew

98ationwide]+[study\survey\poll\investigation]+[conducted\taken]+[atafactory\byofficials]...六、权威（专家）例：Asone+[scientist\writer\doctor\psychologist]+[wrote\commented\pointedout

99oted],...七、分析例：Itseems+[quite\almost]+[(un)likely\(im)possible\(in)credible\(in)conceivable]+that...2000.1Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinanceyourcollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformany.Youcandealwithinmanyways.Youcangetallofthemoneyfromyourparents.Youcanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudents.Youcanalsoacquirethemoneycompletelybyyourself,doingafull-timejobinsummerorwinterholiday.Inaddition,youcanaskyourparentsformostofitandearntherestinyoursparetimeincollege,bydoingapart-timejob.注：1.第一句引言。2.太多youcan重复使用，缺乏变化Inmyopinion,Ipreferthelastway.Havingacquiredmostofthetuitionandfeesfrommyparents,Ineedn’tworrytoomuchaboutthemoneyandcanconcentrateonmystudy;ontheotherhand,apart-timejobinmysparetimemakesmycampus-lifecolorful.Icanmakealotoffriends,improvemyabilitiesandlearnlotsofknowledge.So,Ichoosethiswaytocovermytuitionandfees.缺点：缺少连贯性HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation?PreviouslyinChina,auniversityeducationwasfundedbythegovernment.Thissituationischangingandstudentsmustnowfinancetheirowneducation.Asaresult,studentsarenowfacedwiththequestion“howtopayformycollegeeducation”?注：This指代前文Thereareseveralpossiblewaystoraisethemoneytopayforfeesandtuitions.Parentsareasourceforcollegefunding,asisthecasewithmoststudents.Scholarshipsarealsoavailableforstudentswithoutstandingacademicperformance.Becausescholarshipsarecompetitive,theyarenotavailabletoeveryone.Studentscanalsotakeoutaloanfromthebank.Bankscanprovideloanstostudentswithoutcollateralforthosewhoneedthem.And,manystudentscantakeonpart-timejobstohelpfinancetheireducation.IncitiessuchasBeijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhou,therearemanypart-timejobopportunitiesforstudentsbothonandoffcampus.注：1.source来源，TVprogramismainsourceofmypleasure电视是我欢乐的主要来源2.available重要词汇，Areyoustillavailable?你还单身吗？3.takepart-timejob打工，还可以用dooutjob\temporaryjob

1004.onandoff校园内外Personally,Ibelieveascholarshipisthebestwaytofundaneducationasitnotonlypaysforfeesandtuition,butalsoencouragesstudyinghard.MyViewonFakeCommoditiesTheprevalenceoffakecommoditieshasbeenabigprobleminoursociety.Almosteverydayinnewspaperscarryarticlespertainingtofakecommodities.Althoughmeasureshavebeenimplementedtodealwiththisproblem,itstillremainsaseriousthreat.Fakegoodsareharmfulonmanylevels.Peoplesellfakecommoditiestomakeaquickprofitwhichunderminestheeconomyandfakegoodscanalsobedangeroustoone’shealth.Theeffectisageneralmistrustamongconsumerstowardsellersandthefreemarketingeneral.Inaddition,manyfakecommoditieshavebeenexportedoverseaswhichhasresultedinapoorreputationforgoodscomingoutofChinaandhashadanegativeinfluenceonexports.Thereareseveralwaystoaddressthisproblem.Lawsandregulationsshouldbeimplemented/make/workouttobanthemanufacturinganddistributionoffakegoods.Atthesametime,consumersshouldbeeducatedto/enhancetheawarenessofidentifythesefakegoods.Withtoughlawsandaneducatedpublic,fakegoodswillbecomeathingofthepast.用MyViewOnFakeCommodity改写BrainDrainBrainDrainBraindrainisadelicateproblemwithwhichourcountryisconfronted.Inthelasttenyearsorso,alotofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfurtherstudiesorresearchwork,letalonenumerouspromisingstudents.Andtherearenoindicationsthattheywillbebackhomebeforelong.Ourcountryhaspaidtheexpensesoftrainingthembutlostthem.Howdidthatcomeabout?Itisself-evidentthattheirdelayofcomingbackisduetothosefavorableworkingandlivingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchwork.Sophisticatedequipmentmakesiteasierforonetogainacademicachievements.Ourcompetentscientistsabroadareofferedhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Itseemsthatitisn’timpossibletosolvetheproblemandattractthescientistsandthelikebackhomesolongasgreatimportanceisattachedtotheintellectual’sdeservingtreatmentandeffectivemeasuresaretakentoprovidethemwithexcellentpayandagreeableconditions.1997年1月Directions”Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.为什么“欲速则不达”？2.举例说明。谚语格言题文章逻辑结构：

101ParagraphI:（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言(general)；（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻辑(specific)。ParagraphII:（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。ParagraphIII:（1）总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。HasteMakesWasteBy“Hastemakeswaste”ismeantthatoneshoulddoeverythingstepbystep.Evensimpleoperationscaneasilybespoiledifwerushtocompletethem,neglectingimportantstagesintheprocess.Oneshouldmakefullpreparationsbeforebeginningantask.注：spoilt=spoiled被毁坏；Sparetherod,spoilthechild.棍棒出孝子TakeEnglishstudyforexample.Withoutagoodcommandofpronunciation,wecanneverhopetospeakinanunderstandableway.Similarly,ifwedonotlearntospellproperlyandtoacquireabasicgraspofgrammar,wewillneversucceedinwritinggoodcomposition.Inshort,layingasolidfoundationisessentialifwewanttomakeachievementsinourstudiesorwork,orindeedinanyotheraspectofourlives.Ateverystep,reviewwhathasbeenachievedandassesstheproblemsaheadbeforemovingtothenextstep.Andremember,Romewasnotbuiltinaday.注：layingasolidfoundation打下坚实的基础[讲义P7]Example:AnEnglishproverbsays,Oneofthegreatmenonceremarked,“HasteMakesWaste”.Nearlyeverycivilizationhasitsownequivalenttotheproverb:Itmeansthat……Inotherwords,History/Oursocietyaboundswiththeexamplesof“HasteMakesWaste”.…….Ontheotherhand/Onthecontrary,…….Foruscollegestudents,thesaying/proverbhasaprofoundandrealisticsignificance:…….图表题：三图一表--柱状图（BarGraph）、线形图(LineGraph)、饼状图(PieGraph)、表格(Table)

102图表题文章写作逻辑结构：ParagraphI:（1）描述图表：趋势描写；（2）描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。ParagraphII:（1）提出自己理由和观点；（2）细节性分论点（支持自己观点）。ParagraphIII:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCityAccordingtothegraph,theriseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsinWaltonCityvarieswiththeseasons.FromJanuarytoMarchlastyearitincreasedby68%,fromMarchtoJuneitdroppedbyabouthalfthepreviousrate;andfromJunetoAugusttherewasasteepriseof66.6%.Afterthat,however,therewasasteadydecrease,andthismakesusoptimisticthatcaraccidentsaredeclininginWaltonCity.注：1.Accordingtothegraph如图所示，还可以说成Ascanbeseenfromthegraph2.steeprise陡然上升，steadydecrease缓慢下降Therearethreereasonsforthisimprovement.First,newtrafficregulationshavemadedriversmorecareful,second,morepeopleareusingbicyclesfortransportation,andthird,inthelaterpartoftheyeargoodweathermadetheroadssafertodriveon.Thisyear,majorroadshavebeenrepairedandthenumberofpublicbuseshasbeenincreased.Moreover,atrafficsafetycampaignhasmadeallthelocalpeoplemoreawareofthedangersofunsafedriving.So,IamconfidentthattherewillbeevenfewercaraccidentsinWaltoninthefuture.FilmIsGivingWaytoTV(A)Thelateststatisticsshowthatthenumberofpeopleattendingcinemasisgettingsteadilysmaller.Atthesametime,thenumberoftelevisionviewersisgrowingatalmostthesamerate.Expertssaythatthesetwotrendsareconnectedinthreeways.First,overthepastfewdecadestelevisionsetshaveappearedinalmosteveryhome.Second,filmveryquicklybecomeavailableonvideo,andcanbeshownontheTVscreen.Third,itisbecomingmoreexpensivetomakefilms,andsothepricesofcinemaseatsarerising.However,thisdoesnotmeanthedeathofthemovieindustry.Therewillalwaysbepeoplewhoprefertogoouttoseeafilm.ThisisbecausenomatterhowgoodaTVfilmorvideo,itcanneverbeasentertainingasafilmshownonthe“bigscreen.”社会热点话题

103用MyViewOnFakeCommodity改写BrainDrainBrainDrainBraindrainisadelicateproblemwithwhichourcountryisconfronted.Inthelasttenyearsorso,alotofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfurtherstudiesorresearchwork,letalonenumerouspromisingstudents.Andtherearenoindicationsthattheywillbebackhomebeforelong.Ourcountryhaspaidtheexpensesoftrainingthembutlostthem.Howdidthatcomeabout?Itisself-evidentthattheirdelayofcomingbackisduetothosefavorableworkingandlivingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchwork.Sophisticatedequipmentmakesiteasierforonetogainacademicachievements.Ourcompetentscientistsabroadareofferedhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Itseemsthatitisn’timpossibletosolvetheproblemandattractthescientistsandthelikebackhomesolongasgreatimportanceisattachedtotheintellectual’sdeservingtreatmentandeffectivemeasuresaretakentoprovidethemwithexcellentpayandagreeableconditions.MyViewonBrainDrainTheprevalenceofbraindrainhasbeenabigprobleminoursociety.Almosteverydayinnewspaperscarryarticlespertainingtobraindrain.Althoughmeasureshavebeenimplementedtodealwiththisproblem,itstillremainsaseriousthreat.Amultitudeoffactors,bothindividualandsocialcontributetobraindrain.Foronething,alargeofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfavorablelivingandworkingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchandwork.Sophisticatedequipmentalsomakesiteasiertogainacademiaachievement.Foranother,agreatmanytopuniversitiesindevelopedcountriesofferhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Thereareseveralwaystoaddressthisproblem.Rulesandregulationsshouldbeimplementedtocontrol.Atthesametime,peoplewithoutstandingacademicperfomingshouldbeeducatedtogaintheirwillnessofcomingback.Withtoughlawsandaneducatedpublic,braindrainwillbecomeathingofthepast.[讲义]15．A+{Number\multitude}+offactors,both+{physicalandpsychological\academicandprofessional\individualandsocial}+{affect\influence\contributeto\bothpromote},….2002年6月真题范文：Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)

104AveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweekAsisshownbythebargraph,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentinacertainuniversityspendsonthecomputerperweekincreaseddramaticallyovertheperiodfrom1990to2000.In1990,itwaslessthantwohours.Andin1995,ithitfourhours.Andin2000,thenumbersoaredtonearlytwentyhours,whichisovertentimesthanthatof1990.第一段还有一种写法：In1990,thenumberwaslessthan2hours,whilethefigurehit4hours（或者这样写：whilein1995,）ascomparedwiththatof1990,ithadalmostdoubled.Andwhatimpressusmostisthatthefiguresoaredto……,which……Obviouslycomputersarebecomingincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfortherise.Inthefirstplace,computersfacilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,therapiddevelopmentoftheinternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers.Wecaneasilycontactfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheinternet.Inthesecondplace,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablemorestudentstopurchasethem.However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchas,poorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersanstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.私人信件（PersonalLetters）；公文信函（BusinessLetters）2001.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项

105ALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWang2002.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:　　ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,LiMing信内格式日期Date(Aug5,2003)称谓Solution(DearSirorMadam\Towhomitmayconcern),Body部分顶格写，段落之间要空格。署名SincerelyYours,LiMing书信题写作五点基本结构开门见山说意图咨询建议一二三不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期盼回信成老套（一）开头段：1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）DearSir/Mr.Prometheus,Iwasastudentatyourcollege,enrolledinPhilosophyDepartment./Iama…atyour…/Iama…atyourcollege,enrolledinthe…course./Mynameis…,Iam….2、问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）DearPrometheus,Hello/Hi.Howareyou?/Ihopeeverythingisfine./Howarethingsgoingwithyou?/Howareyougettingonin……?3、解释写信的原因（1）致谢：IdeeplyappreciateyourcourtesyandIhopetoreciprocateyourfavorwhentheopportunityarises.

106/Iamgreatlyindebtedtoyoufor(thedouble)youhavegonetoonmybehalf./ThankyouforyourletteraboutstudyinginCanada./Iamwritingtoyoutoexpressmyheartfeltgratitude./IamwritingtotellyouhowgratefulIamfor……./Iwouldliketothankyoumostsincerelyfor…….（2）抱怨：Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorserviceatyourdining-room./Iamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwith/at…/Iwishtomakeacomplaintabout……./Iamwritingtodrawyourattentionto……./IamafraidIhavegotacomplaintabout…….（3）致歉：Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspects./IamwritingtoyoubecauseIamunableto……./Iamterriblysorrythat……./Iwouldliketoexpressmyapologiesfornotbeingableto…….（4）询问：Iwouldliketoobtain/request/seek/inquireaboutsomeinformationabout…/Iamwritingtoaskifyoucandomeafavor./Iwouldlikesomedetailedinformationon/about……（二）结尾段：1、发出请求（1）Pleasegivethismatteryourimmediateattention.（2）Iwouldverymuchappreciateitif……assoonaspossible.（3）Pleaserendermesomevaluableadvicewhichisconducivetomyfinaldecision.2、提供帮助（1）Ihopethese……willbehelpful,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformoreinformation.（2）……willbetakingoverresponsibilityforyouandifyoushouldneedanyassistance,she/hewillbepleasedtohelpyou.3、再次表示歉意或感激（1）Thankyouforyourkindassistance.（2）Pleaseacceptmyheartfeltthanksanddeepestgratitude,nowandalways.（3）IamsorrythatIcannot……,andtrustthatyouwillunderstand.（4）Inaddition,letmeapologizeforanyinconvenienceImayhavecaused.（5）Ishallfeelobligedbyareplyatyourearliestconvenience.（6）Onceagain,Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.4、期盼回信（1）Ilookforwardtoyourpromptresponse.（2）Lookingforwardtoapromptreply.（3）Iexpecttohearfromyouverysoon.（4）Ihopetoreceiveyourreplyshortly.（5）Iamalreadyeagerlyawaitingyourreplytothisfirstletter.2001年6月真题范文：

107Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项DearXiaoWang,Isitreallytrue?Areyoucomingtovisitmefortheupcomingholiday?WehavenotseeneachotherforsuchalongtimeandIhavemissedyou.Doyouhaveanyplansforwhatyouwouldliketodo?SinceyouarenotfamiliarwithwhereIlive,Icanmakesomerecommendations.Therearemanyscenicspotsinthesuburbs.Whenyoufirstgethere,wecouldplanacampingtripwithsomeofmyclassmates.Wecanalsovisitthemuseumswhichareveryinteresting.And,wecangoshopping!Theshoppingmallsdowntownarelargeandmanyhavediscountpromotionsduringtheholidays.Whatdoyouthinkofmyrecommendations?Ishouldtellyouthattheweatherhereismuchcoldersoyoushouldbringawarmovercoat.Pleasealsotakecareofyourbelongingduringyourtravelhereastherehasbeenmuchtheftreported.Iamlookingforwardtoyourvisit.Mybestwishes.Yours,ZhangYing2002年1月真题范文：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,I’mveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butI’mafraidI’mnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoubtedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishes,butalltheyear,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesamefoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly,thepriceisabittoohigh.Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.

108Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecan’tenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thosepresentedsuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontoyoursuggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.Bestwishes,Yourssincerely,LiMing综合改错（ErrorsCorrection）：一、语法错误二、词汇错误三、逻辑错误四、多词少词Example:Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiods.Manyofthearguments1.time/times/agehavingusedforthestudyforliteratureasa2./schoolsubjectarevalidfor∧studyoftelevision.3.the综合改错（ErrorsCorrection）：一、语法错误1、平行结构(notonly...butalso\both...and\either...or\and)1)Aprofessor’ssalaryishigherthanasecretary.[secretary’s]2)Oneoftheseisinformative,interesting,andiseasytounderstand.[去掉]3)Definingaproblemiseasierthantoprovideasolution.[providing]2、连词错误1)Candlewilllaterbereplacedbylamp,thatcouldburnlongerandlighter.[which]2)Thechildrenattendedasmallelementaryschool(oftenofjustoneroom)tothattheyhadtowalkeveryday,possiblyforafewmiles.[which，that前只能有except和in。exceptthat除此以外；inthat因为，体现在]3)Itwillbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitieswithoutanyideaofthattheyaregoingtodoafterward.[what，what相当于thethingthat]4)Itappearsthatweallfindcompanyinsound,ifwedemandalittlequietfromtimetotime.[but或yet]5)Theyarelikelytotravelmoreandtowantmoreeducation.Nevertheless,manymorejobsareavailableintheseservices.[Therefore或So]3、分词错误1)Police’srecordsshowasurprisedlinkbetweenchangesintheseasonsandcrimepatterns.[surprising]2)Decidinghowmuchdiscomfortandriskwearepreparingtoputupwithinthenameofbetterhealth

109isahighpersonalmatter,notadecisionweshouldremaintodoctorsalone.3)Eventhequietofourcarefulprotectedwildernessareascanbeinvadedatanymomentbyapassedjet.[passing]4)Soasportsman’sindividualwayofwalkingwithraisedshouldersisimitatedbyanadmiredfan.[admiring]4、指代错误1)Abreakintheiremployment,oradecisiontoworkparttime,willslowitsraisesandpromotions-becauseitwouldformen.[their]2)Clearlysomerisksworthtaking,especiallywhentherewardsarehigh:amansurroundedbyflamesandsmokegenerallyconsidersthatjumpingoutofasecond-floorwindowisanacceptablerisktosaveitslife.[his]3)Themodernlight-housealsoidentifiesitinacodeknowntoallships.[itself]5、形容词、副词（略）6、谓语错误（主谓一致、时态、语态）1)Businesstodaywhetheritisrunningalittlegas-stationorabigfactorytakegoodmanagement.[takes]2)Advancesintechnologyhasalsochangedpeople’slives.3)Butif98percentofusdoesn’tneedtowork,whatarewegoingtodowithourselves?[don’t]4)Whetherwomenwhohavestartedacareerwillattainpayequalitywithmenrestonatleasttwofactors.[rests]5)Insomeplacesallthetreeshavecutdown.[havebeen]二、词汇错误(搭配错误、用词错误)三、逻辑错误（肯定否定乱用）1)Bloodpressuredrugsdefinitelyhelpsomepeopleliveafteraheartattack,butthesesamedrugsmaybebothnecessaryandharmfulforthosewithonlymildbloodpressureproblems.[unnecessary]2)Ineverycase,theinfluentialpersonmayconsciouslynoticetheimitationbuthewillfeelcomfortableinitspresence.[unconsciously]四、多词少词（介词、冠词、形式宾语）1)WhentwoAmericansmeetforfirsttime,itisnormalforthemtocalleachotherbytheirgivennameimmediately.[thefirst]2）Infact,untilrecentlyseawaterhasalmostbeconsideredtobeuselessandnovalue.[ofno]Passage2Untiltheverylatestmomentofhisexistence,manhasbeenboundtotheplanetonwhichbeoriginatedanddeveloped.Nowhehadthecapabilitytoleavethatplanet1.hasandmoveoutintotheuniversetothoseworldswhichhehadknownpreviouslyonlydirectly.Menhaveexplored2.indirectlypartsofthemoon.putspaceshipsinorbitaroundanotherplanetandpossiblywithinthedecadewilllandintoanoth-3.onerplanetandexploreit.Canwebetooboldastosug-4.sogestthatwemaybeabletocolonizeotherplanet5.planetswithinthenot-too-distantfuture?Somehaveadvocat-edsuchaprocedureasasolutiontothepopulationproblem:shiptheexcesspeopleofftothemoon.But

110wemustkeepinheadthebillionsofdollarswemight6.mindspendincarryingouttheproject.Tomaintaintheearth'spopulationatitspresentlevel,wewouldhavetoblastoffintospace7,500peopleeveryhourofeverydayoftheyear.Whyarewespendingsolittlemoneyonspace7.muchexploration?Considerthegreatneedforimproving8.Consideringmanyaspectsoftheglobalenvironment,oneissurelyjustifiedinhisconcernforthemoneyandresourcesthattheyarepouredintothespaceexplorationef-9.去掉forts.Butperhapsweshouldlookatbothsidesofthecoinbeforearrivinghastyconclusions.10.arrivingat/reachingPassage3MostpeopleworktoearnalivingandtheyProducegoodsandservices.Goodsareeitheragricultural(likemaize)ormanufactured(likecars).Servicesaresuchthingslikeeducation,1.asmedicine,andcommerce.Thesepeopleprovide2.Somegoods;someprovideservices.Otherpeopleprovidebothgoodsorservices.Forexample,inthesame3.andgarageamanmaybuyacarorsomeservicewhichhelpshimmaintainhiscar.Theworkpeopledoiscalledaseconomic4.去掉activity.Alleconomicactivitiestakentogethermakeuptheeconomicsystemoftown,acity,acountry,ortheworld.Sucheconomicsystemisthesum-total5.之前加anofwhatpeopledoandwhattheywant.Theworkpeopledoeitherprovideswhattheyneedorprovidesthemoneywiththattheycanbuyessential6.whichcommodities.Ofcourse,mostpeoplehopetohaveenoughmoneytobuycommoditiesandserviceswhichareessentialbutwhichprovidesomeparticular7.nonessentialpersonalsatisfaction,suchastoysforchildren,visits8.之后加tothecinema,andbooks.Thescienceofeconomistisbasisuponthefacts9.basedofoureverydaylives.Economistsstudyoureverydaylivesandthegenerallifeofourcommunitiesinordertounderstandthewholeeconomicsystemofwhichweareapart.Theytrytodescribethefactsoftheeconomyinwhichwelive,andtoexplainhowitworks.Theeconomistmethodsshouldofcoursebe10.economist’sstrictlyobjectiveandscientific.Passage4Britishpeopledon’tdrinkasmanyteaasthey1.much

111usedto,butGreatBritainstilltakesalmosttwenty-fivepercentofallworldexportsofthecommodity.TheworldlargestproducersofteaareIndia,China2.world’sandtheSriLanka.3.去掉Thequantityofteaisaffectedbytheclimate,4.qualitybythelatitudeatwhichitisgrownandalsobythatpartoftheteabushisplucked.Infact,as5.whichDominicBeddard,ateataster,tellsus,favourcan6.flavourevendependonwhichdaytheleafisplucked:”Thereareveryconsiderabledifferencesbetweenteasfromthesameestatemadeondifferentday,”hesays.7.daysProcessingteaisacomplicatedprocedure.Afterthegreenleafhasbeenplucked,itisprocessedinafactory.Quicklyandcarefully,theteaisreducedto8.slowlyasmallbrittleparticle,whichisthendriedandlooksliketheteayouseeinapacket.TheteacompaniesthenrelyontastersasDonimictovaluethetea.This9.之前加suchhastobedoneonaday-to-daybasisbecauseoffluctuationsinquality.HavingtotasteuptosixhundredcupsofteaadaycertainlycausesDominic’s10.makesjobanunusualone!Passage5Parentscanbesupportiveofsuspicions.Theycanbehelpfultotheteacher,orareinneedofhelp1.bethemselves.Sometimes,Ithinkparentsaretoohardtotheirchildren.Ihaveseenmanyparentsofthis2.onkind.Ioftenhavetheproblemofparentscominginandtellingmewhattheyreallytreattheirkids.They3.howtellmethattheyusuallystandovertheirkindswhentheydotheirhomework.Theychecktheirworkandmakebigfussoverthegrades.Theycriticizethekids4.之前加“a”overeverythinghavingtodowithschool.Myresponseusuallyis:”well,youknow,heisreallyagoodkid.Heisfineinmyclass.Maybeyoushouldnotbetoostrictwiththem.”5.himWewantparentstorealizethefactthatteachersareprofessorsatworkingwithchildren.Theyhave6.professionalobservedmanychildrenandmanyparents.Becauseofthis,andbecauseoftheirspecializedtraining,teacherscanberealisticaboutchildren.Teachersknowwhetherparentswanttheirchildrentodowell7.thatandtobehavewell.Butteachersknowlesswhat8.betterchildrenshouldbeabletodoatdifferentagesandstages.Theydon’texpectthe8-year-oldstodothe

112workthatcanonlybedonebythe12-year-olds.Parents,inthecontrary,oftenexpecttheirchildren9.ontodowhatisusuallybeyondtheirageandability.Obviously,thismaymakegreatharmtothe10.dochildren’sdevelopment.Passage6Thusyouexperiencesuccessasyoucompleteeachchapter.Whileyouhavecompletedtheoverall5.havenotgoal,youknowyouhaveprogressedtowardit.Passage7althoughthetremendousamountsofmoney,time3.despiteandenergygivingovertooralhealth.Critics,ontheotherhand,slamtheprofession.Itcanbeconservativelyestimatedthatatleast15percentofUnitedStatesdentistsareincompetent,honest,orboth,saysaformer10.dishonestPassage8Allthesetokensofsuccessareinasensemerelybribesprovidedbyanotherperson.Therefore,theycanbe10.However\Buteffectiveanduseful.Passage9Itisnotjustinacademythatchildrenarebeenpushed4.beingtoofarandtoofast.SomeparentsstarttheirpreschoolWeneedtoabandonthefalsenotionsthatwecancreateexceptionalchildrenbyearlyinstructionandsuchchildrenaresymbolsofourcompetenceas8.之前加“that”

113parents.完型填空(cloze):做题七种武器①无关词排除②逻辑关系③同现④浮现⑤关联⑥时间线索⑦总分结构对照分析逻辑关系举例CloseTest4ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“45”workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly[D]Providedthat45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importance

114同现举例ClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked同现举例ClozeTest3Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearchhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems-theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any

11542.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlyClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked关联举例ClozeTest6Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46

116rulesorregulation.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safe48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofit时间线索举例ClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked

117总分总结构举例ClozeTest3Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearchhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems-theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlyClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By

11846.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked六级与四级的区别：一、词——词汇量5500。二、句——出题考长句子。三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But,Yet,However转折连词后面是重点，常考点。四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。原文重现：原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。尽量少读：六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。六级题型：1.主旨题（SumUp/Title）--看文章每段第一句24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.注：文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然在选项中出现。Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe"SecondIndustrialRevolution".注：refersto下定义Labour'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.注：labour雇员Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthat

119sincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.注：union工会，和雇员有关2.词汇题——找词所在句子关系转折关系。例如：六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But,Yet,However。并列关系。例如：AandB，问A就把B内容填进去。解释关系。用because和从句inwhich等联系。例如：30.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson______.A)whoservesasamodelforothersB)whoisalwayssuccessfulC)whocanbedependeduponD)whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess（文章前四段省略）Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.注：把握and前后是并列关系。3.细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示例如：31.Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago____________.A)eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactoriesB)twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployeesC)thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkersD)thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis_______.A)lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployeeB)asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelationsC)moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsD)asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganizationOurshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago"beingemployed"meantworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.

120Yetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist'stradeorbookkeeping(簿记).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.4.作者态度题（attitude）——正负态度凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度例外：中立题25.Thewriter’sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis______.A)affectionateB)disapprovingC)approvingD)neutral●例子：例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而言之，例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。例子开始的标志：forexample，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内容。例子含义的标志：show,tell,prove,demonstrate,find,clearly[Page72]IntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theact,designedtoprotectspecies'livingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe1990's,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheirattempttocuttreesfortimberintheCascadeMountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl(猫头鹰),whoseremainingpopulationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theproblematicsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters-andtheowls-wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.注：1.controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharplypoliticalissue”，contro表示“反”2.forexample前句子是重点3.problematic悬而未决的Similartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexample,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished(使穷困),withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation.注：1.tension张力，冲突

1212.看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。3.But转折是重点ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshavethepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarth'sozonelayer(臭氧层),forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwarmingcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingwillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere,andpreserveintactEarth'scomplexweblife.36.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?A)Becausepeoplecan'tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.B)Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.C)Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.D)Becauseitisamajorprobleminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures.注：细节题。第一段economicinterests●表示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点；如果出现在选项中，很可能是不对的。全无：non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-neither...nor全有：all-every-full-either…唯一：only-exactly-best-most37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests________.A)mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpoverty.B)benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountries.C)shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulation.D)willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries.注：细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就对了。38.Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtresstogrowmorefood_______.A)willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountries.B)isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblem.C)canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffood.D)provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations.注：对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。39.Among“humanity'scurrentproblems”(Line6,Para.3),thechiefconcernofthescientistsis_______.A)theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountries.B)theexplosionofthehumanpopulation.C)thereductionofbiologicaldiversity.D)theeffectofglobalwarming.注：第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。40.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis________.A)todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity'scurrent

122problems.B)topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity'scurrentproblems.C)toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity'scurrentproblems.D)topointoutthathumanity'scurrentproblemscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnations.注：看最后一句话，cooperationofnations对应coordinatedinternationalefforts。[Page80]Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslger,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.注：1.vulnerable易受伤害的2.immunedefense免疫系统3.found之后是试验告诉我们的观点4.depress压抑，de往下Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.注：1.看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。2.passive被动的21.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity______.A)wasstrengthenedB)wasnotaffectedC)wasalteredD)wasweakened注：定位文章第一段found之后22.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto______.A)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliB)turnofftheelectricityC)becomeabnormallysuspiciousD)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations注：定位第二段But之后那句话23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat______.A)theydislikeditstasteB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

123C)itledtostomachpainsD)theyassociateditwithstomachaches22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout_____.(A)theteenagers'criticismoftheirparents(B)misunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparents(C)thedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildren(D)theteenagers'abilitytodealwithcrises注：段落主旨，B和C只说了一部分。Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominantthattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblemsandthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethowtheythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.注：1.critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的40.Themainideaofthispassageisthat_____.(A)attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilities(B)betteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlife(C)theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsago(D)prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivitiesGreenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresent,itisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.

124Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.23.Thepassagemainlydealswith______.(A)thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimps(B)thesurvivalofdesertshrimps(C)theimportanceofwatertolife(D)lifeintheMojaveDesert注：三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项lifespan没出现过。Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe_____.(A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomen(B)SourcesofMasteryandPleasure(C)TwoAspectsofWomen'sWell-Being(D)FreedomRolesWomeninSociety注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof"mastery"---feelingimportantandworth-while-andthesourcesofwhatwecallasense"pleasure"-findinglifeenjoyable-arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold"Youcan'thaveitall."Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:"Youchoseacareer,soyoucan'texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife."or"Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren--What'sallthisaboutwantingacareer?"Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsof

125well-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(自尊),asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe"doing"sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimensions,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(乐观).Itistiedmorecloselytothe"feeling"sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman'swell-beingisenhanced(增进)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles-marriages,motherhood,andemploymentwerethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.30.Thebesttittleforthepassagewouldbe_________.A)Apple'sEffortssoStayAheadofIBMB)Apple'sNewComputerTechnologyC)Apple'sNewpersonalComputersD)Apple'sResearchActivitiesThecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgementastotheircompetitors'rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmajorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputer,Inc.hasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersoncomputers,theMacintoshIIandMacintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple'smajorcompetitors.Apple'snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.TheimprovedMacintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatibleprograms.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers'newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MaltingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple'seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales,UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessoriestomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuptoamorepowerfulcomputer.Applewantstostayinthehighpriceendofthepersonalcomputermarkertofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor'scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics,where-astheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies'products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A)ComputersandtheKnowledge

126Society.B)ServiceindustriesinModernSociety.C)FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra.D)RapidAdvancementofinformationTechnology注：一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。主旨题的迷惑选项：末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe'repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan'tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers-allthesearebeingchallenged.Wehaveonlytolookbehindtogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip,wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow'sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthemainideaofthepassage?A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerlaterbereplacedbycomputers.B)cannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.C)FolksongscannotspreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheetsD)ThedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentoritsmaterialaspectMaterialculturereferstothetouchable,material"things"-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof"things"init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesittheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturesinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellpreservedPaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNeatEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNeareasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultsinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwithpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluence

127amongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.Onemoreimportantpartofmusic'smaterialcultureshouldbesingledouttheinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisallpartofthe"informationrevolution,"atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)differentwaysoftreatingsocio-culturalelementsinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.B)Acomparisonofpeople'sopinionsontheculturalcontentinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.C)TheadvantagesoftheBBCdictionaryoverOxfordandLongman.D)Theuser-friendlinessofthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.ThreeEnglishdictionariespublishedrecentlyalllayclaimtopossessinga"new"feature.TheBBCEnglishDictionarycontainsbackgroundinformationonl,000peopleandplacesprominentinthenewssince1988;theOxfordAdvancedLearner'sDictionary:EncyclopedicEditionistheOALDplusencyclopedicentries;theLongmanDictionaryofEnglishLanguageandCultureistheLMEplusculturalinformation.Thekeyfactisthatallthreedictionariescanbeseentohaveadistinctly"cultural"aswellaslanguagelearningcontent.Thatbeingsaid,thewayinwhichtheyapproachtheculturalelementisnotidentical,makingdirectcomparisonsbetweenthethreedifficult.WhilethereissomecommongroundbetweentheencyclopedicandculturalentriesfortheOxfordandLongmandictionaries,thereisacleardifference.OxfordlaysclaimtobeingencyclopediconcontentwhereasLongmandistinctlyconcentratesonthelanguageandcultureoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheOxforddictionarycanthereforestandmorevigorousscrutinyforculturalbiasthantheLongmanpublicationbecausethelatterdoesnothesitateaboutviewingtherestoftheworldfromtheculturalperspectivesoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheculturalobjectivesoftheBBCdictionaryareinturnmoredistinctstill.Basedonananalysisofover70millionwordsrecordedfromtheBBCWorldServiceandNationalPublicRadioofWashingtonoveraperiodoffouryears,their1,000briefencyclopedicentriesarebasedonpeopleandplacesthathavefeaturedinthenewsrecently.TheintendedusertheyhaveinmindisaregularlistenertotheWorldServicewhowillhaveareasonablestandardofEnglishandadevelopedskillinlisteningcomprehension.Inreality,though,theBBCdictionarywillbepurchasedbyafarwiderrangeoflanguagelearners,aswilltheothertwodictionaries.Wewillbefacedwithasituationwheremanyoftheusersofthesedictionarieswillattheveryleasthavedistinctsocio-culturalperspectivesandmayhaveworldviewswhicharetotallyopposedandevenhostiletothoseoftheWest.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotonlyevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriatenessofthevarioussocioculturalentries.35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Dressingforeffect.B)Howtodressappropriately.C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.D)Dressingfortheoccasion.

128Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer'sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.注：critical重要的Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople'simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远……)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.注：manipulate控制，操纵Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装),includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof"masculine"and"feminine"attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"grooming(打扮)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,"Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob."[方法例外]40.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe__________.A)RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementB)TheImportanceofBeingVisibleC)JobPerformanceandAdvancementD)SexandCareerSuccess注：关键句在concludesthat那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。怎么蒙？看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释看前面细节题--把提干关键词加起来Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,CocaCola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe'sseen

129atbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon'tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes."Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,"saysKaleelJamison,aNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you'llgetahead-thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadds,"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey'vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydown(使不突出)theirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof_________.A)inferiorpackagingB)dishonestpackagingC)thechangesinpackagesizeD)exaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptive(欺骗性的)packagingrumpus(喧嚣)startedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.文章中出现的语言现象：对比关系（极端对比、一般对比）、转折、例子、绝对Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.注：点名文章讲的脱口秀，而且是JS和OW脱口秀JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof"trashtalk(废话)".Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety'smoralcatastrophes(灾难),yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(困境)ofotherpeople'slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual'squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweekly,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.注：dump倾销，反倾销anti-dumpCleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow'smaintargetaudiencearemiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime.money,andstabilitytodealwithlife'stougherproblems.Jerry

130Springer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow'sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday.bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.注：1.circuit圈子2.ironically具有讽刺意味的21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare______.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal注：第一段22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience______.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem注：第二段eatup，B和D是一回事。23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.D)Streetviolence.注：第三段最后举了三个例子。24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth________.A)ironicalB)sensitiveC)instructiveD)cynical注：instructive-in引导+struct结构→有启发的，cynical愤世嫉俗的25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows_______.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiences注：monopolise垄断，D对应倒数第二段。Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon"persuasivesalesmanship"tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconverttheminto

131money.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.注：第一段说selling，第二段说marketingThisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,_______.A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship注：原文第三段，catertocustomer基于客户的，A和B是两者共同特征，D对应第一段selling。27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.注：第一段第二句。28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3-4),Para.I)means“_______”.A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson_______.A)itsmaincharacteristicB)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequence

132D)itstheoreticalbasis注：写作方法题。答题要问What?能回答，选项是对的。本文讲市场营销的特点。33.Theword"dubious"(L.2,Para.2)mostprobablymeansA)valuableB)usefulC)doubtfulD)helpful注：烂的，没意义的Yetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist'stradeorbookkeeping(簿记).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.24.Theword"hassles"inthepassage(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans_____.(A)quarrels(B)worries(C)disadvantages(D)agreements注：不平衡的行为Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,"It'sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy(不受干扰的生活).Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes-andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdated(约会),soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends'house."34.Theword"subjects"(Line1,Para.4)refersto_____.(A)theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit(B)specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied(C)peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied(D)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit注：做算术题和背文章指人Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier."We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,"saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate."37.To"liveacompletelysedentarylife-style"(Line7,Para.1)inthepassagemeans_____.(A)to"liveadecentlife"(B)to"liveaninactive

133life"(C)to"livealifeofvice"(D)to"livealifewithcompletefreedom"Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodwewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.24.Theword"dormant"(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans_____.(A)inactive(B)strong(C)alert(D)softIfsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.33.Fromthecontext,theword"disconcerting"(Para.3,Line2)mostprobablymeans_____.(A)misleading(B)embarrassing(C)stimulatingagoalwit(D)upsetting注：焦虑anxietyTosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtoworkindependentlyisthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.Instead,consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachifyouusethehelpthisbookcangiveyou.21.Theword"pinpoint"(para.1,)basicallymeans_______.A)appreciateB)obtainC)interpretD)identifyTheprocessofperceivingotherpeopleisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorother's)intocold,objective

134terms."Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadhadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt."Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly-perhapswithatwo-secondglance.31.Theword"paradox"(Para.1,)means"_________".A)implicationB)contradictionC)interpretationD)confusionItisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas"hard",thesocialsciencesas"soft",andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween,Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystem.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth'ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofmalsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.26.Theword"liability"(Para.1)mostprobablymeans"______".A)misfortuneB)instabilityC)disadvantageD)burdenBeautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.28.Thephrase"functioninthedisserviceofoneanother"(Para.1)mostprobablymeans"_______".A)betrayeachotherB)harmoneanotherC)helptocollaboratewitheachotherD)benefitonanotherThequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld'sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthe

135serviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.33.Theword"precedent"(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto__________.A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men'sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecidedIntheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof"masculine"and"feminine"attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"grooming(打扮)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,"Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob."29.Theword"carcass"(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans"__________".A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumptionThismeansonehastofeedapproximately9--10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.31.Thephrase"emanatefrom"inParagraph1mostprobablymeans"______".A)thriveonB)accountforC)originatefromD)descendfromWeallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.文章中的并列关系·怎样对付阅读的长句小的并列：成分并列，不容易出题。如果出题，选项应该概括所有并列成分，否则是错误选项。大的并列：只出一题，应该提纲挈领。Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence?Afeweffectssuggest

136themselvesatonce.①Ithassavedlivesbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces.②Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemultistoryresidenceorofficebuilding,ithasmadepossible-forbetterorworse-themoderncity.③Bybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleratedtherateofscientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry.Beyonddoubt④ithasseriouslyweakenedifnotkilledtheancientartofletterwriting.⑤Ithasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses;bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-generationalhousehold.⑥Ithasmadethewarchillinglymoreefficientthanformerly.Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(可证实),ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication.Orperhaps-againnotprovable-bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(传播)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(恶意)ofthemalicious.22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat______.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts注：A应该是削弱Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthe①promotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan__________.A)changepeople'sconservativeattitudestowardtheirlifestyleB)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarketD)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationshipsPeopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装),includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourt

137appearance.[Page71]Everyyeartelevisionstationsreceivehundredsofcomplaintsabouttheloudnessofadvertisements.However,federalrulesforbidthepracticeofmakingadslouderthantheprogramming.Inaddition,televisionstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelallowedforreasonsofefficiency.AccordingtooneNBCexecutive,nodifferenceexistsinthepeaksoundlevelofadsandprogramming.Giventhisinformationwhydocommercialssoundsoloud?Thesensationofsoundinvolvesavarietyoffactorsinadditiontoitsspeaklevel.Advertisersareskilfulatcreatingtheimpressionofloudnessthroughtheirexpertuseofsuchfactors.①Onemajorcontributortotheperceivedloudnessofcommercialsisthatmushlessvariationinsoundleveloccursduringacommercial.Inregularprogrammingtheintensityofsoundvariesoveralargerange.However,soundlevelsincommercialstendtostayatornearpeaklevels.②Other“tricksofthetrade”arealsoused.Becauselow-frequencysoundscanmaskhigherfrequencysounds,advertisersfilteroutanynoisesthatmaydrownouttheprimarymessage.Inaddition,thehumanvoicehasmoreauditory(听觉的)impactinthemiddlefrequencyranges.Advertiserselectronicallyvaryvoicesoundssothattheystaywithinsuchafrequencyband.③Anotherapproachistowritethescriptsothatlotsofconsonants(辅音)areused,becausepeoplearemoreawareofconsonantsthanvowel(元音)sounds.④Finally,advertiserstrytobegincommercialswithsoundsthatarehighlydifferentfromthoseoftheprogrammingwithinwhichthecommercialisburied.Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetypeofsoundscomingfromprogramming,adramaticchangeinsoundqualitydrawsvieweranattention.Forexample,noticehowmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsometype.Theattention-gettingpropertyofcommercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-totwo-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenacommercialcomeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.31.Accordingtothepassage,themaximumintensityofsoundcomingfromcommercials_______.A)doesnotexceedthatofprograms.B)isgreaterthanthatofprograms.C)variesoveralargerangethanthatofprograms.D)islessthanthatofprograms.注：文章第一段nodifference32.Commercialscreatethesensationofloudnessbecause_______.A)TVstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevels.B)theirsoundlevelsarekeptaroundpeaklevels.C)theirsoundlevelsarekeptinthemiddlefrequencyranges.D)unlikeregularprogramstheirintensityofsoundvariesoverawiderange.注：第二点33.Manycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsomekindbecause________.A)popsongsattractviewerattention.B)itcanincreasetheirloudness.C)advertiserswanttomakethemsounddifferentfromregularprograms.D)advertiserswanttomergemusicwithcommercials.注：第四点

13834.Oneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoattractviewerattentionisthat________.A)thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpact.B)peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundquality.C)high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessage.D)theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening.注：第三段Because，B选项like太主观。35.Inthepassage,theauthoristryingtotellus________.A)howTVadsvaryvocalsoundstoattractattention.B)howtheloudnessofTVadsisovercome.C)howadvertiserscontrolthesoundpropertiesofTVads.D)howtheattention-gettingpropertiesofsoundsaremadeuseofinTVads.注：文章最后一段Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computercriminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggled(耍弄)themostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany'sexecutives,accountants,andsecuritystaff.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远……)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"grooming(打扮)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Feminine女权主义者；Masculine男子气概的Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.越多的妇女和少数民族越往上爬，她们越想说以前最好不说的事情。ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpusstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Suchchickenraisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfaminereliefproteinfood.Famine饥荒Bottomretailprices-anywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia-haveattractedsome

13947millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets-withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare“good”andothersare“bad”,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife-fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.倒装句，正常的顺序是asocialfeelingofagreementcomesoutofouremotionalexperiences.Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinueoccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixing(把…固定)legalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon(放任).Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicin-centivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeennetbylawsuits,personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays-notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoingsomethingaboutit.Whereisindustry'sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind'sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?36.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Performingphysicalexaminations.B)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.C)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.D)Monitoringfoodprocessing.注：从本题定下文章基调，人工鼻子是个新东西。37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis_______.A)negligenceofpublicsafetyB)anabuseofpersonalfreedomC)ahazardtophysicalhealthD)athreattoindividualprivacy注：推出原文可能有转折38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans“______”.A)presetB)enteredC)processedD)simulated注：词汇题，找上下文并列、转折、解释的线索39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential______.A)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsB)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicals

140C)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthrough40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsLarryMyers'worksis______.A)approvingB)overenthusiasticC)cautiousD)suspicious注：作者态度题，应该选正态度怎样先看题再看文章？1.什么题型？回原文应该怎么做？2.能不能看出作者评价？3.可能对应文章的语言现象★同义转换的正确选项：一、同义词二、句式三、双重否定★错误选项特征：一、绝对的二、长得像的——断章取义三、跨段四、难词——杯弓蛇影36.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Monitoringfoodprocessing.B)Performingphysicalexaminations.跨段C)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.难词D)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis_______.A)negligenceofpublicsafetyB)ahazardtophysicalhealthC)athreattoindividualprivacyD)anabuseofpersonalfreedom38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans“______“.A)presetB)simulatedC)enteredD)processed39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential______.A)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicalsB)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthroughThere'ssimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit.MyersisthefounderofAubumUniversity'sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskof

141whichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices-anartificialnose.Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(纵火)investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors.Thetechnologythattheyareworkinginwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we'llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse;Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(排卵),withoutaphysicalexam-orevenherknowledge.OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatishasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That'sgettingnottobethecase.ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.AromaScan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures.Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(感受器),enoughtocreateasensorthat'snearlyassensitiveasadog'snose.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis________.A)wrongB)oversimplifiedC)misleadingD)unclear注：文章第一句32.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk'sresearchshows________.A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflictC)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict注：文章第二段33.WecanlearnfromSchwenk'sresearchthat________.A)aperson’sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganizationB)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict注：文章第三段34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganizations_______.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiable

142D)successliesingeneralagreement注：文章第四段，justifiable合法化35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization________.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinionsC)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreement注：C和D出现比较级，不选Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(分裂)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.36.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat_______.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe_______.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected38.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat_______.A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdisease

143D)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolesiraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers'appetite.40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolesira?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.跨段D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant-withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn'tit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(营养物)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit'suptodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.注：eliminate消除Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan'tbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(肠)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculeofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit'sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素),compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.简短回答题评分原则及标准1.评分原则简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时应同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。2.给分标准2分--答出全部内容，语言正确；

1441分--答出部分内容，语言正确；0分--没有答对问题。扣分标准（1）语言有错误扣0.5分（不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误），每题由于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分；（2）涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分；（3）整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分；（4）考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslatterashewaspayingthemoneyhesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates-oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200.000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate's65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically-simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletosueadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?________________________________________________________72.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?Leavingthekeyinthetruck73.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldintheUnitedStatesin1989?________________________________________________________74.Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?________________________________________________________75.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?________________________________________________________21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.

145C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas______.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptD)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto______.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct______.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didn'tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat______.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiflingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersInthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover'ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation'ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplanto

146helpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday______.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50'sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage27.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom______.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto______.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought29.What'stheauthor'sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It'sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It'smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase"theonlygameintown"(Line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they'renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.

147Imitatingthebrain'sneural(神经的)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence."Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors",heexplains,"butit'snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves."Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain'scapabilitiesstemfromthepatternrecognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.11.Anewstudyonbirds'sleephasrevealedthat____________.A)half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB)half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC)birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciouslyD)birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest12.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause______________.A)theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB)theirbrainhemispheretaketurnstorest跨段C)thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructured没D)theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions反13.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat_____________.A)thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB)birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC)evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD)asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror14.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto__________.A)alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB)emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC)besensitivetotheever-changingenvironmentD)avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents15.By"justthetipoftheiceberg"(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggeststhat____________.A)half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB)themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolvedC)mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD)half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspeciesBirdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep-withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping-controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere'seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwith

148bothhemispheresrestingatonce.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere'seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers,Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozing（打盹）attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotaing16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots."Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,"theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He'sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbymirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it'sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals（哺乳动物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUGLAsayshewondersifbirds'half-brainsleep"isjustthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）".Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.16.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelypracticed?A)TThasbeeninexistencefordecades.B)Manypatientswerecuredbytherapeutictouch.C)TTtherapistsareoftenemployedbyleadinghospitals.D)Morethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTtreatment.注：D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。17.VeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionofferbecause____________.A)theydidn'ttaketheofferseriouslyB)theydidn'twanttorisktheircareerC)theywereunwillingtorevealtheirsecretD)theythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirpractice注：争议题，B、C皆可。18.ThepurposeofEmilyRosa'sexperimentwas____________.A)toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayitdidB)tofindouthowTTcuredpatient'sillnessC)totestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergyfieldD)totestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyexisted注：对应文章第三段首句

14919.WhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily'sexperiment?A)Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.B)Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.C)Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiments.D)Theysensednoharminalittlegirl'sexperiment.注：对应文章第三段末句，noharm对应innocent，littlegirl对应fourth-grade20.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A)Somewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbedeceiving.B)Solidevidenceweighsmorethanpuretheories.C)LittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTpractitioners.D)TheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtounderstand.Anine-year-oldschoolgirlsingle-handedlycooksupascience-fairexperimentthatendsupdebunking（揭穿．．．的真相）awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.EmilyRosa'stargetwasapracticeknownastherapeutic（治疗）touch(TTforshort),whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatients'"energyfield"tomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmily'stestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan'tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners（行医者）.Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,"Agedoesn'tmatter.It'sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience."Emily'smotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeencampaigningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate'80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don'teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatient'sbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntilthey'rein"balance."TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievepainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTtherapistsarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,atupto$70anhour,thesmoothpatients'energy,sometimesduringsurgery.YetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtherapistswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting-somethingtheyhaven'tbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(He'shadonetakersofar.Shefailed.)AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocentfourth-grader?SaysEmily:"Ithinktheydidn'ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI'makid."Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTtherapistsstucktheirhands,palmsup,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirs-leftorright-andthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,they'ddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing.iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldn'tfeelit.21.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways__________.A)arebeingplannedB)arebeingmodifiedC)arenowinwideuseD)areunderconstruction注：onthedrawingborad就是planned

15022.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat________________.A)itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB)itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiencyC)ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD)itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles注：A选项说反了23.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?A)Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.B)Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.C)Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.D)Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththosefregularvehicles.注：对应第二段开头24.Weknowformthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecial-purposelane_____________.A)bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallaneB)bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevicesC)throughaspeciallyguardedgateD)afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved注：争议题25.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver___________.A)shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcarsB)doesn'thavetorelyonhiscomputersystemC)shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidentsD)doesn'thavetoholdnottothesteeringwheel注：文章最后一段Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecial-purposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanuallydrivencars.Aspecial-purposelandsystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreeway（高速公路）capacity.Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecial-purposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp（入口引道）.Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa"transition"lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanesto

151automatedtrafficwouldpresumablybewellrespected,becausealltrespassers（非法进入者）couldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.)Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmerging,withouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedrivewouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.26.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredntermsofone'sabilitytoread,writeandcompute_____________.A)isawidelyheldbutwrongconceptB)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudiceC)istherootofallmentaldistressD)willcontributetoone'sself-fulfillment注：作者态度题，应该选负选项27.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree_____________.A)mayresultinone'sinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifeproblemsB)doesnotindicateone'sabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsC)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweakD)doesnotmeatthatoneishighlyintelligent28.Theauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknows_____________.A)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsB)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinlifeC)howtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifeworthwhileD)howtopersuadeotherstocompromise注：对应第二段第一句话29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat_____________.A)difficultiesarebutpartofeveryone'slifeB)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlife反C)everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstances反D)goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence30.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeoplearerare?A)Thosewhodon'temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.B)Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappiness.C)ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferformN.B.D.'s.D)Thosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstances.注：文章最后一句Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels,andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofself-fulfillment.Itencouragesakindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmore

152educationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineis"intelligent."Yetmentalhospitalsarefilledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofeveryday.Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit'sworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,orataminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,thenyouareintelligent.YouareintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweaponagainstthebigN.B.D-NervousBreakDown."Intelligent"peopledonothaveN.B.D.'sbecausetheyareinchargeofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappinessoverdepression,becausetheyknowhowgodealwiththeproblemsoftheirlives.Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehumanSimilarly,money,growingold,sickness,deathsnaturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon'tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,themostrare.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably______________.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback注：对应文章第二段22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir___________.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardforeignvisitorsD)arrogancetowardsothercultures注：对应文章第四段首句23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans_______________.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants注：对应文章第五段，inform对应information24.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans'culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill____________.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar

153注：对应倒数第二段25.Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat________.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures注：B反了OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone'sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat"Gift"meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayformothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic（语言上的）andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual（多语的）guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives-usuallythericher-whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.注：B选项showoff炫耀，C是迷惑选项。27.Theauthor'spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant______________.A)tobeironicB)topokefunatwomen

154C)tobefairtothefashionindustryD)tomakehispointconvincing注：讽刺意味的28.Theauthorusestheexpression"thosebabies"(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels__________.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC)toshowwomen'saffectionforthemD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize29.Theauthor'schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat____________.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen'shealthC)theydon'tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould_______________.A)seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselyIndepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels-awoman'sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating（使通气）lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone'sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist（足病医生）,andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforahighheelwearerthanforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate（阴沟栅）andbeingthrowntotheground-possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is_____.A)ratherbleak

155B)fairlybrightC)veryimpressiveD)quiteencouraging注：选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光32.Theauthor'sbiggestconcernis____________.A)elementaryschoolchildren'sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis___________.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput34.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis____________.A)tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels____________.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimistic注：对应最后一段Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofhemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica'sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering（闪烁）atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude（独处的状态）goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.

156Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic（心理的）,andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbegindebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe'veknownit.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas______________.A)todisplaytheircountry'smilitarymightB)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests注：对应文章第一段37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis_____________.A)internationalcooperationB)nationalisticreasonsC)scientificresearchD)long-termprofits注：对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.39.Bysaying"WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen"(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat_________________.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue注：争议太多，对应末段40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould_______________.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlieoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverseForcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemoonina

157dramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms（隐约出现）ashumanity'snextgreatterraincognita（未探明之地）.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet'sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite（陨石）fromvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.