通用考博英语阅读理解讲义

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通用考博英语阅读理解讲义主讲：金威欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材复习计划词汇快速多次背单词 六级词汇量：6000（2000个高中词汇；四级词汇2200个；1800个六级单词） 注意：北大的文章侧重于英美报刊原文，用词非常活，词汇量在10000左右。 2个小时：80-100个 背单词的时候要克服不良习惯 考博中用不到单词拼写 写作议论文中的四种类型： （1）大事 （2）和个人成长有关的小事 （3）要支持的好事

1 （4）要抨击的坏事背单词重点背动词和形容词精读历年真题精读 （1）把文章中的每个单词都要认识 （2）把文章中的每句话都分析 长句的分析：结构；修饰成分； 分析文章结构 分析题目 分析选项所选文章的类型： 1、六级和考研考过的文章 2、专四、专八和托福中的文章六级和考研测试的方向：closereading1、通过真题学会基本的语言 2、获得所考院校考试的基本方式、模式及解题思路定量，定范围做泛读

2泛读训练的目标： 1、练速度 2、练猜测和跳跃 3、文章背景，学科背景定范围原则： 和要考的目标学校的难度、风格、选材类似的文章 1、《英美报刊选读》《英美时文选读》 2、对自己院校模式不确定的按照清华模式，四、六级模式，中级模式去训练 （1）《英语文摘》 （2）《英语世界》 （3）《英语学习》 （4）《英语沙龙》 3、泛读一些六级历年考过的文章作模拟题，复习语法作模拟题和所考试题类型相似的模拟题1、定语从句 先行词，关系代词 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 模式：n.+that/which...从句 同谓语从句也是n.+that从句 2、分词状语 （1）现在分词：表示主动

3（2）过去分词：表示被动 3、独立主格结构补充，插入 Icamein，(with)abookinmyhand.4、名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句 5、虚拟语气 （1）用虚拟的时候，说话的真实意思与字面意思相反。 （2）虚拟语气的时态要往后退一格。 和将来相反用现在时； 和现在相反用过去时； 和过去相反用过去完成时； 不要买：《朗文英语语法》《张道真英语语法》《薄冰英语语法》考博三步走第一步扫描提干1、归纳共性词-只要出现了两次以上，则该概念基本上就是本文的核心线索。2、重点关注问原因的题干。3、重点关注有“author”字眼的题干。例子Passage15　　Realpolicemen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognize

4anyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilarities,ofcourse,butthecopsdon'tthinkmuchofthem.　　Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman'srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.　　Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupid,pettycrimes.　　Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe'sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.　　Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotof

5differentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon'twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworked,adetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthem,usuallyagainsttheirownbestinterests,tohelphim.　　Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegality,secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.　　Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,lawmakers,andjudges,who,insteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.　　1．Itisessentialforapolicemantobetrainedincriminallaw______.

6　A.sothathecancatchcriminalsinthestreets　B.becausemanyofthecriminalshehastocatcharedangerous　C.sothathecanjustifyhisarrestsincourt　D.becausehehastoknownearlyasmuchaboutlawasaprofessionallawyer2．Theeverydaylifeofapolicemanordetectiveis______.　A.excitingandglamorous　B.fullofdanger　C.devotedmostlytoroutinematters　D.wastedonunimportantmatters3．Whenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthepolice______.　A.prefertowaitforthecriminaltogivehimselfaway　B.spendalotofeffortontryingtotrackdowntheirman　C.trytomakeaquickarrestinordertokeepuptheirreputation　D.usuallyfailtoproduceresults4．Therealdetectivelivesin“anunpleasantmoraltwilight”because______.　A.heisanexpensivepublicservant　B.hemustalwaysbehavewithabsolutelegality　C.heisobligedtobreakthelawinordertopreserveit　D.hefeelshimselftobecutofffromtherestoftheworld5．Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause______.

7　A.ninetenthsoftheirworkinvolvesarrestingpeople　B.hardlyanyonetellsthemthetruth　C.societydoesnotpunishcriminalsseverelyenough　D.toomanycriminalsescapefromjail例子Passage1　　Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.　　Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith．(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreignmadecarsandtextiles

8weresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachinetoolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.　　Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.　　Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Selfdoubthasyieldedtoblindpride．“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequickwitted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment．“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenage

9ofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”1．TheU.S．achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause______．　[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal　[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore　[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors　[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy2．ThelossofU.S．predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican______.　　[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises　　[C]machinetoolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions　　[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?　　[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenselfdoubtandblindpr　　[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.　[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.　[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurther

10development.4．TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S．economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe______．　　[A]turningofthebusinesscycle　　[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducation第二步通读全文抓住中心1、通读全文： 通读也称略读或跳读，是以抓住文章主旨和文章结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式。 通读中要把握两个原则：（1）首段原则：文章的第一段或前四分之一尽量逐字逐句读懂，如遇到不懂的信息，有必要重复和回读。 ①英美人文章观点80%出现在第一段或前四分之一处。 ②文章的第一段或前四分之一处是命题的重点。（2）首末句原则（主题句原则）：其余各段重点抓住段落主旨（往往分布在首句或末句或转折后）。在主旨明确的基础上，细节、数字、论据、引言等信息可粗略阅读或跳过不读。

112、抓住中心：抓住中心就是明确下面三个问题 （1）本文的话题是什么 （2）文章主旨和各段大意 （3）作者的态度和倾向性第三步分清题型，避免错误陷阱标准化考试中基本分成九种题型： 1、细节题 2、主旨题 3、判断正误题 4、生词短语题 5、例证题 6、推理题inferimply （1）真推理：答案文中没说过，但是依据原文理应成立。 （2）假推理：不需要推理，看哪个选项是符合原文的。 7、句子理解题 8、作者态度题 9、指代题错误答案的七种设计方式：

121、偷换概念 2、正反混淆 （1）较难词替换 （2）单数否定（基数否定） 3、时态错误 4、扩大范围（逻辑上） 5、无中生有（无关常识） 6、答非所问（尤其是细节题） 7、虚拟语气Passage14　　Whatdoconsumersreallywant?That'saquestionmarketresearcherswouldlovetoanswer.Butsincepeopledon'talwayssaywhattheythink,marketerswouldneeddirectaccesstoconsumers'thoughtstogetthetruth.　　Now,inaway,thatispossible.Atthe“MindoftheMarket”laboratoryatHarvardBusinessSchool,researchersarelookinginsideshoppers'skullstodevelopmoreeffectiveadvertisementsandmarketingpitches.Usingimagingtechniquesthatmeasurebloodflowtovariouspartsofthebrain,theHarvardteamhopestopredicthowconsumerswillreacttoparticularproductsandtodiscoverthemosteffectivewaystopresentinformation.StephenKosslyn,aprofessorofpsychologyatHarvard,andbusinessschoolprofessorGeraldZaltman,overseethelab．“Thegoalisnottomanipulatepeoples'preferences,”saysKosslyn,“justtospeaktotheiractualdesires.”Thegroup'sfindings,thoughstillpreliminary,couldradicallychangehowfirmsdevelopandmarketnewproducts.　　TheHarvardgroupusepositionemissiontopography(PET)scansto

13monitorthebrainactivity.ThesePETscans,alongwithothernon-invasiveimagingtechniques;enableresearcherstoseewhichpartsofthebrainareactiveduringspecifictasks(suchasrememberingaworD.．Correlationshavebeenfoundbetweenbloodflowtospecifcareasandfuturebehavior.Becauseofthis,Harvardresearchersbelievethescanscanalsopredictfuturepurchasingpatterns.Accordingtoanunpublishedpaperthegroupproduced,“Itispossibletousethesetechniquestopredictnotonlywhetherpeoplewillrememberandhavespecificemotionalreactionstocertainmaterials,butalsowhethertheywillbeinclinedtowantthosematerialsmonthslater.”　　TheHarvardgroupisnowmovingintothenextstageofexperiments.Theywillexplorehowpeoplerememberadvertisementsaspartofanefforttopredicthowtheywillreacttoaproductafterhavingseenanad.Theresearchersbelievethatoncekeyareasofthebrainareidentified,scansonabouttwodozenvolunteerswillbeenoughtodrawconclusionsaboutthereactionsofspecificsegmentsofthepopulation.Largecorporations-includingCocaCola,EastmanKodak,GeneralMotors,andHallmark-havealreadysigneduptofundfurtherinvestigations.　　Fortheirfinancialsupport,thesefirmsgainaccesstotheexperimentsbutcannotcontrolthem.IfKosslynandZaltmanandtheirteamreallycanreadthemindofthemarket,thenconsumersmayfinditevenhardertogetthoseadvertisingjinglesoutoftheirheads.

14　　1．Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbethebesttitleforthispassage?　　A.ReadingtheMindoftheMarket　　B.ControllingtheConsumers'Preferences　　C.ImprovingtheStylesofAdvertisingD.FindingOuttheWaytoPredict2．WhydotheHarvardresearchersusescientifictechnologyintheexperiments?　　A.Becausetheydon'tbelievethesurveysdonebythemarketerscanleadtothetruth.　　B.Becausetheyareaskedbythemarketerstofindadirectwaytoreadtheconsumers'thoughts.　C.Becausetheywanttofindouthowtheadsinfluencepeople'sbrainactivityandemotionalresponsesetc.　D.Becausetheyexpectthattheirexperimentscanbasicallyalterthemarketingstrategiesofproducts.3．Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?　A.Sometimespeoplewillconcealwhattheythinkwhenbeingquestionedbythemarketresearchers.B.StephenKosslynandGeraldZaltmanoverlooktheexperimentsandcriticizethepurposeofthestudy.　C.Harvardresearchershavefoundthecorrespondingrelationsbetween

15people'sbrainandbehavior.D.TherearemanylargeorganizationsendorsingandfinancingtheHarvardgroup'sfurtherinvestigation.4．Whatdoes“tospeakto”inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmean?　A.totalkto　B.tosayto　C．tocommunicateto　D.torespondto5．Thelastsentenceofthispassageimpliesthat______.　A.Iftheexperiments'resultscanbeappliedtothepractice,thecustomerswillbeverylikelytobuythingsaccordingtotheads.　B.IftheHarvardgroupcansucceedinfinishingtheresearch,theywilluseitinattractingmoreandmoreandmoreandmoreconsumersintothemarket.C.ThefinancialsupportingcorporationssuchasCocaCola,GeneralMotorscanemploytheexperimentsintheirownmarketing.D.Theconsumersmaydiscoverthatthoseadswillalwaysannoythembyjinglingoutoftheirheadsandcausethemheadaches.Passage16　　Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionare

16inthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened．“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.　　ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.　　Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbe

17extremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoesandallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.1．“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto______.　　(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse　　(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion　　(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation　　(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse2．Kitcher'sbookisintendedto______.　　(A)recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists　　(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists　　(C)cursebitterlyatthisopponents　　(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists3．Fromthepassagewecaninferthat______.　　(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate　　(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning　　(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists　　(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings4．Thispassageappearstobeadigestof______.　　(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper　　(C)amagazinefeature(D)anewspapereditorial

18Passage2　　Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70yearoldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.　　Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyforthe

19remainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.1．Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?　　[A]Alackofmates.　　[B]Afiercecompetition.　　[C]Alowersurvivalrate.　　[D]Adefectivegene.2．WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?

20　　[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.　　[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.　　[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.　　[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.3．Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause______．　[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance　[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining　[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution　[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing4．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?　[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution　[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution　[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature　[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere例文讲解Passage15Realpolicemen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilarities,ofcourse,butthecopsdon'tthinkmuchofthem.

21　　Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman'srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.　　Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupid,pettycrimes.　　Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe'sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.　　Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon'twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworked,adetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghis

22witnessesandpersuadingthem,usuallyagainsttheirownbestinterests,tohelphim.　　Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegality,secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.　　Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,lawmakers,andjudges,who,insteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.1．Itisessentialforapolicemantobetrainedincriminallaw______.　A.sothathecancatchcriminalsinthestreets　B.becausemanyofthecriminalshehastocatcharedangerous　C.sothathecanjustifyhisarrestsincourt　D.becausehehastoknownearlyasmuchaboutlawasaprofessional

23lawyer2．Theeverydaylifeofapolicemanordetectiveis______.　A.excitingandglamorous　B.fullofdanger　C.devotedmostlytoroutinematters　D.wastedonunimportantmatters3．Whenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthepolice______.　A.prefertowaitforthecriminaltogivehimselfaway　B.spendalotofeffortontryingtotrackdowntheirman　C.trytomakeaquickarrestinordertokeepuptheirreputation　D.usuallyfailtoproduceresults4．Therealdetectivelivesin“anunpleasantmoraltwilight”because______.　A.heisanexpensivepublicservant　B.hemustalwaysbehavewithabsolutelegality　C.heisobligedtobreakthelawinordertopreserveit　D.hefeelshimselftobecutofffromtherestoftheworld5．Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause______.　A.ninetenthsoftheirworkinvolvesarrestingpeople　B.hardlyanyonetellsthemthetruth　C.societydoesnotpunishcriminalsseverelyenough　D.toomanycriminalsescapefromjail

24做题思路讲解如何准确定位，怎样做细节题三大定位原则： 1、信号词定位原则：利用题干中的信号词将题目与原文的某个位置迅速建立联系。信号词首选大写字母，数字和专有名词。 2、自然段分布原则：标准化的英语考试，出题顺序与原文行文顺序保持一致。 3、观点句、长难句定位原则九大题型之一—细节题1、标志：题干针对原文的细节，论据，例子，引言，原因提问且题干中含有信号词。 2、解题思路： （1）准确定位 （2）学会破解长难句 （3）将选项逐一与原文核对，不要凭印象做题。 （4）要掌握常见的错误选项陷阱和正确答案的设计方式。 正确答案一般有三种模式： ①同义词替换 ②偶数否定（双数否定） ③缩小范围（主旨题除外）

25讲解例文Passage1Passage1　　Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.　　Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith．(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreignmadecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachinetoolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingof

26semiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.　　Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.　　Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Selfdoubthasyieldedtoblindpride．“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequickwitted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment．“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”1．TheU.S．achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause

27______．　[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal　[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore　[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors　[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy2．ThelossofU.S．predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican______.　[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises　[C]machinetoolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions　[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenselfdoubtandblindpr[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.4．TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S．economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe______．　[A]turningofthebusinesscycle　[B]restructuringofindustry

28　[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducation结合文章讲解超纲词的破解　Passage8　　D.H．LawrencewasthefourthchildofArthurLawrenceandLydiaBeardsall,andtheirfirsttohavebeenborninEastwood.Eversincetheirmarriagein1875,thecouplehadbeenonthemove:Arthur'sjobasaminerhadtakenthemwherethebest-paidworkhadbeenduringtheboomyearsofthe1870s,andtheyhadlivedinasuccessionofsmallandrecentlybuiltgrimycollieryvillagesalloverNottinghamshire.ButwhentheymovedtoEastwoodin1883,itwastoaplacewheretheywouldremainfortherestoftheirlives;themoveseemstohavemarkedawatershedintheirearlyhistory.　　Foronething,theyweresettlingdown:ArthurLawrencewouldworkatBrinsleycollieryuntilheretiredin1909．Foranother,theynowhadthreesmallchildrenandLydiamayhavewantedtogivethemthekindofcontinuityinschoolingtheyhadneverpreviouslyhad.Itwasalsothecasethat,whentheycametoEastwood,theytookahousewithashopwindow,andLydiaranasmallclothesshop:presumablytosupplementtheirincome,butalsoperhapsbecauseshefeltshecoulddoitinadditiontoraisingtheirchildren.Itseemspossiblethat,gettingonbadlywithher

29husbandasshedid,sheimaginedthatfurtherchildrenwereoutofthequestion.Takingontheshopmayhavemarkedherownbidforindependence.　　Arthur'sparentslivedlessthanamileaway,downinBrinsley,whilehisyoungestbrotherWalterlivedonly100yardsawayfromtheminanothercompanyhouse,inPrincesStreet.WhenthefamilymovedtoEastwood,ArthurLawrencewascomingbacktohisownfamily'scenter:oneofthereasons,forsure,whytheystayedthere.　　LydiaLawrenceprobablyfelt,ontheotherhand,moreasifsheweredigginginforasieg.astwoodmayhavebeenhometoArthurLawrence,buttoLydiaitwasjustanothergrimycollieryvillagewhichsheneverlikedverymuchandwheresheneverfelteithermuchathomeorproperlyaccepted.HerKentaccentdoubtlessmadeMidlandspeoplefeelthatsheputonairs.　1．Thispassageismainlyabouttheintroductionof______．　A.D．H.Lawrence　B.D．H.Lawrence'sparents　C.D．H.Lawrence'sresidenceD.D．H.Lawrence'sfamilybackgroundandeducation2．WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforD.H．Lawrence'sfamilysettlingdowninEastwood?

30　A.Childreninthefamilyneededconsistenteducation.　B.D．H.Lawrence'sfathercouldbeneartohisfamilymembers.　C.D．H.Lawrence'smothercouldseekforherindependence.　D.D．H.Lawrencecouldaccumulateenoughmaterialstowriteaboutinhisnovels.3．WhichofthefollowingmightbeanimageofD.H．Lawrence'smotherinotherpeople'smind?　A.Amotherwhowasquiteamiable.　B.Awifewhowasconsiderate.　C.Anarrogantwoman.　D.Afaithfulwife.4．Thefamilyhadbeenonthemove,because______．　A.theyhadtostaywiththefatherwhohadtogoeverywheretofindajobindepressionB.thefathercouldfindbetter-paidjobsintheprosperityofeconomyC.thefatherwantedtobenearwithhisownhomeD.themotheralwayswantedtochangethelocationoftheirhouse5．WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?　A.TherelationshipbetweenD.H．Lawrence'sparentsmaynotbesogood.　B.D．H.Lawrence'smotherwasawomanofstrongwill.　C.D．H.Lawrence'smotherdidnotlikeherhomeatEastwood.

31　D.D．H.Lawrencewasthefirstchildinthefamily.破解生词的方式方式一：模糊处理；（可以根据上下文确定词性、褒贬义和大致意思范围，则无需知道该单词的精确含义。例句：Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.方式二：利用定义关系破解生词；例句：　 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirtrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.方式三：利用特殊标点；（“：”，“；”，“()”和“——”

32） 方式四：利用逻辑关系；（反义关系；并列关系；因果关系）loquacious健谈的eloquent善于表达的dialog对话diameter直径prolog序言monolog独白、自言自语supercilious傲慢的anthropology人类学philanthropy博爱photophilous适光的，喜光的-phobia恨acrophobia恐高症waterphobia恐水症photophobia畏光症Sinophobia恐华，反华Passage5　　Plants,likeanimals,aresubjecttodiseasesofvariouskinds.Ithasbeenestimatedthatsome30,000differentdiseasesattackoureconomicplants;fortyareknowntoattackcorn,andaboutasmanyattackwheat.Theresultsofuncheckedplantdiseasearealltooobviousincountrieswhichhavemarginalfoodsupplies.Theproblemwillsoonbemorewidespreadasthepopulationoftheworldincreasesatitsfrighteningrate.Evenincountrieswhicharenowamplyfedbytheiragriculturalproductstherecouldsoonbecriticalfoodshortages.Itiseasytoimaginetheconsequencesofsomedisastrousattackononeofthemajorcrops;theresultingfaminescouldkillmillionsofpeople,andtheresultinghardshiponothermillionscouldcausepoliticalupheavalsdisastroustotheorderoftheworld.　　Someplantshaverelativeimmunitytoagreatmanydiseases,while

33othershaveasusceptibilitytothem.Thetoleranceofaparticularplantchangesasthegrowingconditionschange.Ablightmaybebutalocalinfectioneasilycontrolled;ontheotherhanditcanattackparticularplantsinawholeregionornation.AnexampleistheblightwhichkilledvirtuallyeverychestnuttreeinNorthAmerica.AnotheristhefamouspotatoblightinIrelandinthelastcentury.Asaresultofthat,itwasestimatedthatonemillionpeoplediedofstarvationandrelatedailments.　　Plantpathologistshavemaderemarkablestridesinidentifyingthepathogensofthevariousdiseases.Bacteriamayinvadeaplantthroughaninfestationofinsectparasitescarryingthepathogen.Aplantcanalsobeinoculatedbyman.Otherdiseasesmightbecausedbyfunguswhichattackstheplantintheformofamoldorsmutorrust.Frequentlysuchaprimaryinfectionwillweakentheplantsothatasecondaryinfectionmayresultfromitslackoftolerance.Thesymptomsshownmaycauseanerrorindiagnosis,sothattreatmentmaybedirectedtowardbacteriawhichcouldbetheresultofasusceptibilitycausedbyaprimaryvirusinfection.1．Howmanydiseasesareknowntoattackwheat?　A.Around30,000.　B.Around140.　C.Around29,960.　D.Around40.

342．Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingwouldaplantdiseaseresultinifleftunchecked?　A.Aworldwar.　B.Borderconflicts.　C.Rationsofgrainandmeat.　D.Socialupheavals.3．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?　A.Someplantshaverelativeimmunitytoagreatmanydiseases,whileothershaveasusceptibilitytothem.B.Thetoleranceofaparticularplantchangesasthegrowingconditionschange.C.AblightkilledvirtuallyeverychestnuttreeinNorthAmerica.D.Ablightmaybeanationalinfection.4．Accordingtothepassage,someplantdiseasescanbepreventedby　A.killingparasites.　B.inoculation.　C.killinginsects.　D.improvinggrowingconditions.5．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?　A.Someplantdiseasesmaybecausedbybacteria.　B.Someplantdiseasesmaybecausedbypathogens.　C.Someplantdiseasesmaybecausedbyfungus.

35　D.Symptomsarealwayshelpfulinidentifyingdiseases.Passage6Hurricanesareviolentstormsthatcausemillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandtakemanylives.Theycanbeextremelydangerous,andtoooftenpeopleunderestimatetheirfury.HurricanesnormallyoriginateasasmallareaofthunderstormsovertheAtlanticOceanwestoftheCapeVerdeIslandsduringAugustorSeptember.Forseveraldays,theareaofthestormincreasesandtheairpressurefallsslowly.Acenteroflowpressureforms,andwindsbegintowhirlaroundit.Itisblownwestward,increasinginsizeandstrength.　　Hurricanehuntersthenflyouttothestorminordertodetermineitssizeandintensityandtotrackitsdirection.Theydropinstrumentsforrecordingtemperature,airpressure,andhumidity(湿度),intothestorm.Theyalsolookatthesizeofwavesontheocean,theclouds,andtheeyeofthestorm.Theeyeisaregionofrelativecalmandclearskiesinthecenterofthehurricane.Peopleoftenlosetheirlivesbyleavingshelterwhentheeyehasarrived,onlytobecaughtintremendouswindsagainwhentheeyehaspassed.　　Oncetheforecastershavedeterminedthatitislikelythehurricanwillreachshore,theyissueahurricanewatchforalarge,generalareathatmaybeinthepathofthestorm.Later,whentheprobablepointof

36landfallisclearer,theywillissueahurricanewarningforasomewhatmorelimitedarea.Peopleintheseareasarewisetostockuponnonperishablefoods,flashlightandradiobatteries,candles,andotheritemstheymayneedifelectricityandwaterarenotavailableafterthestorm.Theyshouldalsotrytohurricane-prooftheirhousesbybringinginlight-weightfurnitureandotheritemsfromoutsideandcoveringwindows.Peoplelivinginlow-lyingareasarewisetoevacuatetheirhousesbecauseofthestormsurge,whichisalargerushofwaterthatmaycomeashorewiththestorm.Hurricanesgenerallylosepowerslowlywhiletravelingoverland,butmanymoveouttosea,gatherupforceagain,andreturntoland.Astheymovetowardthenorth,theygenerallylosetheiridentityashurricanes.1．Theeyeofthehurricaneis______．　A.thepowerfulcenterofthestorm　B.thepartthatdeterminesitsdirection　C.therelativelycalmcenterofthestorm　D.thecenteroflowpressure2．Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?　A.Astormsurgeisadramaticincreaseinwindvelocity.　B.Ahurricanewatchismoreseriousthanahurricanewarning.C.Fallingairpressureisanindicatorthatthestormisincreasinginintensity.

37D.Itissafetogooutsideoncetheeyehasarrived.3．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?　A.HowtoAvoidHurricanedamage　B.ForecastingHurricanes　C.ThedangerousHurricane　D.AtlanticStorms4．Thelow-lyingareasrefertothoseregionsthat______．　A.closetothegroundlevel　B.one-storeyflat　C.flathouses　D.neartothelowestlevelofhurricane5．WhichofthefollowingisNOTamethodofprotectingone'shousefromahurricane?　A.takingoutheavythings　B.movinginlight-weightfurniture　C.equippingthehousewithstones　D.coveringwindowsPassage11　　Mixingpopulismandcelebrity,clintondancesintoofficewithaweek-longmultimillion-dollarpartyfullofstars,saxophonemusicandpresidentialhugs.

38　　ThePartywasheldinawayneverseensinceWorldWarII.Manymovieandmusicstarsshowedup,offeringtheirwishestoanewadministration.Theysang.songslike“YouknowBill'sgonnagetthisCountrystraight.”“'93!Youandme!U-ni-tee!/TimetoparteewithBigBillandHillaree.”　　ThestarscameoutinconstellationbecausetheyrecognizedinClintononeoftheirown.Notjustthatheplaysthesaxophone,alittle.OrthatHillaryisasmart,toughlawyer,likemostHollywoodmoguls.WhatmattersisthatClintonisabeaconofmiddle-classcharm,aloveofbeingloved,abelieverintheimportanceofimage,metaphor,style.Andheisanacemanipulatorofmedia,sellinghissymbolsdirectlytothepeopleonTV,withouttheinterferenceofnosyjournalists.Itallmakesforawondrous'90sblendofshowbizandpolitics.　　“Thisisourtime,”ClintonsaidinthisInauguralAddress．“Letusembraceit.”Lastweekhehadanembraceforeveryone,andnotjustthestars.Thishuggy-bearPresidentneedstofeelthepublic'sapproval.　　Atoneoftheballsoftheweek,Clintonwaslikethecollegestudentwhodropsinthenightbeforetheexamtoshowhe'soneoftheguys,thensneaksbacktohisdormtocram.PerhapsthereisasmuchNixoninhim(theambition,theintellect)asKennedy(thecharm,therecklessness,hispositionascentristcustodianofliberaldreams)．Hewillneedtobethebestofbothmenifheistoclose,ashesaidlastweek,“thegapbetween

39ourwordsandourdeeds.”　　Duringthegala,actorEdwardJamesOlmosquotedLincoln:“Wemustdisenthrallourselves,andthenweshallsaveourcountry.”Clinton,agoodstudentwithagoodmemory,mouthedthewordsasOlmosspokethem.Clintonmusthaverealizedthat,inadifferentsenseanddifferentera,Americafacesthetaskofdisenthrallingitself,ofshakingofftheHollywoodstardustandfacingfacts.　　In1992Clintonvendedoptimism;nowhemustbecarefulinsayingso.Hesoldthenationamiracleproduct,ALL-NEWHOPE:itgivesyoucleaner,cheapergovernmentwithafreshmintyflavor.Butifitdoesn'tgetthestainsout,theelectorate'shighhopescouldsourintodespair.ThenthemancalledHopewillbecomethemancalledHype.Allthebigstarsandbetterangelswillleavehimoutinthespotlight,stranded,unmasked.1．Themeaningof“Clintondancesintohisofficewithaweek-longmultimillion-dollarpartyfullofstars,saxophonemusicandpresidentialhugs”inthefirstparagraphis:______.　A.Clintonheldapartyanddancedwithfilmstarsandmusicians,andhuggedhisguestsB.Clintonwentintohisofficefollowedby,richfilmstarsandmusicianswantedtobehuggedbythePresident　C.Clintonstartedhistermofpresident'sworkwithaweek-longgalaof

40celebritiesandmusictocelebratetheevent　D.Clintonspentagreatdealofmoneytogiveapartyofdanceandmusictopleasethefilmstarsandimportantpeople2．Bysaying“Bill'sgonnagetthisCountrystraight”,thepartyattendantsbelievethat______.　A.MoneybillsareimportantingettingthingsdonefortheUnitedStatesB.ThepresidenthasgottodoawonderfuljobtosaveAmericaC.ClintonwillchangetheUnitedStatestoafreecountryD.ClintonisgoingtosolvetheproblemsoftheUnitedStates3．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTrue?　A.Atoneoftheballs,Clintonappearedshortlyandthenleftinaquietwaytodohiswork.　B.ClintonwascertainlyacombinationofbothNixonandKennedy.　C.ClintonsaidatthePartythathewasgoingtoclosehismouthandworkharder.　D.WhenOlmosquotedLincoln,ClintonrepeatedthewordsasOlmosspokethem.Passage10　WhenDanielFranklin,apoliticalscienceprofessorfromAtlanta,neededcareeradvancementadvice,hedidn'tturntocolleagues,therapists

41orevenhismom.　　HewenttotheAdviceLadies.　　ThreethirtysomethingNewYorkwomen,advertisingfreelancersbyday,haveturnedthemselvesintoSaturdayafternoonstreet-comeroracles,theypulluplawnchairsandatableonalowerManhattanstreetcorneranddishoutfreeadvicetopassersby.They'veclaimedthecomerofWestBroadwayandBroomeStreetinSohoastheirownforthelastseveralmonths.　　AmyAlkon,who,withlongtimefriendsMarloweMinnickandCarolynJohnson,becomesapart-timeshrinkeachweekend．“Weusecreativeproblem-solvingtoturnproblemintofun,”shesays.　　Onarecentsteamyafternoon,alinehasformedinfrontoftheAdviceLadies'tabl.bviously,NewYorkersneedplentyofhelp．“Peoplefeeltheyhavenocontrolinthiscrazyworl.ndtherapycantakeyears,”Minnicksays．“Wesolveproblemsinstantly,it'sinstantanswergratification.”　　Thethreebrainstormbeforedeliveringadviceoneverythingfrompetdiscipline,closet-spacemanagement,evenhaircare.Butnolegaladvice“Byfar,mostofourquestionsarelove-related.It'samazingtheintimatesexualproblemsthatpeoplewilldivulgetoatotalstranger,”Alkonsays.　　Buttheywon'tbestrangersmuchlonger.TheAdviceLadiesare

42puttingtogetherabookdeal.AndRobertDeNitroiscreatingatalkshowaroundthem,duenationallythisfallfromhisTribecaPictures.　　“DeNitroaskedusforadvice,butwethinkhe'salreadyperfect,”purrsAlkon.　　AndtheircareeradvicetoFranklin?“He'swrittenabook,sowetoldhimtogetamanagerandgoonthetouringcircuit.It'sgreatmoneyandgreatpublicityforthebook.”　　“Goodadvice,”saysFranklin.1．Therewere______．　A.about30blewYorkwomenwhoofferedfreeadvicebyday　B.threewomenfreelancersabout30yearsoldwhoofferedadvertisingadviceonSaturday　C.about30womenadvertisingfreelancersofferedadviceeverySaturdayafternooninNewYork　D.threewomenabout30yearsold,whodidadvertisingasajob,offeredfreeadviceeverySaturdayafternoon2．Theseadvisors______．　A.changedtheNewYorkstreetcomersintooracles　B.usedtheNewYorkstreetcomersastheiradviceoffice　C.satatastreetcomertogivepeoplefreeadvice　D.madeastreetcomertheirplacetopredictthefuturetopassersby3．NewYorkerscametotheAdviceLadiesbecause______．

43　A.theladies'advicewasquickandeffectivetosolveproblems　B.NewYorkersfeltitwasdifficulttolivemtinscrazyworld　C.Medicaltherapycouldnotsolvepeople'sproblems　D.NewYorkwasacrazyplaceanditsinhabitantsneedplentyofhelp4．IntheseventhparagraphwereadthattheAdviceLadieswon'tbestrangersforlongbecause______．　A.theyaredealingwithabooktogetherandaTVmaniswritingatalkshowaboutthem　B.theyaregointtosellabookaboutthemselvesandalsoappearonaTVshow　C.theywillbuyabookthroughadealandappearinafilminthecomingfallseasonD.theywillgettoknoweachotherbetterbyworkingonabookandappearinginaTVshow长难句的破解Passage29　　Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganisationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnical

44requirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.　　Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendinga

45shareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilisation.　　The“shareholders”as,suchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.1．It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat______．　(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations　(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative　(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies　(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

462．Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin______．　(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement　(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers　(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses　(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness3．Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat______．　(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers　(B)theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers　(C)thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly　(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole4．Theauthorismostcriticalof______．　(A)familyfirmowners(B)landowners　(C)managers(D)shareholders三、长难句的解析 1、破解长难句的目标有三： （1）找出句子的主干结构 （2）分清修饰关系 定语（）；状语[]；插入语等没用的成分<>; （3）抽象概念具体化

472、常见长难句的语法结构： （1）定语从句 （2）状语从句（状语从句必须要有连词引导） when--时间状语从句 if--条件状语从句 because/for--原因状语从句 so--结果状语从句 Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.（3）分词状语和独立主格结构（4）名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）（5）倒装结构（6）省略结构（7）强调句型例子：Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.（8）形式主语或形式宾语（9）虚拟语气（时态降一格；说话人的真实含义和句子的字面意思为相反。）

483、破解长句的基本顺序 （1）将主句和从句分开，重点是主句 （2）将主句和分词状语分开，状语不重要 （3）插入语最后看或跳过不看Passage17　　Between1883and1837,thepublishersofa“pennypress”provedthatalow-pricedpaper,editedtointerestordinarypeople,couldwinwhatamountedtoamasscirculationforthetimesandtherebyattractanadvertisingvolumethatwouldmakeitindependent.Thesewerepapersforthecommoncitizenandwerenottiedtotheinterestsofthebusinesscommunity,likethemercantilepress,ordependentforfinancialsupportuponpoliticalpartyallegiance.Itdidnotnecessarilyfollowthatallthepennypaperswouldbesuperiorintheirhandlingofthenewsandopinionfunctions.Butthedoorwasopenforsometomakeimportantjournalisticadvances.　　Thefirstofferingsofapennypapertendedtobehighlysensational;humanintereststoriesovershadowedimportantnews,andcrimeandsexstorieswerewritteninfulldetail.Butasthepennypaperattractedreadersfromvarioussocialandeconomicbrackets,itssensationalismwasmodified.Theordinaryreadercametowantabetterproduct,too.Apopularizedstyleofwritingandpresentationofnewsremained,butthepennypaperbecamearespectablepublicationthatofferedsignificantinformationandeditorialleadership.Oncethefirstofthesuccessful

49pennypapershadshowntheway,laterventurescouldenterthecompetitionatthehigherlevelofjournalisticresponsibilitythepioneeringpapershadreached.　　ThiswasthepatternofAmericannewspapersintheyearsfollowingthefoundingoftheNewYorksunin1833．TheSun,publishedbyBenjaminDay,enteredthelistsagainst11otherdailies.Itwastinyincomparison;butitwasbrightandreadable,anditpreferredhumaninterestfeaturestoimportantbutdullpoliticalspeechreports.Ithadapolicereporterwritingsquibsofcrimenewsinthestylealreadyprovedsuccessfulbysomeotherpapers.And,mostimportant,itsoldforapenny,whereasitscompetitorssoldforsixcents.By1837theSunwasprinting30,000copiesaday,whichwasmorethanthetotalofall11NewYorkdailynewspaperscombinedwhentheSunfirstappeared.InthosesamefouryearsJamesGordonBennettbroughtouthisNewYorkHerald(1835),andatrioofNewYorkprinterswhowereimitatingDay'ssuccessfoundedthePhiladelphiaPublicLedger(1836)andtheBaltimoreSun(1837)．Thefourpennysheetsallbecamefamednewspapers.1．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphsayaboutthe“pennypress?”　A.Itwasknownforitsin-depthnewsreporting.　B.Ithadaninvolvementwithsomepoliticalparties.　C.Itdependedonthebusinesscommunityforsurvival.

50　D.Itaimedatpleasingthegeneralpublic.2．Initsearlydays,apennypaperoften______.　A.paidmuchattentiontopoliticalparties　B.providedstoriesthathitthepubictaste　C.offeredpenetratingeditorialsonvariousissues　D.coveredimportantnewswithinaccuracy3．Asthereadershipwasgrowingmorediverse,thepennypaper______.　A.improveditscontent　B.changeditswritingstyle　C.developedamoresensationalstyle　D.becameatoolforpoliticalparties4．Theunderlinedword“ventures”inParagraph2canbestbereplacedby______.　A.editorsB.reportersC.newspapersD.companies5．WhatistrueaboutthePhiladelphiaPublicLedgerandtheBaltimoreSun?　A.Theyturnedouttobefailures.　B.TheywerelaterpurchasedbyJamesGordonBennett.　C.TheywerealsofoundedbyBenjaminDay.　D.Theybecamewell-knownnewspapersinthe..6．Thispassageisprobablytakenfromabookon______.　A.theworkethicsoftheAmericanmedia

51　B.thetechniqueinnewsreporting　C.thehistoryofsensationalisminAmericanmediaD.theimpactofmassmediaonAmericansociety标点的使用1、分号：分号前后往往是语义并列关系，分号前后只需看懂简单的一句。2、句号：句号用来分割句子，以句子为单位可以将段落切分成逻辑部分，便于抓住段落的重点。3、逗号：在长句中两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后往往是补充插入成分（尤其是非限定性定语从句和独立主格结构），可跳过不读。“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.4、冒号：冒号前后往往是解释说明的关系。5、破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后往往是补充插入的关系，可跳过不读。6、括号：功能有两个： （1）补充解释；（2）解释生词；7、引号：引号功能主要有二： （1）引言，引述；（2）表示比喻，暗喻或者反语；（形容词加引号才是反语）Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,

52unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.做题思路—词汇短语题1、标志：题干中明确指出原文的某个单词或短语（往往是超纲生词），要求根据上下文理解其含义。2、解题思路：该单词或短语认识与否不重要，重要的是上下文意思以及作者的观点（如果一个划线词是简单的大纲内词汇，首先排除其基本意思）。3、具体做题方法如下： （1）模糊处理； （2）利用定义关系； （3）逻辑关系； （4）特殊标点； （5）重现关系； （6）词根，词缀；做题思路—主旨题1、标志:题干中出现如下词： topic，conclusion，mainidea，besttitle 2、解题思路 要熟悉一些英美人的主流价值观

53 ①支持进化论，抨击创世论 ②经济周期论 ③天道酬勤论 ④生死由命论Passage21Letusassume,forthemoment,thatlaborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wageandthatareductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldlead,throughstrikesorotherwise,toawithdrawalfromthelabormarketoflaborwhichisnowemployed.Doesitfollowfromthisthattheexistinglevelofrealwagesaccuratelymeasuresthemarginaldisutilityoflabor?Notnecessarily.For,althoughareductionintheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflabor,itdoesnotfollowthatafallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wageintermsofwage-goodswoulddoso,ifitwereduetoariseinthepriceofthelatter.Inotherwords,itmaybethecasethatwithinacertainrangethedemandoflaborisforaminimummoneywageandnotforaminimumrealwage.Theclassicalschoolhastacitlyassumedthatthiswouldinvolvenosignificantchangeintheirtheory.Butthisisnotso.Forifthesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwagesasitssolevariable,theirargumentbreaksdownentirelyandleavesthequestionofwhattheactualemploymentwillbequite

54indeterminate.Theydonotseentohaverealizedthat,unlessthesupplyoflaborisafunctionofrealwagesalone,theirsupplycurveforlaborwillshiftbodilywitheverymovementofprices.Thustheirmethodistiedupwiththeirveryspecialassumptions,andcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcase.　　Nowordinaryexperiencetellsus,beyonddoubt,thatasituationwherelaborstipulates(withinlimits)foramoney-wageratherthanarealwage,sofarfrombeingamerepossibility,isthenormalcase.Whilstworkerswillusuallyresistareductionofmoney-wages,itisnottheirpracticetowithdrawtheirlaborwheneverthereisariseinthepriceofwage-goods.Itissometimessaidthatitwouldbeillogicalforlabortoresistareductionofmoney-wagesbutnottoresistareductionofrealwages.Forreasonsgivenbelow,thismightnotbesoillogicalasitappearsatfirst;and,asweshallseelater,fortunatelyso.But,whetherlogicalorillogical,experienceshowsthatthisishowlaborinfactbehaves.Moreover,thecontentionthattheunemploymentwhichcharacterizesadepressionisduetoarefusalbylabortoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesisnotclearlysupportedbythefacts.ItisnotveryplausibletoassertthatunemploymentintheUnitedStatesin1932wasdueeithertolaborobstinatelyrefusingtoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesortoitsobstinatelydemandingarealwagebeyondwhat

55theproductivityoftheeconomicmachinewascapableoffurnishing.Widevariationsareexperiencedinthevolumeofemploymentwithouranyapparentchangeeitherintheminimumrealdemandsoflabororinitsproductivity.Laborisnotmoretruculentinthedepressionthanintheboom-faxfromit.Norisitsphysicalproductivityless.Thesefactsfromexperienceareaprimafaciegroundforquestioningtheadequacyoftheclassicalanalysis.81．“Laborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wage”.Thesentencemeans______.　A．afallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflabor　B．ariseinthepriceofwage-goodswouldleadtoawithdrawaloflabor　C．thedemandoflaborisforariseofexistingmoney-wage　D．thedemandoflaborisforreductioninthevalueofrealwages82．Theclassicalschoolrefersto______.　A．thosescholarswithtraditionalideas　B．thetraditionalschool　C．theexpertswhoholdtothestandardtheory　D．alloftheabove83．Accordingtotheauthor,thesupplycurveforlabordependsonthe

56______.A．realmoneywagesB．movementofpriceC．functionofmoney-wagesD．bothA&B84．“Their”methodcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcasebecausetheyhavenotrealizedthat______.　A．afallinthevalueofrealwageswouldleadtoawithdrawalleadtoawithdrawalfromthelabormarketoflabor　B．areductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldleadtoawithdrawalfromlabormarketoflabor　C．thesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwages　D．thedemandoflaborisonlyforaminimummoney-wages85．Howdoeslaborusuallybehave?　A．Laborwouldstipulateformoney-wages.　B．Laborwouldviolentlyresistareductionofrealwages　C．Laborwouldstrenuouslyresistareductionofbothmoney-wagesandrealwages.　D．Laborwouldstipulateforrealwages.86．Thelastparagraphofthispassageindicatesthat______.　A．laborresistedareductionofmoney-wages,whichcharacterizedthedepressionofthe1930s

57　B．labordemandedarealwage,whichcharacterizedthedepressionof1930sintheU.SC．neitherlaborrefusingtoworkforalowermoney-wagenordemandingarealwagecouldcharacterizethedepressionof1930sintheU.SD．bothA&B讲解例文Passage12　　WhenIwasakid,Ineverknewwhatmyparents—oranyoneelse's—didforaliving.AsfarasIcouldtell,allgrownupshadmysteriousjobsthatinvolveddrinkinglotsofcoffeeandarguingaboutRichardNixon.Iftheyhadjob-relatedstress,theykeptitprivate.NowAmericanfamiliesareexpectedtobemoreintimate.Whilethishasresultedinalotmorehugs,“Iloveyon's,”andattendanceatkids'footballgames,unfortunatelyweparentsalsoinsistonsharingthefrustrationsofourworklives.　　Whilewehavecomplainedaboutourjobsorfallenasleepincar-poollines,ourchildrenhavebeennoticing.Theyareworriedaboutus.Anewsurvey,”Askthechildren,“conductedbytheFamiliesandWorkInstituteofNewYorkCity,queriedmorethan1,000kidsbetweentheagesof8and18abouttheirparents'worklives．“Ifyouweregrantedone

58wishtochangethewayyourparents'workaffectedyourlife,”thesurveyaskedkids,“whatwouldthatwishbe?”Mostparentsassumedthatchildrenwouldwantmoretimewiththem,butonly10%did.Instead,themostcommonwish(among34%)wasthatparentswouldbelessstressedandtiredbywork.　　AllisonLevinisthemotherofthreeyoungchildrenandaprofessionalinthegrowingfieldof“work/lifequality”．Levincounselsemployeeswhoareoverwhelmedbytheirworkandfamilyobligationstocarefullyreviewtheircommitments-notonlyattheofficebutathomeandinthecommunitytoo—andstartparingthemdown．“It'snotaboutgettingupearlierinthemorningsoyoucangetmoredone,”shesays．“It'saboutsayingnoandmakingchoices.”　　Wecanstartbyleavingwork,andthoughtsofwork,behindassoonaswestartthetriphom.osomethingtogetyourselfinagoodmood,likelisteningtomusic,ratherthanreturningcallsonthecellphone.Whenyougethome,changeoutofyourworkclothes,lettheansweringmachinetakeyourcalls,andstayawayfrome-mail.Whenyourkidsaskaboutyourday,tellthemaboutsomethinggoodthathappened．(Inthesurvey,69%ofmomssaidtheylikedtheirwork,butonly42%ofkidsthoughttheirmothersreallydid.)　　Parentscanalsode-stressbycuttingbackontheirchildren'sactivities.Ifkeepingupwithyourkid'sscheduleiskillingyou,insistthat

59hechoosebetweenkaratelessonsandthetheatertroupe.Parentsshouldalsosneakawayfromworkandfamilyoccasionallytohavesomefun.Ikeepabasketballinthetrunkofmycan.Imightneverbeabletofixeverythingatworkorathome,butatleastIcanworkonmyjumpshot.　1．Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbethebesttitleofthispassage?　A.KidsSay:ChillB.KidsStressParents　C.ParentsComplainaboutwork　D.ParentsGetinGoodMood2．Theauthormentionsherownchildhoodexperiencetoshowthat______.　A.sheneverunderstoodwhyherparentshadoddjobsandarguedaboutthepresident　B.shedidn'tknowwhatherparentsdidtoearnmoneytosupportthefamilywhenshewasyoung　C.shedidunderstandwhytheAmericanbecamemoreandmorecloseandhuggedalot　D.shecouldseethattheAmericanparentskeepthestressandtirednessfromworktothemselves3．Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthatnowadaysthechildren______.

60　A.areveryanxiousabouttheirparentsfortheirhardwork　B.arelookingforwardtobeingwiththeirparents　C.areveryconsiderateabouttheirparents　D.areveryambitioustochangetheirparents'work4．Thephrase“paringthemdown”inthethirdparagraphmostlikelymeans______.　A.gatheringtheworkandfamilydutiestogether　B.matchingtheworkqualitytolifequality　C.decreasingthedefeatingcommitments　D.denyingtofulfilltheirworkandfamilyobligations5．Whichofthefollowingisnotthewaytode-stresstheparents'heavyburden?　A.Forgettingaboutthejobassoonasleavingtheoffice.　B.Reducingparticipatingtheactivitiesfortheoffice.　C.Sharingwiththechildrensomehappyexperience.D.Takingpartmoreactivelyincommunityactivities.Passage14　　Whatdoconsumersreallywant?That'saquestionmarketresearcherswouldlovetoanswer.Butsincepeopledon'talwayssaywhattheythink,marketerswouldneeddirectaccesstoconsumers'thoughtstogetthetruth.

61　　Now,inaway,thatispossible.Atthe“MindoftheMarket”laboratoryatHarvardBusinessSchool,researchersarelookinginsideshoppers'skullstodevelopmoreeffectiveadvertisementsandmarketingpitches.Usingimagingtechniquesthatmeasurebloodflowtovariouspartsofthebrain,theHarvardteamhopestopredicthowconsumerswillreacttoparticularproductsandtodiscoverthemosteffectivewaystopresentinformation.StephenKosslyn,aprofessorofpsychologyatHarvard,andbusinessschoolprofessorGeraldZaltman,overseethelab．“Thegoalisnottomanipulatepeoples'preferences,”saysKosslyn,“justtospeaktotheiractualdesires.”Thegroup'sfindings,thoughstillpreliminary,couldradicallychangehowfirmsdevelopandmarketnewproducts.　　TheHarvardgroupusepositionemissiontopography(PET)scanstomonitorthebrainactivity.ThesePETscans,alongwithothernon-invasiveimagingtechniques;enableresearcherstoseewhichpartsofthebrainareactiveduringspecifictasks(suchasrememberingaworD.．Correlationshavebeenfoundbetweenbloodflowtospecifcareasandfuturebehavior.Becauseofthis,Harvardresearchersbelievethescanscanalsopredictfuturepurchasingpatterns.Accordingtoanunpublishedpaperthegroupproduced,“Itispossibletousethesetechniquestopredictnotonlywhetherpeoplewillrememberandhavespecificemotionalreactionstocertainmaterials,butalsowhetherthey

62willbeinclinedtowantthosematerialsmonthslater.”　　TheHarvardgroupisnowmovingintothenextstageofexperiments.Theywillexplorehowpeoplerememberadvertisementsaspartofanefforttopredicthowtheywillreacttoaproductafterhavingseenanad.Theresearchersbelievethatoncekeyareasofthebrainareidentified,scansonabouttwodozenvolunteerswillbeenoughtodrawconclusionsaboutthereactionsofspecificsegmentsofthepopulation.Largecorporations-includingCocaCola,EastmanKodak,GeneralMotors,andHallmark-havealreadysigneduptofundfurtherinvestigations.　　Fortheirfinancialsupport,thesefirmsgainaccesstotheexperimentsbutcannotcontrolthem.IfKosslynandZaltmanandtheirteamreallycanreadthemindofthemarket,thenconsumersmayfinditevenhardertogetthoseadvertisingjinglesoutoftheirheads.1．Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbethebesttitleforthispassage?　A.ReadingtheMindoftheMarket　B.ControllingtheConsumers'Preferences　C.ImprovingtheStylesofAdvertising　D.FindingOuttheWaytoPredict2．WhydotheHarvardresearchersusescientifictechnologyintheexperiments?　A.Becausetheydon'tbelievethesurveysdonebythemarketerscanleadtothetruth.

63　B.Becausetheyareaskedbythemarketerstofindadirectwaytoreadtheconsumers'thoughts.　C.Becausetheywanttofindouthowtheadsinfluencepeople'sbrainactivityandemotionalresponsesetc.　D.Becausetheyexpectthattheirexperimentscanbasicallyalterthemarketingstrategiesofproducts.3．Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?　A.Sometimespeoplewillconcealwhattheythinkwhenbeingquestionedbythemarketresearchers.B.StephenKosslynandGeraldZaltmanoverlooktheexperimentsandcriticizethepurposeofthestudy.　C.Harvardresearchershavefoundthecorrespondingrelationsbetweenpeople'sbrainandbehavior.D.TherearemanylargeorganizationsendorsingandfinancingtheHarvardgroup'sfurtherinvestigation.4．Whatdoes“tospeakto”inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmean?　A.totalkto　B.tosayto　C.C．tocommunicateto　D.torespondto5．Thelastsentenceofthispassageimpliesthat______.

64　A.Iftheexperiments'resultscanbeappliedtothepractice,thecustomerswillbeverylikelytobuythingsaccordingtotheads.　B.IftheHarvardgroupcansucceedinfinishingtheresearch,theywilluseitinattractingmoreandmoreandmoreandmoreconsumersintothemarket.C.ThefinancialsupportingcorporationssuchasCocaCola,GeneralMotorscanemploytheexperimentsintheirownmarketing.D.Theconsumersmaydiscoverthatthoseadswillalwaysannoythembyjinglingoutoftheirheadsandcausethemheadaches.Passage13　　Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearch,suchasarticlestoappearinjournals,reportsaddressedtofundingagencies,thesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegrees,andpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem.　　Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabrief,yetinformativeway,focusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurpose,reviewoftheliterature(oftenreferredtoas“background”),proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearch

65accompaniedbytables,charts,andgraphs,andinterpretationsoftheresults(oftenreferredtoasdiscussion).　　Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreaders(researchorpractitioners)anditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.Articlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearch,whilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdata,theconstructionofdatacollectionprocedures,andthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedata.Itisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot.　　Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudy,therationale,athoroughreviewoftheliterature,detailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopment,adescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresults,andaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformof

66conclusions,implications,andrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent'sabilitytocarryoutresearch.　　Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferences,seminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconcise,yetinformativeway,focusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticle,heretoo,thecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeeting,andwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners.1．Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe______.　A.TypesofResearchReports　B.TypesofJournalArticles　C.WritingofresearchReports　D.WritingofDifferentArticles2．Thecommonaspectforthejournalarticles,theseandconferencepapersliesinthat______.　A.theyareallforthepractitioners　B.theyarealltobereadbyresearchers

67　C.theyareallforbeingpublished　D.theyareallformsofreportingresearch3．Wecandistinguishthoseresearchreportsfromeachothermainlythrough______.　A.theirwritingstyleandlength　B.theiraimsandpossibleaudiences　C.theirpresentedplacesandtime　D.theircontentandpurposes4．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthispassage?　A.Bothjournalarticlesandconferencepapersarereportedinabriefandinformativeway.　B.Allthethesesordissertationsandconferencepapersarereportedinspokenlanguages.　C.Boththejournalarticlesandconferencepapersareinfluencedgreatlybytheintendedreceivers.　D.Thevariousformatsofresearchreportsmaybepresentedindifferentways.5．Howcanaprofessorevaluateastudent'scapabilityofimplementingtheresearch?　A.Byconcentratingonthemainfactorslikethepurpose,background,proceduresanddisscussion.　B.Byemphasizingthepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsof

68theresearch.C.Byfocusingonthedetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchsuchasthetools,procedures,theprocessofdataanalysis,theresults,andconclusionsetc.D.Bynoticingthedetailedmethodusedtocollectthedata,theconstructionofthedatacollectionprocedures,thetechniquesforanalyzingthedateandresultsetc.　Passage2　　Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70yearoldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.　　Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,but

69havefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.

701．Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?　[A]Alackofmates.　[B]Afiercecompetition.　[C]Alowersurvivalrate.　[D]Adefectivegene.2．WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?　[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.　[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.　[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.　[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.3．Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause______．　[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance　[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining　[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution　[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing4．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?　[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution　[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution　[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature　[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

71指代 1、标志：题干中明确指出原文的某个代词（it/that/one），要求根据上下文确定其指代关系 2、解题思路： （1）返回原文，确定该代词 （2）90%向上，10%向下搜索其指代的词，词组或句子 衡量指代的唯一标准不是语法，而是上下文句意的连贯 （3）从选项中找出一个同义关系作为答案例证题1、标志：example/illustrate/case/demonstrate/show 2、解题思路：该例子看懂与否不重要，重要的是例子所支持的观点 （1）返回原文，确定该例子 （2）80%向上，20%向下，搜索该例子所支持的论点 （3）从选项中找出一个同义关系作为答案 例证题的常见错误选项分两种： （1）只谈例子本身 （2）列举无关常识Passage19　　In1993,amallsecuritycameracapturedashakyimageoftwo10-year-oldboysleadingmuchsmallerboyoutofaLiverpool,England

72,shoppingcenter.TheboysluredJamesBulger,2,awayfromhismother,whowasshopping,andledhimonalongwalkacrosstown.Theexcursionendedatarailroadtrack.There,inexplicably,theolderboystorturedthetoddler,kickinghim,smearingpaintonhisfaceandpummelinghimtodeathwithbricksbeforeleavinghimonthetracktobedismemberedbyatrain.Theboys,JonVenablesandRobertThompson,thenwentofftowatchcartoon.　　Todaytheboysare18-year-oldmen,andafterspendingeightyearsinjuvenilefacilities,theyhavebeendeemedfitforrelease-probablythisspring.ThedilemmanowconfrontingtheEnglishjusticesystemishowtoreintegratethenotoriousduointoasocietythatremainshorrifiedbytheircrimesandskepticalabouttheirrehabilitation.LastweekJudgeElizabethButler-Slossdecidedtheyoungmenwereinsomuchdangerthattheyneededanunprecedentedshieldtoprotectthemuponrelease.Fortherestoftheirlives,VenablesandThompsonwillhavearighttoanonymity.AllEnglishmadiaoutletsarebannedfrompublishinganyinformationabouttheirwhereaboutsorthenewidentitiesthegovernmentwillhelpthemestablish.Photosofthetwoorevendetailsabouttheircurrentlooksartalsoprohibited.　　IntheU.S.,whichisharderonjuvenilecriminalsthanEngland,sucharulingseemsinconceivable．“We'reclearlythemostpunitiveintheindustrializedworld,”saysLaurenceSteinberg,aTempleUniversity

73professorwhostudiesjuvenilejustice.Overthepastdecade,thetrendintheU.S．hasbeentoallowpublicationofevermoreinformationaboutunderageoffendersU.S．courtsalsogivemoreweighttopressfreedomthanEnglishcourts,which,forexample,banallvideocameras.　　ButevenforBritain,theorderisextraordinary.Thevictim'sfamilyisenraged,asaretheever-eagerBritishtabloids．“Whatrighthavetheygottobegivenspecialprotectionasadults?”asksBulger'smotherDeniseFergus.NewspapereditorialshaveinsistedthatcitizenshavearighttoknowifVenablesorThompsonmoveinnextdoor.SaysconservativeMemberofParliamentHumfreyMalins:“Italmostleavesyouwiththefeelingthatthenastierthecrime,thegreaterthechanceforapassportoacompletelynewlife.”1．Whatoccurredastoldatthebeginningofthepassage?　A．2ten-year-oldskilledJamesbyaccidentinplay.　B.JamesBulgerwaskilledbyhistwobrothers.　C.Twomischievousboysforgedatrainaccident.　D.Alittlekidwasmurderedbytwoolderboys.2．Accordingtothepassage,JonVenablesandRobertThompson______.　A.havebeentreatedasjuveniledelinquents　B.havebeenheldinprotectivecustodyfortheirmurdergame　C.werecaughtwhilewatchingcartoonseightyearsago

74　D.havealreadyservedouttheir10yearsinprison3．TheBritishjusticesystemisafraidthatthetwoyoungmenwould______.　A.hardlygetaccustomedtoahorrifyinggeneralpublic　B.bedoomedtobecomesocialoutcastsafterrelease　C.stillremaindangerousanddestructiveifsetfree　D.beinclinedtocommitarecurringcrime4．AccordingtotheBritishcourts,aftertheirreturntosociety,thetwoadultswillbe______.　A.bannedfromanykindofpressinterview　B.keptunderconstantsurveillancebypolice　C.shieldedfrombeingidentifiedaskillers　D.orderedtoreporttopolicetheirwhereabouts5．FromthepassagewecaninferthataUScounterpartofVanablesorThompsonwould______.　A.havenofreedomtogowhereverhewants　B.servealifeimprisomentforthecrime　C.beforbiddentojoinmanyofhisrelatives　D.nodoubtreceivemassivepublicityintheU.S.6．Asregardsthementionedjusticeruling,thelastparagraphmainlytellsthat______.　A.itiscontroversialasitgoeswithoutprecedent

75　B.theBritishmediaaresuretodothecontrary　C.Bulger'sfamilywouldenterallappealagainstit　D.conservativesobviouslyconflictwithLiberals推理题1、标志：题干中出现如下词： infer、imply 2、解题思路：推理题往往是就文章中的细节信息提问。 细节题要注意： （1）准确定位 （2）将选项与原文逐一核对 3、出题思路：推理题的正确选项尽量是原文的同义改写或与原文意思最为接近，不要无中生有和推的过远。Passage27　　Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythan

76theyscore.　　Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakethemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.　　“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”　　Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.　　Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.

77　　67．Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstparagraph?　　[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.　　[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.　　[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.　　[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.68．Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?　　[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.　　[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.　　[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.69．TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because______．　　[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity　　[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings　　[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofview　　[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented70．Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthe

78passage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare______．　　[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals　　[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings　　[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience　　[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietyPassage31　　Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10．AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:　　“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory.”　　Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralian

79MedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.　　UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.　　“I'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”hesays.1．Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat______.　[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries[Bphysiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia

80　[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw　[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage2．Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans______.　[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia　[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries　[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes　[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop3．WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill______.　[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia　[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient　[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering　[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays4．Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof______.　[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifference句子理解题： 1、标志：题干中明确指出原文的一整句话，该句往往是长难句、比

81喻句、抽象表达句或固定成语，问这样的句子什么意思。 2、解题思路：该句子的字面意思不重要且往往没陷阱，重要的是上下文的意思和作者的观点。作者态度题： 1、标志：attitude/inclination 一般选项是与态度有关的单词 2、解题思路：作者态度分为明确的三类： （1）正面态度：positive/approval/supportive/defensive/optimistic （2）负面态度：negative/oppositional/suspicious/critical/pessimistic （3）中立态度：objective/neutral/unbiased 如下选项必错：indifference/puzzling/subjective/biased 3、识别作者态度依靠的是： （1）文章主旨和文章结构 （2）根据例子反推作者态度（例子中如果正负两方面都出现为中立）Passage41　　TheeventsofSept.11haveratchetedupsecurityatAmericanairportstothehighestlevelever,accordingtoaspokesmanforTransportationSecretaryNormanMineta.Buttosaythereisplentyofroomforimprovementputsitmildly:　　Hundredsofemployeeswithaccesstohigh-securityareasat15U.S.airportshavebeenarrestedorindictedbyfederallawenforcementofficialsforusingphonySocialSecuritynumbers,lyingaboutcriminal

82convictionsorbeingintheUnitedStatesillegally.Noneofthosearrestedhadterroristlinks,butsomeaviationexpertssaidtheworkerswereinapositiontohelpsmuggleweaponsorbombsaboardaircraftiftheyhadwanted.TestsorderedbyPresidentBushandconductedbyfederalagentsat32airportsbetweenNovemberandFebruary,whenairportswereonhighestalert,showedthatSecurityscreenersfailedtodetectknives70%ofthetime,guns30%ofthetimeandsimulatedexplosives60%ofthetime.　　TwomembersoftheHouseTransportationCommitteearepushingtoreversetheadministration'soppositiontoarmingpilotsbecausegroupsrepresentingpilotsareinsistingthattheirmembersneedtobearmedasalastlineofdefense.AttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftsaidthearrestsofhundredsofairportemployeesshowedthatthesystemofbackgroundchecks—donepiecemealbyairlines,privatecontractorsandothers—needstightening.Thatmuchispainfullyobvious.Whatisn'tcleariswhythesystemwassoporous(有漏洞的)tobeginwithandwhyitwasn'timmediatelytightenedafterthatinfamousTuesdayinSeptember.SomepeopleintheindustrywiselyhavesuggestedthatallairportworkersberequiredtopassthroughthesamemetaldetectorsandotherSecuritychecksasflightcrewsdo.Congresshasorderedthenew

83TranspirationSecurityAdministrationtofindwaystoenactjustsucharequirement.Unfortunately,nodeadlinehasbeenset,inpartbecausefederalofficialsarepreoccupiedwithgettingthousandsofnewbaggagescreenersinplacebyNov.19—whenthefedstakeoverairportsecurity—andinstallingbomb—detectionequipmentinallairportsbytheendoftheyear.Plainly,thosetwogoalsarecritical.Butitwouldbeamistaketogivelowprioritytofixingothergapingholesinthenation'sairportsecuritynet.Ifthefederalcrackdownisgoingtobeeffective,itneedstobecomprehensive.51．Thepossiblereasonforhundredsofairportemployeesbeingarrestedmightbeoneofthefollowingexcept______.A．usingfalseIDB．helpingothersinsmugglingC．beingintheUSillegallyD．denyingornotmentioningpastcrimes52．Figuresshowedthatsecurityscreenerswere______.dangerousitems.　　A．abletodetectB．notabletodetect　　C．noteffectiveindetectingD．veryeffectiveindetecting53．Whois/areagainstthepointthatpilotsneedtobearmed?

84　　A．PilotsB．Federalagents　　C．Theadministration　　D．TwomembersoftheHouseTransportationCommittee54．Whatdoesthewordinfamousmean?　　A．notfamous　　B．wellknownforsomethingbad　　C．wellknownforsomethingexciting　　D．wellknownforsomethingpermanent55．WhichoneisNOT.trueaccordingtothepassage?　　A．Allthepassengersaresupposedtogothroughsecuritychecks.　　B．Alltheairportworkersaresupposedtogothroughsecuritychecks.　　C．Alltheflightcrewsaresupposedtogothroughsecuritychecks.D．Notallthefederalofficialsaresupposedtogothroughsecuritychecks.Passage36　　It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldbumdownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholding

85morecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.　　Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprised!—falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”　　Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexampleandmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.　　Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet．“We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstituteagroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweightissuednew

86guidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones．“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguideline.fthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.1．Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?　[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.　[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.　[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.　[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.2．Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto______.　[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts　[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts　[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability　[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern3．ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat______.　[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw　[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries　[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded

87　[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes4．Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe______.　[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling[D]objective指代题：1、标志——题干中明确指出原文中的某个代词（it，that，one），要求确定其指代关系2、解题思路——首先，返回原文，定位该代词；其次，（90%向上，10%向下）搜索其指代的词、词组或句子，判断指代的唯一标准不是语法，而是上下文语意的通顺与连贯判断正误题1、判断是问对还是问错2、判断正误题大体是对细节提问，所谓对是指符合原文或比原文范围小，所谓错是指与原文有矛盾或原文未提及 如下是命题所在： （1）细节处 （2）长难句 （3）多重否定句Passage30　　Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenry

88thattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened．“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.　　ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.　　Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoesandall

89wouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.1．“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto______.　(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse　(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion　(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation　(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse2．Kitcher'sbookisintendedto______.　(A)recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists　(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists　(C)cursebitterlyatthisopponents　(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists3．Fromthepassagewecaninferthat______.　(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate　(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning　(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists　(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings4．Thispassageappearstobeadigestof______.　(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper　(C)amagazinefeature

90(D)anewspapereditorialPassage54　　Onthe29thofMarch,2003,theWorldHealthOrganizationdoctorCarolUrbanidiedofSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome,thefast-spreadingpneumoniathathadkilled54peopleworldwide.　　The46-year-oldItaliandoctorwasthefirstWHOofficertoidentifytheoutbreakofthisnewdiseaseinanAmericanbusinessman.Dr.UrbanifirstsawtheUSbusinessmanonFeb.28,twodaysafterthepatienthadbeenadmittedtoahospitalinHanoi.AlthoughUrbanihadwornamask,helackedgogglesandotherprotectiveclothing.HebegandemandingthatHanoihospitalsstockuponprotectivegearandtightenupinfectioncontrolprocedures.Buthewasfrustratedathowlongitwastakingtoteachinfection-controlprocedurestopeopleinhospitals.Therewereshortagesofsupplies,likedisposablemasks,gowns,gloves.　　Afterthreeweeksofround-the-clockeffort,Urbani'ssuperiorurgedhimtotakeafewdaysofftoattendamedicalmeetinginBangkok,wherehewastotalkonchildhoodparasites.Thedayafterhearrived,hebeganfeelingill-withsymptomsofthenewdisease.Hecalledhiswife,nowlivinginHanoiwiththeirthreechildren.Hesaid:“GobacktoItalyandtakethechildren,becausethiswillbetheendforme.”Dr.Urbanidevelopedafeverandwasputintoisolationwhereheremaineduntilhis

91death.TheWHOrepresentativeinHanoisaid:“Hewasverymuchadoctor,hisfirstgoalwastohelppeople.”　　HewasburiedonApril2,2003inCastelplanio,centralItaly,leavingbehindhiswifeandchildren.ThemeasureshehelpedputinplacebeforehisdeathappeartohavedousedtheSARSwildfireinVietnam.1．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?　A.Dr.UrbanicaughtSARSfromanAmericanbusinessmanwhowashospitalizedinHanoi.B.Therewerenotenoughdisposablemasks,gowns,glovesandprotectiveequipment.C.Heknewhehadlittlehopetosurviveafterhewasfoundinfected.D.Dr.Urbanihadhelpedcombatingthenewdiseasebyputtinginplaceaseriesofinfection-controlmeasures.2．Inthethirdparagraph,“threeweeksofround-clockeffort”means______.　A.forthreeweeksthehospitalwastakinginSARSpatientswithoutstopping　B.DrUrbaniworkeddayandnightforthreeweeks,tryingtogetSARSundercontrolC.forthreeweeksDr.Urbanididnothaveanytimetosleep,tryinghardtofightthenewdisease

92　D.AfterthreeweekshardworktocontrolSARS,thehospitalsuperiorthoughtitwastimetostoptheclock3．Accordingtothecontext,theword“doused”inthelastsentenceofthispassagecouldbebestreplacedwith______.A.extinguishedB.eliminatedC.solvedD.deluged