新六级写作

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新六级写作一、六级写作评分标准大学英语六级考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。作文考试时间为30分钟,要求写出不少于150个词的短文。六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。下面介绍六级考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样卷作一个详细说明。(一)作文评分原则1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2.CET作文题采用总体评分（GlobalScoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（RewardScores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。(二)作文评分标准1.本题满分为15分。2.阅卷标准共分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。4.评分标准：2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

1[注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。]5.字数不足应酌情扣分累计字数140-149130-139120-129110-119100-10990-9980-89＜79扣分12345679[注:]1.如题目中给出主题句,起始句,结束句,均不得计入所写字数2.规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。实例一2003年1月真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。ItPaystoBeHonest①Inourmodernsociallife,therearemanyexamplesaroundusshowmanypeoplearecheated.Advertisementscheatpeople,salesmencheatpeople,evenone'sclosestfriendscheathimorher.Somanyheartbreaksareheardeverydaythatwecannothelpasking:whereisourhonestexist? Everybodyistaughthonestintheprimaryschooloreveninthekindergarten.Honestydoesgoodnotonlytoourselves,buttoothersaswell.Ifwearehonesttoothers.Wewillbehappierandbeinabettermood.Otherwise,we'llfeelguiltatlast.Toacompanyanditsadvertisement,honestywillbringitmoreconsumerandmoreprofit.Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.Toacompany,noconsumerwillbuyyourproductagain. So,astheaboveissaid,itpaystobehonest.Let'screateamorallyoutstandingsocial. ②Althoughhonestyisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakeproducttotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams.Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatfirst,butconsumerswon'tbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywilllosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.Bycontrast,honestpeoplegainalot.Thosewhoalwaystelltruthorkeeptotheirpromisenotonlyletotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Suchpersonsare

2suretohavealotofgoodfriends.Becausetheyaretrustableandrespectable,everyoneiseagertomakefriendswiththem.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob.Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwillbepaidbacklater. Inaword,honestywinstrust,respectandhonor.Soitisimportantthatweshouldbehonest.③Withthedevelopmentofmoderneconomicandindustry,competitiveisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Atthesametime,theperformanceofdishonestisbecomingmoreandmoreclearly.Nowadays,therearemanydishonestperformanceinoursociety.Forexample,somepeoplefoundthathesaledgoodshadpastthepreservationdate.Notthrowthemaway,theyrevisedtheperservationdate,andsaledthemagainafterseveraldays.Anothercaseinthepoint,apairofshoeswasmadefromgoat.However,inordertosaleatahighprice,thesalerswouldsaytheyweremadefromcowwhichhasgoodquality. Fromtheforegoing,wecanseethatdishonestdosenotonlyharmtoyourselvesbutalsoharmtoothers.Anditisnouseonlyrealisetheharmnessofdishonest.Weshouldbehonestfromnowonandbehonestinourdailylife.Itisonlythatpeopleallovertheworldarehonestthemourcountrywillbebeautifulandwealthy. ④Nowinoursociety,manypeoplearenothonestindoingsoming.Weoftencanmeetwithsominghappenedcausebypeoplewhoarenothonest.Forexample,Nowwetakethebusneedcarrycentsown,andwhenyouupstairsthebus,youshouldputthecentintothemoneybox.Everypeopledothat,butsomeofthepeopleputtheotherthingsinsteadthecents.Foranotherexample,itismorenormalthatintheexamswecanalwaysfindsomestudentsseeothers. Iconsiderthateverypeopleshouldbehonest.Asapeople,honestshouldbefirst,becauseitcanmakeustobeincreaseandmakeoursocitydevelop.Indoingeverythingweshouldbehonestall,study,word,lifeandsoon.Ifyouarehonest,everypeoplewillbefriendtoyou,andwhowillregardyouaregoodpeople.Butifyoudon'tbehonest,peoplemustunwillingtotrathwithyou.Soifyouarewanttobeagoodpeople,rememberhonestfirst. ⑤Nowadays,manypeoplechoosenottobehonestinourmodernsociety.Wealmostcanfindsuchthingseverydayofourlife:somestudentscheatintheexamforhighermarks;somecorporationstellwrongdatatothepublicinordertogetmoreinvestment;andsomedoctorstreattheirpatientswithunnecessaryandexpensivemedicinesinordertomakemoney,sometimesdamagedthepatients'health,eventheirlife. Seeingthissituation.Ithinkitmustbechanged.Beinghonestwillbenefitnotonlyothers,butalsoourselves.First,yourhonestywillmakeotherswillingtotrustyou.Second,beinghonestcan

3leadyoutofaceyourproblembravely,whichhelpstosolveit.Andthelast,honestsurelyhelpstomakethesocietymoreharmony. So.Ithinkeveryoneshouldstarttobehonestandeveryoneshouldhavetheideathatoursocietycannotdowithouthonesty. 实例二1999年6月真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为读书要有选择2.有些人认为应当博览群书3.我的看法ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?①Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks. But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.②Ithinkreadingnotonlyselectivelybutalsoextensively.Becausethetwosidesarenotcontradict.Ourtimeislimited.Sowecannotreadeverybookintheworld.However,wewillnotbeinterestedineverybook.Weshouldreadthosebooksmaybeusefultoours,readthosebookswhichwelike.Butthosebookswhichwechoosemustbeextensivelysoitcangiveoursallkindsofknowledge,newsandsoon,italsomakeoursbecomeawiseman.Ontheonehandreadingselectivelyletoursnotwasteourtimewhichitislimitted.Moreoveritcanemphasisamongallbooksthatwecanread.Ontheotherhandreadingextensivelycandealwithallkindsofneedinourlife.Theyareallusefultoours.③Mostpeoplethoughtthatreadbooksshouldhavebeenselectived.Butothersbelivedreading

4extentivelywascorrection.Selectivebooksorreadingextensively?Sure,youcanchoiceonefrompreviousideas,ononehand,Therearetoobooktoreadforus.Weshouldchoosethosewhichweintrested,anditwouldbehelpfulforus.onanotherhand.Someone'sintrestingwaswide.Eachbookcouldbringyouspecificcontainwecouldn'treadingatonlyonelevel.Iconfirmedalloftheseideasweregoodbutweren'twise.Asareader,themaintaskistodiscovermoreandmorebooksthesecondtaskistoheldsomewhichwonderfulandhelpfulforus.Don'ttreatthesebookswithracklessabandon.Thebesttechnologyofreadingisconnect. ④Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What'smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn'treadthem.Sincewecan'treadallthebooksandweshouldn'treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.Butothersmaynotagree.Theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledgehe'llhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.Who'sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.⑤Somepeoplethinkreadingshallbechoosed.Becausesomebooksaregoodtohummenbeingsandsomebooksareharmfultopeople.Somepeoplethinkthatmenshoudreadbookswidely.Becausewidereadingcanhelpmangetmuchknowledge.Andmancanuseittochangetheworld.Itismypointthatreadingmustbeselectively.Becausereadingisimportanttoman.Somebookscanhelpmanbutsomebookscanleadsomepeopletocrime.ItcanbeseeninthenewspapersandwatchedonTV.Wecanmakefulluseofsomegoodbooksandgainmoreusefulknowledge.Itcanmakeourlifemorebeauiful.Wemustgiveupthoseunhelpfulbooks.Theyarenotgoodtous.Readingthemiswastingtimeandmoney.Soreadingselectivelyisanimportantpartinreading.

5二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误（一）句子结构错误1．主从句叠置1)Therearemoreandmorestudentsliketousethecomputer.2)Therearestillmanyproblemsshouldbenotedandresolved.2．简单句叠置Ilikechattingonlineverymuch,Igotothenetbaralmosteveryweekend.3．从句叠置Asisknowntoallthatcomputersplayanimportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife.4．句子成分缺失Ifworkhard,wewillsurelybesuccessful.5．语序错误1)Whycollegestudentsspendmoreandmoretimeonthecomputer?2)Ioftenwonderwherehavetheygottheirmoney.（二）动词错误1．时态错误ManypeoplethoughtthattheInternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.2．语态错误1)Ihaveexcitedseveraldaysatthenewsthatyouwillcomehere.2)Mostofthestudentssatisfywiththeserviceinthedininghall.3．单复数错误1)Wisemanseekopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.

61)Someoneareafraidthatcomputermaycontrolmeninthefuture.4．非谓语动词错误1)Letmetorepresenteveryonetosay“hello”toyou.2)Doexerciseinthemorningisgoodforone’shealth.3)Havingstudiedinourschoolfor3years,thecanteenservicehaschangedalot.（三）代词错误1)Wecanusecomputersindoingeverythingyoulike.2)Acollegestudentshouldbeabletodotheirwashingontheirown.（四）冠词错误1)Horseisanusefulanimal.2)TheexamwillbeheldintheDecember,2004.（五）词性错误1)Iwishyoucanconsidermysuggests.2)Ifapersonwantstosuccess,hemustlearntoenduresufferingsandsetbacks.二、用词错误1)Studentsmustknowhowtoapplyacomputer.2)PeoplecantouchmanynewthingsontheInternet.3)Thepurposeofthisletteristoreactsomeopinionsontheserviceinthedininghall.三、表达习惯错误1)Whygeneratedsolargeachange?2)Now6000yuancanbuyaP4computer.

71)Aroomoftenlives6-8students.2)Ithinkthisgreatchangehasthreereasons.3)Thepricesofthefoodaretooexpensive.4)Thereasonforthisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1)However,everycoinhastwosides,Ithinkthesurroundingsinourcanteenarethebestamongalluniversities.2)Themanwasracingdownthestreet.Becausehewaslatefortheclass.3)AtlastIwanttoletyouknow,Iloveouruniversityverymuch.4)Myfavoritesportsareswimming、jogging、mountaineeringandplayingtabletennis.5)ThebestEnglishfilminmyeyesis《ForrestGump》.

8三、六级写作题型分类（一）对立观点型2000年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?TheFirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是...... 2.也有人持不同意见，...... 3.我的看法和打算1999年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为读书要有选择2.有些人认为应当博览群书3.我的看法1998年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运2.我认为数字和运气无关......1997年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonJob-Hopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为...... 2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为...... 3.我的看法1996年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:

9WhyITakeCollegeEnglishTestBand6.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试 2.我参加CET-6考试的理由 1995年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?3.我的看法 1993年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonOpportunity.Youmustbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese):有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Remembertowriteitneatly. （二）解决问题型2003年12月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteashortessayentitledReduceWasteonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重2．浪费的危害3．杜绝浪费，从我做起2000年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决。2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。1998年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMy

10ViewonFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.假冒伪劣商品的危害 2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品1995年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.现在有些不良的商业广告2.这些广告的副作用和危害性3.我对这些广告的态度Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1990年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCities.Foursuggestedsolutionstothisproblemarelistedbelow.Youaresupposedtowriteinfavorofonesuggestion(ONEonly)andagainstanother(ONEonly).Youshouldgiveyourreasonsinbothcases.Youshouldwritenolessthan120words.Remembertogiveashortintroductionandabriefconclusion.Writeyourcompositionclearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1.多造高层建筑2.向地下发展3.建造卫星城市4.疏散城市人口1990年1月Directions:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficaccordingtothefollowingOUTLINE.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.RememberthatthecontentsoftheOUTLINEshouldALLbeincludedinyourcomposition.ButyouarenotsupposedtotranslatetheOUTLINEwordforword.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案（solution）1.建造(laydown)更多道路

11优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度(2)加速车流（flowoftraffic）缺点：占地过多2.开辟（openup）更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合（三）谚语警句型 1997年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.为什么“欲速则不达”？ 2.举例说明。 （四）图表图画型2003年9月2003年6月2002年6月1996年6月1992年1月1991年6月（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分） （五）应用写作型 2004年6月2002年1月2001年6月（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）

12四、六级写作分类范文（一）对立观点型1.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?AtestofspokenEnglishwillbeincludedasanoptionalcomponentofCollegeEnglishTest(CET).SomepeoplearguethatitisabsolutelynecessarytoholdatestofspokenEnglishinChinabecausewehavebeeninformedfrequentlythataChinesestudentwhohasbeenlearningEnglishforovertenyearscannotevencommunicatewithanativespeaker.AtestofspokenEnglishwillbringthecollegestudentsanawarenessoftheimportanceoforalEnglish,andwillthushelpthemwiththeircommunicatingskills.Ontheotherhand,someothersstillmaintainthatagoodcommandofreadingandwritingskillswillbeenoughfortheEnglishlearners.Tosomeextenttheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheircoursework.Anotherrequiredtestwillonlyaddtotheirburden.Inmyopinion,atestofspokenEnglishwilldomoregoodthanharm.SinceChinawillcontinueitspolicyofopeningandreform,theabilitytospeakEnglishfluentlyisamustforanyonewhowantstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.WhetherItakethetestornot,IshallsparenoeffortstopracticeoralEnglishintheremainingyearsofmycollegestudy.2.Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?Therearepeoplewhobelievethatsomenumbersbringgoodluck,whileothersbringbadluck.Forinstance,inChinathenumbereightisthoughttobelucky.TurningourattentiontotheWest,wefindthatthenumbersevenisconsideredlucky,butthenumber13isavoidedliketheplague.Inspiteofalltheseclaims,mostpeoplewouldagreethatthereislittleevidencethatnumbershaveanyinfluenceonourlives.Infact,theysay,thereverseseemstobethecase.Foronething,wemightexpectcalculatorstobreakdowneverytimetheynotethenumber13,andforanother,althougheveryweekhassevendaysweknowthatnoteveryweekisluckyforus.Weighingtheprosandconsofthesearguments,Iaminclinedtoagreewiththelatterpointofview.Itisobviousthatthereisnoscientificbasisforthebeliefthatthereisaconnectionbetweenluckandnumbers.Allinall,itseemstometobesuperstition.3.MyViewonJob-HoppingJob-hopping,orfrequentchangeofjobs,isbecomingincreasinglycommoninChinatoday.Astheeconomygrows,moreopportunitiesforemploymentareappearingthanbefore.Theresultisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,aretemptedtochangejobsfrequently,seekinghighersalariesormoreinterestingpositions.Nevertheless,manypeopleprefertostayintheiroldjobs.Thisispartlybecausetheyfeelloyaltotheirworkunits,andpartlybecausetheydisliketheideaofhavingtospendmuchtimetrainingforanewjob.Inaddition,althoughanewjobmayofferhigherpayormoreopportunities

13forpromotion,itmaybelocatedfarfromhomeandbeinconvenienttoreach.Ithinkitisagoodthingfortheworkforcetobeflexible,sothatnewdemandsforpersonnelcanbesatisfiedquickly.However,ifapersonchangesjobstoooften,heorshewillcauselossestotheemployingunits.Moreover,frequentjob-hoppingpreventsapersonfromgainingvaluablejobexperienceanddevelopinggoodworkhabits.4．WhyITakeCollegeEnglishTestBand6(a)SomepeopleconsiderthatitisunnecessarytotakeCollegeEnglishTestBand6(CET-6).OnereasontheyciteisthatmostschoolssetCET-4asthemainrequirement.AnotherreasonisthattheythinkthatCET-6issimplytoodifficultforthem.I,however,havedecidedtoacceptthechallengeofCET-6.ThepreparationforthistestwillforcemetoraisethelevelofmyEnglishability.Besides,IregardCET-6asastepping-stonetofurtherqualificationsinEnglishwhichwillhelpmeinmyfuturecareer.Allinall,takingCET-6isadvantageousforbothastudent’sstudiesandhispersonaldevelopment.ThefirstadvantageisthathewillimprovehisEnglishskillsinanall-roundway.ThesecondisthathewillstrengthenhischaracterbycontinuinghisEnglishstudieswhenotherpeoplehavebeenlazyandstopped.(b)WhenitcomestoCollegeEnglishTestBand6(CET-6),opinionsdifferfrompersontoperson.Someholdthepositiveview.TheybelievethattakingCET-6isadvantageousforbothastudent’sstudiesandhispersonaldevelopment.ThefirstadvantageisthathewillimprovehisEnglishskillsinanall-roundway.ThesecondisthathewillstrengthenhischaracterbycontinuinghisEnglishstudieswhenotherpeoplehavebeenlazyandstopped.Others,however,holdtheoppositeview.TheymaintainthatitisunnecessarytotakeCollegeEnglishTestBand6(CET-6).OnereasontheyciteisthatmostschoolssetCET-4asthemainrequirement.AnotherreasonisthattheythinkthatCET-6issimplytoodifficultforthem.Personally,IhavedecidedtoacceptthechallengeofCET-6.ThepreparationforthistestwillforcemetoraisethelevelofmyEnglishability.Besides,IregardCET-6asastepping-stonetofurtherqualificationsinEnglishwhichwillhelpmeinmyfuturecareer.5.ShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?(a)Somepeoplethinkthatsettingofffirecrackersisagoodthing.TheysaythatitisanancientChinesecustomwhichshouldbepreserved.Theyalsoclaimthatfirecrackersmakefestivalsandholidayoccasionsmorecolorfulandentertainingforbothadultsandchildren.Ontheotherhand,therearemanypeoplewhosaythatfirecrackersshouldbebanned.Theypointoutthatfirecrackersareresponsibleforfireswhichdestroyproperty,andforinjuriessufferedbothbythepeoplewhosetthemoffandbyinnocentbystanders.Theyalsosaythatfirecrackersareawasteofmoneyandresources.

14Myownpointofviewisthatweshouldpreservetheoldcustomoflettingofffirecrackers,whileatthesametimemakingthemharmless.Wecandothisbybanningfirecrackersfrompublicplaces.Inaddition,weshouldrestrictthesettingoffoffirecrackerstofestivaldays.(b)ThereisnodenyingthefactthatsettingofffirecrackershasbeenahotlydebatedtopicinChina.People’sopinionsdiffersharplyonthisissue.Someholdthepositiveview.TheysaythatitisanancientChinesecustomwhichshouldbepreserved.Theyalsoclaimthatfirecrackersmakefestivalsandholidayoccasionsmorecolorfulandentertainingforbothadultsandchildren.Withoutfirecrackers,festivalswouldbecomedullandcheerless.Others,however,holdtheoppositeview.Theymaintainthatfirecrackersshouldbebanned.Theypointoutthatfirecrackersareresponsibleforfires,whichdestroy,property,andforinjuriessufferedbothbythepeoplewhosetthemoffandbyinnocentbystanders.Theyalsoarguethatfirecrackersareawasteofmoneyandresources.Personally,Ibelievethatweshouldnotgotoextremes.Ontheonehand,weshouldpreservetheoldcustomoflettingofffirecrackers;ontheotherhand,weshouldmakeitharmless.Thiscanbedonebybanningfirecrackersfrompublicplaces.Inaddition,thesettingoffoffirecrackersshouldberestrictedtofestivaldays.(c)Therehasbeenmuchcontroversyoversettingofffirecrackersinthepastyears,witheachpartyowningconvincingevidences.ThosewhoareinfavorofsettingfirecrackersclaimthatitisanancientChinesecustomthatshouldbepreserved.Theyalsoarguethatfirecrackersmakefestivalsandholidayoccasionsmorecolorfulandentertainingforbothadultsandchildren.Withoutfirecrackers,festivalswouldbecomecoldandcheerless.Ontheotherhand,therearemanypeoplewhoareoftheopinionthatfirecrackersshouldbebanned.Theypointoutthatfirecrackersareresponsibleforfireswhichdestroyproperty,andforinjuriessufferedbothbythepeoplewhosetthemoffandbyinnocentbystanders.Besides,theymaintainthatfirecrackersleadtoawasteofmoneyandresources.Personally,Ithinkthatbothsideshavesomethingright.Actually,firecrackersshouldbeviewedasatwo-edgedsword,whichpresentsuswithbothbenefitsandtroubles.Butweshouldnotgiveupeatingforfearofchoking.Thebestpolicy,asIseeit,istomaximizetheiradvantagesandminimizetheirunhealthyinfluence,sothattheycanbenefitusinabetterway.6.MyViewonOpportunityThereisnoconsensusofopinioninsocietyaboutopportunities.Therearesomewhothinkthatopportunitiescomeonlyrarely,andonlytoluckypeople.Othersarguethatopportunitiescometoeveryonefromtimetotime.Personally,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Itseemstomethatvariouskindsofopportunitiesareallaroundusallthetime.Thesecretistorecognizeopportunitiesandtograspthemintime,becausetheywillnotcometoyouoftheirownaccord.Forexample,myclassmatesoncerefusedto

15enteranationalchemistrycompetition,becausetheythoughtthattheyhadnochanceofwinning.ButItookthisopportunity,andbypreparingwellImanagedtowinthefirstprize.Nowmymottois:Watchoutforopportunities,andatalltimesprepareyourselftotakeadvantageofthem.（二）解决问题型7.ReduceWasteonCampus(a)Nobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatwastinghasbecomeagraveprobleminmanycampuses.Inthedininghall,muchfoodareleftintheplatesanddumpedintothetrashcan.Intheclassroom,blankorhalfblankpiecesofpaperareleftonthedesks.Inthedormbuilding,tapsareleftopenandwaterleftrunningordrippingallthetime.Andtherecanbemoresuchexamples.Inviewoftheexpandingpopulationandtheshortageofvariousresources,wastingisreallyaharmfulhabit.Itputstrainsonthealreadyshortsupplyoffood,water,electricityandthelike.Besides,itgoesagainsttraditionalvirtueofhardworkandsimplelivingandmayleadstoaluxuriouslifestyle,whichisdangeroustothesoulsofmankind.Therefore,itishightimethatwetakestepstostopwasting.Weshouldstartfromtriflesaroundourselves:remembertoturnoffthetapwhenwefinishwashing;trytoordertheexactamountoffoodwecanconsume;neverthrowawayanyblankorhalfblankpiecesofpaper.Andalwaysremember,apennysavedisapennyearned.(b)Nobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatwastinghasbeenagraveproblemwithwhichweareconfronted.Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist:inthedininghall,muchfoodareleftintheplatesanddumpedintothetrashcan;intheclassroom,blankpiecesofpaperareleftonthedesks;inthedormbuilding,tapsareleftopenandwaterleftrunningallthetime.Wastingisboundtogeneratesevereconsequencesifwekeepturningablindeyetoit.Firstandforemost,itputstrainsonthealreadyshortsupplyoffood,water,electricityandthelike.Besides,itgoesagainsttraditionalvirtueofhardworkandsimplelivingandmayleadstoaluxuriouslifestyle,whichisdangeroustothesoulsofmankind.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthisproblem,effectivemeasuresmustbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.First,itisessentialthatregulationsbeworkedoutandenforcedtobanwasting.Secondly,studentsshouldenhancetheirawarenessofsavingresources.Withproperlawsandanalertpublic,itwillonlybeamatteroftimeforwastingtobecomeathingofthepast.8.HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation(a)Nowadays,ifwewanttogotocollege,wewillhavetopayabigsumofmoney.It'saproblemtomanystudents.Manywayscancontributetosolvethisseriousproblem.Butthefollowingonesmaybethemosteffective.First,youcanaskyourparentsforhelpiftheyhavenicecareers.Anotherwaytosolvethisproblemistoapplyforabankloan.Finally,wecanfindaparttimejobtogetenoughmoney.

16 Astome,I'minfavorofthesecondidea.Myreasonsofchoicecanbelistedasfollows.Firstofall,myparentsarenotrichenoughtoaffordme.Secondly,you'llnothaveenoughtimeandenergytostudyafterfinishingtheparttimejob.Finally,I'msurethatI'llgetanicejobaftergraduation.ThenI'llbeabletopaybacktheloan. Throughtheanalysisabove,Ibelievethatbankloanismybestchoice. (b)NobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatcollegetuitionandfeesareagraveproblemwithwhichmanyfamiliesandstudentsareconfrontedinChina.Takingalookaround,wecanfindmanyexcellentstudentsaredeniedthechancetogotocollegeduetolackofmoney.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthesituation,effectivemeasuresmustbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.Actually,theproblemcanbedealtwithinmanyways.First,youcanaskyourparentsforhelpiftheyhavenicecareers.Anotherwaytosolvethisproblemistoapplyforabankloan.Finally,wecanfindaparttimejobtogetenoughmoney. Astome,I'minfavorofthesecondidea.Myreasonsofchoicecanbelistedasfollows.Firstofall,myparentsarenotrichenoughtoaffordme.Secondly,you'llnothaveenoughtimeandenergytostudyafterfinishingtheparttimejob.Finally,I'msurethatI'llgetanicejobaftergraduation.ThenI'llbeabletopaybacktheloan.Throughtheanalysisabove,Ibelievethatbankloanismybestchoice.9.MyViewonFakeCommoditiesNobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatfakecommoditieshavebeenagraveproblemwithwhichweareconfronted.Fakeandshoddygoodsfloodthemarket.Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist:piratededitionsofbooksandfilms,foodanddrinksofpoorqualityandthelike.Fakeandshoddygoodsareboundtogeneratesevereconsequencesifwekeepturningablindeyetothem.Firstandforemost,theydirectlyinfringeuponconsumers’rights,wastingtheirmoneyandthreateningtheirhealthandevenlives.Besides,theproductionandsaleoffakegoodscauseseriouslossesonthepartofhonestandlawfulproducers.Lastbutnotleast,thedestructionoffakecommoditiesmeansagrievouswasteofthenation’sresources.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthisproblem,effectivemeasuresmustbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.First,itisessentialthatlawsandregulationsbeworkedoutandenforcedtobanthemanufactureandcirculationoffakeandshoddygoods.Secondly,thepublicshouldenhancetheirawarenessofidentifyingandrefusingsub-standardcommodities.Withproperlawsandanalertpublic,itwillonlybeamatteroftimeforfakeandshoddygoodstobecomethingsofthepast./Withthesemeasurestaken,itisreasonableforustobelievethattheproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfuture.10.MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisementsThereisnodenyingthefactthatmanycommercialadvertisementscarryundesirablemessages.Theyadvertiseluxurygoods,unhealthyfoodstuffsanddrinks,andsometimesevendangerousorenvironmentallyharmfulproductssuchasmotorcars.Inaddition,theymayadvertisespiritually

17harmfulpublicationsorentertainment.Suchadvertisementsareboundtogeneratesevereconsequencesifwekeepturningablindeyetothem.First,theyencouragepeopletowastemoneyandresources.Moreover,theysetabadexampletoyoungsters,arousinginthemthedesireforluxuriesinsteadofteachingthemthegoodhabitofleadingasimplelife-style.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthesituation,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.Foronething,properlawsandregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedtobantheseads.Foranother,thepubicshouldbeeducatedtoidentifytheseadsandrefusetobuytheproductsrecommendedbythem.Withthesemeasurestaken,itwillbeamatteroftimebeforetheseadstobecomethingsofthepast.11.HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCitiesTheshortageofhousinginbigcitiesisoneofthemostseriousproblemsofmodernliving.Increasingnumbersofpeoplearefindingitdifficulttoconductnormalfamilyandworkdutiesbecausetheyeitherhavenowheretoliveortheirhousesareinadequate.Thisisaproblemthatrequiresanurgentsolutionbecauseitleadstosocialunrestandeconomicinefficiency.Somepeoplesuggestthatthesolutiontotheproblemistobuildmorehigh-riseapartments,othersareinfavorofundergroundhousingareas.Ipreferthefirstidea,becauseitischeapertobuildabovegroundthanbelow.Besides,peopleprefertoliveintheopenairandseethesunshine.Thesecondideaisnotpractical.Onereasonforthisisthatitisdangeroustoconstructlivingplacesunderstreetsandbuildings.Anotherreasonisthatitwouldtaketoomuchtimetocarryout,andinthemeantimethenumberofpeoplewaitingforhouseswouldincrease,thusmakingtheproblemworse.12.HowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficNowadays,China’scitiesaregettingincreasinglycrowded.Therapidincreaseinpopulationisbeingmadeworsebythesteadyinfluxofpeoplefromtheruralareasseekingemployment.Asaresult,heavytrafficisabigheadache,withalltheroadspackedwithcars,bicyclesandpedestrians.Inmyopinion,therearetwowaystosolvetheproblem.Oneistobuildmoreandwiderroadstomakethepublichighwayslesscrowdedandspeeduptheflowoftraffic.Theotheristoexpandthenumberofpublicbusroutes,sothatmorepeoplecanbetransportedandfewerpeoplewillhavetotravelbycarorbicycle.However,eachofthesesolutionsbringsproblemswithit.Theformermayoccupytoomuchlandthatcouldbeusedforfarmsorhouses;thelattermaycauseinconvenienceforlongperiodsinbuslines.Ithinkthebestanswertotheproblemofheavytrafficisacombinationofthetwo:buildmoreroadsinplaceswherelandislessuseful,andatthesametimeincreasethenumberofpublicbusroutes.（三）谚语警句型 13.HasteMakesWasteAfamoussayinggoes“Hastemakeswaste”,whichmeansthatoneshoulddoeverythingstepbystep.Evensimpleoperationscaneasilybespoiledifwerushtocompletethem,neglectingimportantstagesintheprocess.Oneshouldmakefullpreparationsbeforebeginninganytask.

18Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist.ThebestillustrationmightbeEnglishstudy.Withoutagoodcommandofpronunciation,wecanneverhopetospeakinanunderstandableway.Similarly,ifwedonotlearntospellproperlyandtoacquireabasicgraspofgrammar,wewillneversucceedinwritinggoodcompositions.(或Actually,historyaboundswithexamplesofhastemakingwaste.Awell-knownChinesefablegoesthatafarmtriedtohelptheshootsgrowbypullingthemupward,onlytofindthattheydiedsoon.Anothercaseinpointistheso-calledGreatLeapForwardmovementinChinain1950’sand1960’s.Atthattime,theChinesepeopleweresoeagertodeveloptheireconomythattheytooksomeimpropermeasures,onlytohindertheexpansionofeconomy.)(或HereIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheproverbthantheexperienceofmyown.Attheageof11or12,Ibegantolearntoride.Eagertorideaswellasothers,Istartedbysittingonthesaddleattheverybeginning.Predictably,Ioftenfellfromoverthebike.LotsoftimehadbeenwastedbeforeIrealizedthatIshoulddoitstepbystep.Itriedtoslidebystandingononepedal.ThenIbegantoridethebikefromunderthecrossbar.Finally,Isucceeded.)Inshort,layingasolidfoundationisessentialifwewanttomakeachievementsinourstudiesorwork,orindeedinanyotheraspectofourlives.Ateverystep,reviewwhathasbeenachievedandassesstheproblemsaheadbeforemovingtothenextstep.Andremember,Romewasnotbuiltinaday.（四）图表图画型14.ReadingPreferencesItcanbeseenfromthetablethatpopularfictionismostpopularwithAmericanstudents,accountingfor65.9%ofbookcirculationinthelibrary.Generalnonfictioncomesnext,takingup18.2%,whilebooksconcerningscience,technologyandeducationtakeuponly10.8%.Theleastpreferredcategoryisthatofart,literatureandpoetry,withacirculationrateofmerely5.1%.Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthereadingpreferences,butthefollowingarethemostcriticalones.Firstly,popularfictionisfascinatingtotheyoungstudents.Secondly,booksaboutscienceandtechnologyareusuallytoocomplexanddifficulttoread.Theyoftencontainmanyspecialtermswhichmoststudentscan’tunderstand.Finally,intoday’smarketeconomy,muchmoreemphasisislaidonpracticalandvocationalbooksratherthanartsorpoetry.Whenitcomestome,poetryandartaremyfavorites.Suchkindofbookscannourishmymind,broadenmyhorizonsandrendermeafreshfeeling.Readingapieceofgoodpoetrytendstorelievemyburdenandlessenmytension,makingmemorecreativeanddynamic.Itgetsmeintoanimaginaryworld,freshandbeautiful.Ijustloveit!15.ChangesintheOwnershipofHousesinChinaItcanbeseenfromthechartthattherehavebeendramaticchangesintheownershipofhousesinChinainthepast50years.Whilethepercentageofstate-ownedhouseshasdroppedfrom70%in1950’sto20%in1990’s,thatofprivatehouseshassoaredfrom30%to80%duringthesameperiodoftime.Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthechangeinthechart,butthefollowingarethemostcriticalones.First,thankstothepolicyofreformandopening-up,thenation’seconomyhasbeen

19developingataconsiderablyhighspeedinthepastdecades.Therefore,peoplehavemoreextramoneytoimprovetheirhousing.Secondly,otherrelevantstatepoliciesandtheboomofrealestateindustryprovidecitizenswithmoreopportunitiestochoosetheirowndwellingplaces.Lastbutnotleast,peoplehaveattachedgreaterimportancetotheirqualityoflife.Thus,moreofthemhavepurchasedhousesintheirownfavor.Inaword,thischartisaperfectindicatorofChina’sfastexpandingeconomyandpeople’srisingstandardoflife.Althoughaseriesofproblemshavearisenintheprocess,itisreasonableforustobelievethattheycanbesolvedinthenearfuturewitheffectivemeasurestakenbyboththegovernmentandthepublic.16.StudentUseofComputerStudentstendtousecomputersmoreandmorefrequentlynowadays.Readingthischart,wecanfindthattheaveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweekhasincreasedsharply.In1990,itwaslessthan2hours;andin1995,itincreasedtoalmost4hours,andin2000,thenumbersoaredto20hours.Obviouslycomputersarebecomingincreasinglypopular.Thereareseveralreasonsforthischange.First,computersfacilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,thefastdevelopmentoftheInternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers.WecaneasilycontactwithfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheInternet.Besides,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablesmorestudentstopurchasethem.However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchaspoorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersandstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.17.HealthGainsinDevelopingCountriesItcanbeseenfromthechartthattherehavebeendramaticchangesinlifeexpectancyandinfantmortalityindevelopingcountriesinthepastdecades.Asthechartshows,people’slifeexpectancysoaredfrom40yearsoldto60yearsoldfrom1960to1990.Meanwhile,infantmortalitydeclinedfrom200to150deathsperthousandbirths.Thechangeinthechartmaybeattributedtoanumberoffactors,butthefollowingarethemostcriticalones.First,developingcountries’economyhasbeendevelopingataconsiderablyhighspeedinthepastdecades.Therefore,peoplehavemoreextramoneytoimprovetheirhealth.Secondly,theadvancesinmedicalsciencesandboomofmedicalindustryprovidecitizenswithmoreopportunitiestocuretheirdiseases.Lastbutnotleast,peoplehaveattachedgreaterimportancetotheirqualityoflife,thustheyhavespentmoremoneyandtimetobuilduptheirbodies.Inaword,thischartisaperfectindicatorofdevelopingnations’fastexpandingeconomyandpeople’srisingstandardoflife.Althoughaseriesofproblemshavearisenintheprocess,itisreasonableforustobelievethattheycanbesolvedinthenearfuturewitheffectivemeasurestakenbyboththegovernmentandthepublic.(或Ifthistrendcontinues,developingcountrieswillsoonapproachthedevelopedcountriesintermsofhealthcare.Peoplewilllivelongerandhealthierlives.Theresultofthiswillbehappier

20andmoreproductivepopulations.)18.FilmIsGivingWaytoTV(a)Thelateststatisticsshowthatthenumberofpeopleattendingcinemasisgettingsteadilysmaller.Atthesametime,thenumberoftelevisionviewersisgrowingatalmostthesamerate.Expertssaythatthesetwotrendsareconnectedinthreeways.First,overthepastfewdecadestelevisionsetshaveappearedinalmosteveryhome.Second,filmsveryquicklybecomeavailableonvideo,andcanbeshownontheTVscreen.Third,itisbecomingmoreexpensivetomakefilms,andsothepricesofcinemaseatsarerising.However,thisdoesnotmeanthedeathofthemovieindustry.Therewillalwaysbepeoplewhoprefertogoouttoseeafilm.ThisisbecausenomatterhowgoodaTVfilmorvideois,itcanneverbeasentertainingasafilmshownonthe“bigscreen.”(b)FilmisgivingwaytoTV.Accordingtoaninvestigationmadeonthenumberoffilm-goersandTV-watchersinaten-yearperiod(1975-1985),attheendof1985,thenumberoffilm-goersdeclinedsharplytoabout15thousandwhichaccountsforonlysome20percentofwhatin1975,theheydayoffilms.Thisdecline,nodoubt,owestothesteadilyincreasingnumberofTV-watchersinthesamedecade.This,Ithink,indicatesthechangingpaceinoursociety.Nowadays,peoplepreferTVtofilmlargelybecausetheyhavelesschancethantheiroldergenerationtospendtwoorthreehoursinacinema;theypreferakindofentertainmentwhichisfreer,lesstime-consumingandthusmoreefficient.TVjustmeetstheirneed.ThisisatleastpartlyifnotwhollythereasonthatattributestotheboomofTVinourgeneration.Nevertheless,therearestillanumberoffilm-fansnowadays.Theyclaimthatasaclassicalart,filmisfarmoreenjoyablethanTV.Someofthemalsowanttorecallthe“true-life”whichexistedinthe“good-past”.Allinall,filmisstillacharmingkindofartasitusedtobe.19.CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCityItcanbeseenfromthegraphthattherateofcaraccidentsinWaltonCityexperiencedrisesandfallsin1990.FromJanuarytoMarchlastyearitincreasedby45%.FromMarchtoJuneitdroppedbyabouthalfthepreviousrate.FromJunetoAugusttherewasasteepriseof50%.Afterthat,however,therewasasteadydecrease.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisimprovement,butthefollowingarethemostcriticalones.First,newtrafficregulationshavemadedriversmorecareful.Second,morepeopleareusingbicyclesfortransportation.Finally,inthelaterpartoftheyeargoodweathermadetheroadssafertodriveon.IamconfidentthattherewillbeevenfewercaraccidentsinWaltoninthefuture.First,major

21roadshavebeenrepairedandthenumberofpublicbuseshasbeenincreasedinthepastfewmonths.Moreover,atrafficsafetycampaignhasmadeallthelocalpeoplemoreawareofthedangersofunsafedriving.（五）应用写作型20.ALettertotheEditorofaNewspaperJune20th,2004DearMr./MissEditor,IamastudentfromTsinghuaUniversityandIamwritingtoyouaboutmyexperienceofbuyingadictionaryandmycomplaintabouttheserviceofabookstore.Itwasaboutamonthago.IwenttoabookstorenearbytheuniversitytobuyanEnglishdictionary.ItwasonlyafterIpaidforthedictionaryandreturnedtoschoolthatIfoundsomepagesweremissing.ButwhenIwentbacktothebookstoretotellthemaboutthematter,theysaidthatIshouldhavecheckedthedictionarybeforeIleftthestore.Accordingtothem,itwasmyfaultandtheyholdnoresponsibilityforthewholematter.WhatIwanttosayisthatsincerityandenthusiasmarevitaltothesurvivalofserviceindustriesinsuchamarketeconomyfeaturedbyfiercecompetition.Itwasquiteeasyforthemtochangethedictionaryformebuttheyrefusedtodoso.Theywillloseallcustomersiftheypersistindoingso.Ihopethatthislettercandrawtheattentionofthewholesocietyandthattheproblemcanbesolvedassoonaspossible.Bestregards.YourssincerelyLiMing21.ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusJanuary12th,2002DearMr.President,IamasophomorefromDepartment3andIamwritingtoyouaboutthefoodandserviceinthecanteenoncampus.Tobefrank,Iamratherdisappointedatthefoodquality,priceandserviceinthecanteen.First,thedishesarescarcelywellcookedandmostofthemtastethesame.Secondly,mostofthedishestherearepricedsohighthatsomestudentscannotevenaffordthem.Thirdly,theserviceinthecanteenisfarfromsatisfyingandtheinsideofthecanteenalwaysseemuntidy.Tosolvetheproblem,Isuggestthatanothercanteenbebuiltandamechanismofcompetitionbeintroducedbetweentheoldandthenew.Besides,boththecanteensshouldbesubjecttothestudents'supervision.Diningisaneverydayissueforstudents.Itmayaffecttheiracademicperformance.Therefore,IsincerelyhopethislettercandrawyourattentiontothematterandIhopetheproblemsmentionedabovecanbesolvedassoonaspossible. Bestregards.Yourssincerely

22 LiMing22.June28,2001DearXiaoWang,I’mthrilledtoreceiveyourletteronMay10th,inwhichyousuggestedourspendingaweektogetherhereinBeijing.Idothinkit’safantasticideaandIbelievewe’llhaveagoodtimetogether.Astothearrangementoftheholiday,Isuggestthefollowingactivities.ForthefirstthreedaysIwillshowyouaroundourcampusandsomeplacesofinterestdowntownBeijing,suchastheForbiddenCity,theTempleofHeavenandtheSummerPalace.Forthefollowingtwodays,wewillvisittheGreatWall,theMingTombsandotherhistoricsitesaroundthecity.Inthelasttwodays,wewillbebackinthecityandtoursomefamousbusinessstreets,whereyoucandosomeshopping.Whatdoyousay?ItwillbequitehothereinBeijing,soremembertogetpreparedfortheweather.And,lastbutnotleast,don’tforgettobringyourcamerawithyou,foryouwillfindsomanyscenesworthphotographinghere.Iwillbelongingforyourarrival.Bestwishes.Yourstruly,ZhangYing（六）其他范文23.Don'tHesitatetoSayNoAsageneralrule,peopleliketohelpothers,butthereareoccasionswhenyoushouldsaynotorequestsforfavors.Forinstance,itisbettertorefusewhenachildpestersyouforsweetfoodanddrinksorfortoomanytoys.Anotherexampleiswhenarelativeasksyoutouseyourinfluencetogethimorherabankloanoraworkpromotion.However,wecannotignorethefactthatmanypeoplearereluctanttosayno.Theyfeelthatiftheyturndownarequestfromarelativeorfriend,theywillcauseill-feelingwithinthefamilyorbecomeunpopularwiththeiracquaintances.Anotablecaseinpointiswhenthebossasksthemtodosomethingwhichtheyfeelisunreasonable.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatnotsayingnowhenyoushouldsaynocansometimeshaveharmfulconsequences.Ifchildrenaregiveneverythingtheyaskfor,notonlymaytheirhealthbedamaged,buttheymaygrowupselfishandspoilt.Again,inthelongrunitiskindertorefusetolendmoneytoapersonwhohasagamblingoralcoholismproblem.24.TheCareerIPursueUnlikemanyothercollegestudents,Ithoughtlongandhardaboutmyfuturebeforeembarkingonmystudies.Ithensoughtadvicefrommyteachersandmyparentsaboutthebestlifepathformetochoose.Finally,Isettledonjournalismasthecareerwhichwouldbestsuitmy

23temperament.Althoughthefinancialrewardshastwoparticularattractionsforme.First,bysupplyingpeoplewiththeinformationtheyneedeveryday,itfulfillsasociallyusefulfunction.Second,itisajobfullofnovelty,unlikemostoccupations,whichinvolvesimplyroutinework.Inordertopreparemyselfformyfuturecareerintheworldofthemedia—whetheritbeworkingforanewspaperoramagazine,orinthesphereofradioandtelevision—Ihavecarefullyselectedmycollegecourse.MybasicfieldsofstudyareMassCommunicationsandEconomics.Atthesametime,havinganeyetoreportingeventsworldwide,IamtakingextraclassestoimprovemyEnglishandreadingwidelytoincreasemygeneralknowledge.25.MotorcyclesandCityTrafficInrecentyears,thenumberofmotorcyclesoncityroadsinchinahasbeenincreasing.Thisisbecausetheyareacheapoftransportationforpeopleinacountrywheremotorcarsareexpensiveformostfamilies.Inaddition,motorcyclesareconvenientfordrivingandparkingoncrowdedcitystreets.However,motorcycleshavedisadvantagestoo.Theypollutetheatmospherewithsmokeandnoise.Theyarealsoamoredangerousfromoftransportationthanmotorcars,becausethemotorcycleislessstableandthereislittleprotectionforthedriverinthecaseofanaccident.Itseemstomethatcitygovernmentsshouldrestrictthenumberofmotorcyclesallowedontheroads.Thiswouldlimitthepollutiontheycause,butatthesametimehelptorelievetrafficcongestion.Thereshouldbeabalancebetweentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthemotorcycleasaformofcitytransport.26.LookingForwardtothe21stCenturyIameagerlywaitingthearrivalofthe21stcentury,becauseitpromisesexcitingnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnology.Firstofall,itislikelythattelecommunicationswillexpandbyleapsandbounds.Secondly,moreprogresswillbemadeinmedicine,andthirdlythecomingcenturywillseemankindreallycometogripswithenvironmentalpollution.Asfarascommunicationsisconcerned,e-mailandtheInternetwillprobablybecomeavailableallovertheglobe,enhancingmutualunderstandingandmakingwarslessfrequent.Advancesinmedicinewillenableustolivelongerandhealthierlives,andscienceandtechnologywillprovidemoretoolsfortacklingthepollutionproblem.However,therewillbenewchallengestofaceinthenewcentury.Populationwillcontinuetogrow,puttingpressureonthefoodsupply.Moreover,thereisadangerthatpeoplewillbecometoodependentonmachinestolookafterthem,leadingtoaweakeningoftheirspirituallives.Iintendtopreparemyselfforthe21stcenturybykeepingabreastofthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnology.Butatthesametime,Iwillnotneglectculturalpursuits.27.ManIstoSurviveThehumanraceisfacingproblemswhicharegettingmoreacuteastimegoeson.Themostseriousareshortagesofresources,environmentalpollution,andthepressureofpopulationgrowth.Inturn,theseproblemscausepoverty,diseaseandwars.Pessimistssaythatthehumanraceisfacingextinction.Thisisbecauseitisnowtoolateto

24solvetheseproblems,accordingtothem.Theypredictthatresourceswillbecomeexhaustedsoonerorlater,thatpollutionwilleventuallypoisontheplanet,andthatuncheckedpopulationgrowthwillcausemassstarvation.ButIdonotagreethatmankindisdoomed.Inthepast,thehumanracehasalwaysshownthatithasthewisdomtoovercomeanythreattoitssurvival.Inthefuture,too,mankindwillsurvivebyusingitswisdomtofindawayoutofitsproblems.28.HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Itisundeniablethataninterviewplaysacriticalroleinjob-hunting.Throughtheinterview,anemployercanmeettheirfutureemployeesinpersonandknowthemmorethoroughly.Sometimesthewrittenformofexaminationcannotrevealcandidates'realtalentsorproblems.Besides,itisalsobeneficialforcandidatestotakeaninterview.Theywillhaveachancetomaketheiremployersunderstandthembetter.Anumberoffactorscontributetothesuccessinajobinterview.Personally,Ithinkjob-huntersshouldpayattentiontothefollowingpoints.First,theyshouldbewellpreparedprofessionally.Thatmeanstheyshouldbereadytoansweralltheimportantquestionsconcerningtheirfuturejob.Secondly,theyshouldexpressthemselvesconfidentlyandhonestly.Lastbutnotleast,theyshouldpayenoughattentiontotheirappearances,thatis,theyshouldbeproperlydressed.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwillgetacademicallyreadyfirst,andthenberelaxedtoanswerallthequestions.Iwillalsodressupandbehaveproperly.IdobelievethatsolongasImakegoodpreparations,Iwillperformwellintheinterview.

25五、冠词用法讲练（一）冠词的位置1)在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。例如：thelastfewdaysareallygoodconcert2)名词词组里如果有all,both,exactly,just,many,quite,rather,such,what等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前。例如：allthetimeboth(the)brothersexactlythewrongcolourjusttherightplacequiteanicedayratheramesssuchafunnystory3)和as,how／however,so,too连用时,形容词放在冠词之前。例如：He’snotsobigafoolasyouthink.She’sascleveragirlasyou’reeverlikelytomeet.Thisistooheavyabagformetocarry.Howlargeanarmchairdidhehave?Howevertiringadayshemayhave,sheneverloseshergoodhumour.（二）不定冠词(IndefiniteArticle)1)a／an表示“任何一个(类)”，只能用于单数可数名词前。例如：Wearehavingacommitteemeetingthisafternoon.a／an不用于不可数名词前。例如：Therewillbediscussionandargumentatthemeeting.Hedrinksmilkeveryday.2)不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a／an。例如：I’vejustboughtalovelybigDanishcheese.Idon’tlikecheese.Shewasinspiredwithanewcourage.Sheshowedgreatcourage.3)用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前，如fivepenceakilo,sixtykilometersanhour,fourtimesaday等。4)用于下列这样的固定短语中。如acouple,adozen,halfadozen,ahundred,alotof,agreatmany,agreatdealof,alargeamount／quantityof,agoodnumberof等。I’vedoneagreatdealofworktoday.(不可数)Whatalargenumberofbooksyouhave!(可数)It’sagoodfivemiles(=atleastfivemiles,perhapsmote)tothestation.5)以元音开头的单词前不定冠词用an,如：anapple,anegg,anitem,anoldman,anumbrella,anhour;以辅音开头的单词前不定冠词用auniversitystudent,ahumorousman。EXERCISElA.Putaoranbeforeeachofthefollowing:1.motel(汽车游客旅馆)2.unusualapproach

263.honestboy4.awkwardsituation5.exit(出口)6.urgentmessage7.uniqueopportunity8.extremelyexcitingfilmB．TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish：1．一座新办公楼2．一位旅行社代理人3．一位美国科学家4．一天的郊游5．一张印度邮票6．一次心脏病发作7．一个先进国家8．一个有意思的剧本EXERCISE2Fillintheblankswithaoranwherenecessary:1.Telephoneisveryimportantmeansofcommunication.2.Mothersoftentellsmallchildrenstoriesbeforebedtime.3.I'llpayyouthousandyear.It’snotenormoussalarybutafterallyouarecompletelyunskilledworker.4.—You’11getshockifyoutouchlivewirewiththatscrewdriver(螺丝起子).Whydon’tyougetscrewdriverwithinsulated(绝缘的)handle?5.—I’mnotwage-earner;I’mself-employedman.Ihavebusinessofmyown.—Thenyou’renotworker;You’recapitalist!6.—Ihavehourandhalfforlunch.—Ionlyhavehalfhour—barelytimeforsmokeandcupofcoffee.7.Ittravelsatjustunderthousandmileshour.8.Ihaveneverknownsuchhotweather.EXERCISE3Insertaoranwherenecessary:A．1.Ihadverybadnight;Ididn’tsleepwink(眨眼；打盹).2.Thismanhashonestythatweallappreciated.3.Mr.BrownhadvisionofnewandhappierEurope.4.It’stimeyouhadholiday.Youhaven’thaddayoffformonth.5.Thereishourlyserviceofbusesinthisroute.6.Itisgreathonourtobeinvitedtosuchgathering.7.1wouldn’tclimbmountainfor$1,000!Ihavehorrorofheights.8.Childrenusuallylearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongatearlyage.9.Ican’ttellyoudefinitelyyet.I'llhavewordwithmywifeaboutitandtellyouourdecisiontomorrow.10.Ifboyisnotmakingsatisfactoryprogressatschool,hisparentsshouldseekadvicefromhisteacher.B．1.Thisisbigproblem,butnottoobigproblemforustosolve.2.Hehadsquarenose,greyhairandbrownskin.Shehadneverseensohandsomeman.

273.Howevergreatdisasterhesuffered,Johnnevergaveup.4.Manyshipwreckedsailorhasbeenrescuedbyourbravecoastguards(海岸警卫队).5.Suchurgentneedrequirespromptaction.6.Sourgentneedrequirespromptaction.7.ThisisaslovelypictureasIhaveeverseen.8.Idon’tthinkyourealizewhatseriouscrisisthisis.9.Youcanhardlyhopetosucceedwheremanygreatermanhasfailed.10.Howseriouscrimehadbeencommittedwasnotrealizeduntilmuchlater.（三）定冠词(DefiniteArticle)1)定冠词的基本特性实际上所有名词（专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the。请看下列句子：12Ilovebooks.Putthebooksontheshelf.Butterisnotcheap.ThebutterIboughtisnotcheap.Hewenttoworkbycar.Herodetoworkinthenewcar.Hehasgainedstrength.Hehasregainedthestrengthhelost.Ilikemusic.Ilikethemusiccomposedbytheyoungman.a)一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the。例如：Don’tyouthinkGeorgianhousesareabsolutelylovely?Stainlesssteel(不锈钢器皿)hasmanyuses.Ican’tsayIcareformodernart.上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语，因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物，故不用the。下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用the：TheGeorgianhouseshavebeensold.Thestainlesssteelwasbeautiful,butIthoughtmostoftheglass（玻璃器皿）theyexhibitedwasratherunimaginative.Theyshowedawonderfulselectionoftheimpressionists,butthemodernartwastoolimitedinitsrange.b)也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。例如：TheoldhouseswhicharemostworthvisitingareintheImperialCity.Thesteelofthegunbarrelshasgonerusty.Theartoftheeighteenthcenturyhasneverbeensurpassed（超过）．上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（whathouses），什么样的钢（whatsteel）和什么样的艺术（whatart），故用the。下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词，但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指，故不用the。例如：Houseswhichfailtosatisfytheseminimumrequirementsaretobepulleddown.Steelofgreatstrengthisneededforthemanufactureofguns.Artintheeighteenthcenturyprobablyplayedamoreimportantpartinpeople’slivesthanitdoestoday.

28EXERCISE4Fillintheblankswiththewherenecessary:1.Theengineersfoundthatsteelwasofinsufficientlyhighquality.Steel,Isuppose,isthemostimportantsingleproductofthemodernindustrialworld.2.Largeforestscanhaveanimportantinfluenceonclimate.Forestshaveallbeencutdown.3.Naturewasprobablyhischiefsourceofinspiration（灵感，鼓舞）.Natureoftheproblemwassuchastoarousehisinterest.4.Educationoflittlechildrenhasbeengreatlyneglected.Publiceducationmustbegreatlyextended.5.Theexploration（探索）ofspacehasbecomeoneofthechieftopicsofsciencefiction（科幻小说）.Spacebetweenthetableandthewallwasjustbigenoughforasmallbed.6.Ipreferclassicalmusictopopmusic.Filmwasn’tverygoodbutIlikedmusic.7.Myfavouritesubjectatschoolwashistory.Allstudentsshouldknowsomethingabouthistoryoftheirowncountry.8.Icannotjudgeaccuracyofyourcalculations（计算）.Inmathematicsaccuracyisessential.2)定冠词的主要用法a)用于单数名词前，表示“某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。例如：Thetigerisafierce（凶猛的）animal.（相当于Atigerisafierceanimal.或Tigersarefierceanimals.）Inthistribethewomangoesouthuntingandthemanstaysathometolookafterthechildren.下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：Whoinventedtheradio?（指类别）Whohadaradio?（指同类中的任何一个）Whomanufacturedradios?（指这一类中的所有个体）man指“人类”时，不用the。例如：Manwillconquernature.b)用于指世上独一无二的东西，如themoon，thesun，theworld等。c)用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“体育运动”的名词前。例如：Canyouplaytheguitar?Iplayfootballeveryday.d)用于某些形容词前，可表示“一类人”。例如：Theyoungareimpatient；theywantchanges.e)一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。例如：I’mjustrecoveringfromrheumatism（风湿病）.下列病名前一般用a／an：Ihaveanacheinmyhead(apainintheneck).Hehasacold／afever.特指时需要用the。例如：

29Jimhasneverreallygotoverthemalaria（疟疾）hecaughtintheEast.f)一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the。例如：Breakfastisservedateight.Theweddingbreakfastwasheldinherfather’shouse.如果泛指，用a／an。例如：Hegaveusagoodbreakfast.g)bed,church,college,court,hospital,market,prison,school,sea和work等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。例如：It’stimeforchildrentogotobed.（指tosleep）HegoestochurcheverySunday.（指topray）Afterthecrash，sevenpeopleweretakentohospital.（指tobecured）Hespentsixmonthsinprison.（指tobepunished）AfterIleaveschool,Iwanttogoto(a)university.（指tostudy）Kenisaseaman.Hespendsmostofhislifeatsea.（指tosail）注：在美国英语中，通常用a／thehospital，auniversity。出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用a或the。例如：Thereisabedintheroom.Shewasputtingcleansheetsonthebed.Theworkmenwenttothechurchtorepairtheroof.Tomwenttotheprisontovisithisbrother.Iwouldlovetolivenearthesea.home单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用the或a。例如：Shelefthome.Wewenttothebride'shome.Idon’thaveahometogotointhiscity.h)当cinema,theatre,radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用the。例如：Wewenttothecinemalastnight.Doyouoftengotothetheatre?Iheardthenewsontheradio.television用于表示“看电视”时不用the。例如：Iwatchedthenewsontelevision.指“电视机”时用the。例如：Canyouturnoffthetelevision,please?(=thetelevisionset)注：许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词，需要熟记，如dayafterday，husbandandwife，fatherandson，lockandkey，heavenandhell等。EXERCISE5A．Fillintheblankswithaorthewherenecessary:1.Afterlunch,wewentforwalkbysea.2.Steam-enginewasinventedbeforeinternalcombustionengine（内燃机）.3.Bat,theysay,judgesdistancesbykindofecho-location.

304.HegoestochurcheverySunday；churchheusuallygoestohasseatsforoverthousand.5.ThisismostusefulreferencebookIhaveonthissubject.6.Wehavegoodmarketintownwherewebuyourfruitand_______vegetables.7.Prisoninthistownisgrim-lookingbuilding.8.Youngestboyhasjuststartedgoingtoschool；eldestboyisatcollege.9.Deadnolongerneedhelp.Wemustconcernourselveswithliving.10.Johnbecamemanagerandsecretaryofthecompanysametime.B．Insertaorthewherenecessary:1.Horseisnobleanimalandfaithfulservantofman.2.Chessisgamewhichrequiresgreatskillandpatience.3.Thestrangerwenttoschooltocomplainaboutbehaviour（行为）ofoneofpupils.4.Dinnerwasgood,butIdidnotenjoyspeechesthatcameafterit.5.Animportantaspectindevelopingmotivation（动力，促动因素）issettingofgoals.6.—Hegotbronchitis（支气管炎）andwastakentohospital.Iexpectthey’llsendhimhomeatendofweek.—Haveyourunghospitaltoaskhowheis?7.Didn’tyouhearthatnewsoverradiothismorning?8.Flute（长笛）ismyfavouriteinstrument.9.Wehaveverygoodtrainservicefromheretocitycenterandmostpeoplegotoworkbytrain.Youcangobybus,too,ofcourse,butyoucan’tgetseasonticketonbus.10.Everywheremanhascutdownforestsinordertocultivateground,ortousewoodasfuelorasbuildingmaterial.3)专用名词前定冠词的主要用法a)一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用the。例如：He’stheMr.SmithIsawyesterday.也可说：AMr.Smithhascomehere.(=AmancalledSmithhascomehere.)复数人名前需用the，如theJohnsons,theCoopers。b)不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用the，以表示特指。例如：IsawQueenElizabethwhenlwasinLondon。IsawtheQueenwhenIwasinLondon.c)不用于国家、省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国名前需要用the。例如：thePhilippinestheNetherlandstheUnitedStatestheUnitedKingdom注：theUkraine,theCongo,theSudan,theHague为例外。d)用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如：theBritishtheChinese

31theDutchtheEnglish下列名词常用复数形式：(the)Russians(the)Italians(the)Arabs(the)Scotsc)用于表示地区的名词前。例如：theMiddleEasttheFarEastthenorthofEngland(但是：northernEngland)f)不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但有of介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：BroadwayRedSquaretheTowerofLondontheGreatWallofChinaSamlivesonl2thStreet.TheychangedthenameofSixthAvenuetotheAvenueofAmericas.g)用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前。例如：theMississippitheAtlanticthePhilippineIslandstheAndestheEnglishChannelthePersianGulf但不用于单个岛屿、山峰前。例如：Sicily(Mount)Etnah)不用于大学名称前，但有of介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：YaleUniversityOxfordUniversitytheUniversityofNorthCarolinai)不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如：NewsweekNaturalHistorytheDailyNewstheWashingtonPostEXERCISE6A．Fillintheblankswiththewherenecessary:1.Thames,SeineandRhinearefamousrivers.2.SamuelJohnsonwhowasaprofessorofColumbiaUniversitywasnotSamuelJohnsonwhowasafamousEnglishwriter.3.AndesareinSouthAmerica,andAlpsareinEurope.4.WoolofwhichthissuitismadecomesfromAustraliansheep.5.WoolisoneofchiefexportsfromAustralia.6.HeremembersLondonofpastandsaysitwasgayerthanLondonoftoday.7.GulfofMexicoandCaribbeanSeaarereallypartofAtlanticOcean.8.Macy’s(商店名)ison34thStreetbetweenBroadwayandSeventhAvenue.9.MrJenkinsreadsDailyTelegraphbuthiswifereadsTimes.10.FrankisastudentatLiverpoolUniversity.B．TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:1．大英博物馆2．苏伊士运河3．这两个词的区别

324．威尔逊一家5．在第一排6．1949年7．在1935年秋天EXERCISE7Crossoutarticlesthatareunnecessaryinthefollowingpassage:Thepeopleeverywhereintheworldmightsay,“Whenthestrangersdonotunderstandthecustomsthatwefollow,theyareconfusedanddonotunderstandwhatishappening.”Thegoodmannersaredifferentinthedifferentpartsoftheworld.Inmanyplaces,forexample,acceptingthegiftsoranythingimportantwiththelefthandshowsthebadmannersandeventherudeness.Peoplewiththegoodmannersaccepttheimportantthingswiththebothhandsoratleastwiththerighthand.Usingthelefthandtoaccepttheimportantthingsshowsnotonlythediscourtesy（无礼，失礼）butalsoshowsthatthepersonwhoisacceptingthinksthethingbeinggivenisworthless.IntheEuropeandtheNorthAmerica,however,thepeopledonotfollowthiscustomandgiveandreceivewitheitherhandwithoutthinkingaboutthemeaningofwhattheyaredoing.

33六、标点符号用法讲练标点符号(PunctuationMarks)主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。常用的标点符号有：i)句号(.)(Period,FullStop)ii)问号(?)(InterrogationMark)iii)感叹号(!)(ExclamationMark)iv)逗号(,)(Comma)v)分号(;)(Semicolon)vi)冒号(:)(Colon)vii)破折号(—)(Dash)viii)括号([])(Parentheses)ix)引号(“”)(QuotationMarks)x)连字号(-)(Hyphen)xi)撇号(’)(Apostrophe)xii)删节号(…)(Ellipsis)上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况：i)—iii)用于句尾；iv)—ix)用于句中；x)—xi)用于词内。最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字。（一）主要标点符号的用法1)逗号(Comma)主要用于：a)并列的词或句子。例如：Solids,liquidsandgasescanbechangedfromonetoanother.Froml926untilhisdeathinl953,Thorpelivedapoor,lonely,unhappylife.There’sonlyenoughroomforpeopletowalkin,takeoneoftheeleveninserts,rollthemtogether,sliparubberbandaroundthemandslidethemintoaplasticbag.Thepresentisliving,thepastdead,andthefutureunknowable.b)状语(包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等)。例如：Whenwaterisheated,itwillbechangedintovapour.John,seeingthathisbrotherwashurt,rantohelphim.或Seeingthathisbrotherwashurt,Johnrantohelphim.Workisdone,evenbyaforceactingatadistance.Tomakethetripmoreexcitingforthekids,Oscarkeptthedestinationasecret.Aftertheheartbreakingexperience,Thorpeturnedtoprofessionalsports.c)非限定形容词从句或插入语。例如：Atl0a.m.wearrivedattherailwaystation,whereJanewaswaitingforus.Youknow,ofcourse,whataphrasalverbis.Ineedn’t,therefore,explainitnow.d)呼语、同位语。例如：George,tellDicktheanswertothequestion.Hewasadirectdescendantofthefamouswarriorchief,BlackHawk.e)日期、数字、地址。例如：ChichesterbeganthegreatestvoyageofhislifeinAugust,1966.ThevoyagefromEnglandandbackcovered28,2500miles.

34Pleasesenditto1932HillRoad,LondonS.E.18.（门牌号和街名间无标点）f)姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如：Shakespeare,WilliamEinstein,AlbertDearPhilip,Sincerelyyours,2)分号(Semicolon)主要用于：a)两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如：Understandingisatwo-wayoperation;learningdoesn’tconsistinbeinganemptyreceptacle.Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.Somefarmerswerehaulingwaterouttotheirthirstystockdaily;othersweretryingtodrilldeepwells.Notonlydoliesprovidethe“help”hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception;theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth.b)列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如：Therewillbethreeforeignteachersnextterm:MissAnnSmithfromBoston,America;Mr.JohnBakerfromLondon,England;andMsMaryBlakefromSydney,Australia.3)冒号(Colon)主要用于：a)列举事物。例如：Thatwasataleoftwocities:LondonandParis.Itmayalsobesaidthatrational,industrious,usefulhumanbeingsaredividedintotwoclasses:first,thosewhoseworkisworkandwhosepleasureispleasure;andsecond,thosewhoseworkandpleasureareone.b)注释句之前。例如：I'vejusthadsomegoodnews:I’vebeenofferedapart-timejobinthecomputercenter.Theseseatcoversarethemostdurablekind:theyarereinforcedwithdoublestitchingandcoveredwithaheavyplasticcoating.4)破折号(Dash)主要用于：a)注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。例如：Thereisawaytodecideanyquestion—experiment.Somewhereorother—IthinkitisintheprefacetoSaintJoan—BernardShawremarksthatwearemoregullibleandsuperstitioustodaythanwewereintheMiddleAges.b)补充性的成分。例如：Life—anddeath,too—isacyclethatgoesroundandround.Iteachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.Whenthematerialisthesame,Ichange—andmoreimportant,mystudentschange.

35c)总括所列举的事物。例如：Thecomplexoperationrequirednewmethodsfordirectingthecombinedendeavorsofthousandsandthousandsofminds,someingovernment,someinuniversities,someinprivateindustry—allworkingtogetherforacommonpurpose.d)突然转折。例如：Onelittleproblemisthatacomputercan’tlaughyet—butthescientistsareworkingonit.5)撇号a)用作省略号。例如：o’er(=over),it’s=(itis).b)用作所有格符号。例如：Mary’shandbag,thel990’s。c)构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式。例如：thefoura’s。EXERCISElCapitalizeandpunctuatethefollowing:1．theman’spapersBettyfoundintheatticestablishedhisidentityIthenrybedellcompanyD11thvermontvolunteers30yearsold2．itwasclearthatdadcoulddonomorethanhewasdoingalreadyfarming80acresinadditiontoholdingafulltimejob3．nowi’mcomingtothemostimportantpointbutwhatareyoudoingoverthere4．rainsnowsleetfogwouldnottroubletheundergroundworld5．duringthesummertheresortiscrowdedwithtouristsduringthewinteronlyseagullswalkthebeach6．toacertainextentmankindencumberstheearth7．1ikemostwildlifedeerreproducegrowandstorefatinthesummerandfall8．thebigfellowwasjimthorpethegreatestamericanathleteofmoderntimes9．theasparaguswereenormousjuicyandappetising10．iwassureourfourkidseducatedaboutthewestthroughmovieswouldbedisappointed11．iwouldn’tmarkapaintingorastatueitssoulsotospeakisinseparablefromitsbeauty12．theparticipantsofthesingingcontestincludedstudentsteachersdoctorsbusinessmenfactoryworkerspeoplefromallwalksoflife13．isitpossiblethatsomedaywemayseektoaddfurthertoourcomfortandsecuritybybuildingourhousesundergroundinnewman-madecaves14．iansweredbycorrespondencethatiwouldmeetheratbeijinghotelonthursday15．passengersmayhaveoneofthefourbeveragescoffeeteamilkorsoda16．presentatthemeetingweremrhochairmanoftheenglishdepartmentmrbrownavisitingscholarfromdenmarkandalltheprofessorsandlecturerswhohadtaughtus17．thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofmanydoctorswhoarescrupulouslyhonestwiththeirpatientsitcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandofdefensivemedicine18．hisslightacquaintancewiththemhehadmetthemonlyoncemadehimhesitatetoaskthemforhelp（二）并列句中的标点用法

361)逗号+并列连词Theclockwasold,yetitwasinexcellentcondition.Therewaslittleformalityinclass,butMrStoneneverhadtodisciplineus.注：ⅰ）在较短的句子中，逗号可以省略。例如：Manyarecalledbutfewarechosen.然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意。例如：Again,welostourway.（而且我们迷路了。）Againwelostourway.（我们又一次迷路。）ⅱ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词。例如：Thenightwinddieddown,nightclosedin,themooncameout,andlightscameoninthescatteredhouses.2)分号Theyliveonthefirstfloor;weliveonthesecond.(对比)Everyonewaslate;thesnowhadcausedatrafficjam.(补充说明)3)分号+连接性副词+逗号Wedidn’tlikethechoice;however,wehadtoacceptit.Wedidn’tknowwhattodo;therefore,wedidnothing.适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有：consequently，furthermore，moreover，nevertheless等。注：ⅰ）连接性副词位于句末时，前面一般用逗号，后面用句号。例如：Thenewseatsintheauditoriumaremorecomfortable;theacousticsareworse,however.ⅱ)连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号。例如：Ihadn’treadthetestverycarefully.Therefore,IwassurprisedthatIhaddonesowell.Ihadn’treadthetestverycarefully;therefore,IwassurprisedthatIhaddonesowell.ⅲ)then和thus后面不用逗号。例如：Theicecrackedandsplit;thenthatboysankintothebone-chillingwater.EXERCISE2Punctuatethefollowingsentences:1．Theplanwon’tworkfortherearetoomanythingswrongwithit.2．Thebusbrokedownasaresultwewerelateforwork.3．Martinleftanoteitsaidhewouldbelate.4．Thisisanewwatchyetitdoesn’twork.5．Jimwasverytiredsohewentrightofftosleep.6．Businesswasboomingconsequentlythecompanyneededmoreworkers.7．Theskywasbrightbluewithafewwhitecloudsinitanditwasabeautifuldayforthepicnic.8．Thedininghallisnicelookingthefoodhoweveristerrible.9．Attendanceiscompulsorythestudentshavenochoicetherefore.10．Somepeopleputcreamandsugarintheircoffeeotherspreferitblack.11．Spaceexplorationiscostlyneverthelesswemustcontinuetospendmoneyonspacetravel

37ifwearetolearnaboutouruniverse.12．Astronautsareaffectedbyweightlessnessmoreovertheyarealsoaffectedbyboredomandloneliness.EXERCISE3Correctpunctuationmistakesineachsentencebyaddingasemicolonorafullstop,oracommaplusasuitablecoordinatingconjunction:1．Unmannedspaceprobes(探测器)eliminatetheriskofdeath,furthermore,theycostmuchlessthanmannedspaceflight.2．Praiseislikesunlight,wecannotflowerorgrowwithoutit.3．ItwasMay,snowstilllayunderthebranchesofthethickpines.4．Thepriceofseriousillnesshasrisendrastically(大幅度地)inrecentyears,forexamplesomehospitalroomsnowcostahundredpoundsaday.5．Johnisshortandquiet,hisroommateistallandtalkative.6．Thewindowkeptbangingallnight,Icouldn’tsleepawink.7．Reckless(鲁莽的)driverswouldbeseverelypunished,infacttheyshouldlosetheirdrivers’permitsforatleastsixmonths.8．Jimlikedtosampledifferentkindsoffood,IfixedsomeChinesefoodforhim.9．Methodsofstudyingvary,whatworkswellforsomestudentsdoesn’tworkatallforothers.10．PhilipwaswatchingTV,Mariewasupstairsonthephone.（三）直接引语句的标点用法1)引述动词位于句首引述动词+逗号／冒号+引语。例如：Jimsaid:“Iswimforanhoureveryday.”Tomsaidtohisbrother,“Putyourtoysaway.Momwillbebacksoon.’’2)引述动词位于句中引语+逗号／惊叹号／问号+引述动词+逗号／句号+引语引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号。例如：“Justtelltheboystogetbusy,”theirfatherinstructed.“They’recollegemen.They’lldowhattheyhavetodo.’’“No!No!”Icried.“Youcan’tsellmybooks.”如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始，引述动词后用逗号。例如：“Yousir,”KingGustavofSwedentoldThorpe,“arethegreatestathleteintheworld.’’3)引述动词位于句末引语+逗号／问号／惊叹号+引述动词。例如：一“Whatoffence?”Iasked.一“Theft,”thepolicemansaid.“Whatabeautifulview!”sheexclaimed.

384)引语句子在句末引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点。例如：AllhecansayinEnglishis“Howdoyoudo?”Didyouseethewords“Areyouhappy?”上面两句不能写成：*AllhecansayinEnglishis“Howdoyoudo?”.*Didyouseethewords“Areyouhappy?”?EXERCISE4Correctthepunctuationmistakesinthefollowingsentences.Ifasentenceiscorrectasitstands,writeCatitsend:1．“OnFriday”theteacherannounced:“we’lltakeupanewlesson.’’2．“What?”heasked?“dowehavetoprepareforthecampingtrip”?3．“Howwasyourday?”Ienquired.“Great!”Ienthused.4．Hegreetseveryonewith“Hi”.5．“YoumaythinkIhavealotofgarbageinthesebags.”Oneshopping-bagladyvolunteeredinachurchsoupkitchen.“butit’severythingIneed.”6．Whowrote“Youfools!”ontheblackboard?7．“Itpainsme,”Isaid.“Tofindthatyoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesyou.’’8．Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe“WhatdoIdowithmyself”question?eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialworries.EXERCISE5Capitalizeandpunctuatethefollowingpassages:1．LondonFireatoneo’clockonseptember21666thegreatfireofLondonstartedinsideabakersshopinpuddinglaneitlastedfivedaysandnearly80％ofallthebuildingswithintheLondonwallwererazedaccordingtotheofficialreportl3200houses87parishchurchesover400streetsandtheenormousoldstpaulscathedraloneofthewondersofthemedievalworldwereinruinsoutofLondons450acresonly75remaineduntouched.roberthubertaFrenchwatchmakerfromrouenwasaccusedofthefirethesentencesaidhehaddeliberatelystartedthefireafterhewashangeditwasconclusivelyprovedthathehadnotevenarrivedinLondonuntiltwodaysafterthefirebrokeout2．Mountain-ClimbingandSight-Seeingmrjoneswasveryfondofclimbingmountainssooneyearhewenttoswitzerlandforhisholidaysafterhehadclimbedsomeeasymountainshedecidedonedaytoclimbamoredifficultonebuthedidnotwanttogoupitalonesohefoundagoodswissguidewhohadoftenclimbedthatmountainatfirstitwasnotadifficultclimbbutthentheycametoaplacewhichwasnotsoeasytheguidestoppedturnedroundandwarnedmrjonesbecarefulherehesaidthisisadangerousplaceyoucaneasilyfallandifyoudoyouwillfallstraightdownaverylongwaybuthecontinuedcalmlyifyoudofallheredon’tforgettolooktotherightwhileyouaregoingdownthereisaquite

39extraordinarilybeautifulviewtheremuchmorebeautifulthantheoneyoucanseefromhere3．TheRoadtoHappinessitisthesimplethingsthatreallymatterifamandelightsinhiswifeandchildrenhassuccessinworkandfindspleasureinthealternationofdayandnightspringandautumnhewillbehappywhateverhisphilosophymaybeifontheotherhandhefindshiswifehatefulhischildrensnoiseunendurableandtheofficeanightmareifinthedaytimehelongsfornightandatnighthesighsforthelightofdaythenwhatheneedsisnotanewphilosophybutanewpatternoflifeadifferentdietormoreexercisemanisananimalandhishappinessdependsonhisphysiologymorethanhelikestothinkunhappybusinessmenIamconvincedwouldincreasetheirhappinessmorebywalkingsixmileseverydaythanbyanyconceivablechangeofphilosophy

40七、句型写作练习（一）并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词或用分号、冒号、逗号等连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and,or,but,so,for,neither,nor,while,whereas等。用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。1)Itwasacoldsnowyday.Hehadnomoneyleftforfood.(and)2)Hurryup.You’llbelate.(or)3)Itrainedheavilylastnight.Iwenttotheshowanyway.(but)4)Ienjoyclassicalmusic.Sheenjoysclassicalmusic,too.(so)5)Hemustbeill.Heisabsenttoday.(for)6）Somepeoplewastefood.Othershaven’tenough.(while)7)Sheisfat.Herhusbandisthin.(whereas)8)Shecannotread.Shecannotwrite,either.(neither)（二）复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。Ø名词从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：1．主从连词：that（无词义），whether（是否），if（是否）2．连接代词：who（谁），whom（谁），whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪一个，哪一些）3．连接副词：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（怎样）主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成分。1.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。1)TheyneedmorehelpinEnglish.Thatisquiteobvious.2)Sheisstillalive.Thatisgoodnews.

411)Shewillcomehere.Itdoesn’tseemlikely.2)Thechildrencametothezoo.Theylikethepandasbest.3)Wearebadlyinneedofsomething.Itisrawmaterial.1.将下面每组中的词连成句子，使其中包含主语从句。1)didnot,apity,he,comeearlier,it’s,that2)smoking,itis,cause,awell-knownfact,lungcancer,can,that3)encouragedhim,itis,but,helphim,true,actually,I,that,didn’t4)they,keeptheirpromise,didn’t,seem,it,likely,that,wouldever5)why,forcriticism,hardtounderstand,hadsingledout,Mary,itwas,Prof.Hardy2.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。1)Whatkindofshowaretheyputtingon?Canyoutellme?2)Istheletteroverweight？I’mwondering.3)Howcanweimproveourstudyhabits?Iamthinkingofthat.4)IsHenrytherightpersonforthejob?Wearestilluncertainastothat.5)Peterhasaslightheadachesometimes.Hehasalwaysbeeningoodhealthexceptthat.6)Hehadforgottentotakehisnotebookwithhim.Hesuddenlyrememberedthat.4.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。1)Iwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.Ialwaystookthatforgranted.2)Youwereunabletoattendourmeeting.Weallthoughtthatwasapity.3)Youshouldmindyourmanners.Weconsiderthatisimportant.4)Hewastooilltogoonworking.Hedidn'twantthattobeknown.5)Everyoneofyoushouldfinishyourhomeworkontime.Iregardthatasimportant.6)Hisfatherwouldcometohishelpifhegotintotrouble.

42Hetookthatforgranted.1)Hemightchangehismindatthelastminute.Wethoughtthatwashighlyprobable.2)Thetrainwillbedelayedbythedensefog.Ithinkthatislikely.3)Youshouldstopsmoking.Thedoctorthinksthatisadvisable.5.用“what”从句将下列句子补充完整。1)Couldyoushowme______(you,write)?2)Thisis________(we,shouldalways,keepinmind).3)(they,see)_______inChinamadeadeepimpressiononthem.4)Wemustnotputofftilltomorrow______(we,can,do,today).6.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。1)Heisgrowingold.Nothingcouldhidethefact.2)Heworkshard.Thefactdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatheisacompetentleader.3)Ihaveacomplacentfeeling.IfeelthatI’mhighlyintelligent.4)Heexplainedthathedidn’tseethenotice.Theexplanationisunsatisfactory.5)Heholdsthatthereisnoadvantageinintroducingthenewmethod.Mostofusdon’tagreewithhisview.6)Hewonthefirstgoldmedalatthe23rdOlympicGames.Thenewssoonspreadthroughoutthecountry.7)Hehassuggestedthatintelligenceisarelativematter.Hissuggestionisnotuniversallyaccepted.8)Imovedthatthevotebepostponed.Hesecondedmymotion.9)Hefearedthathemightnotbeabletofinishthework.Thefeardisturbedhimgreatly.10)Weexpressedahope.ThathopewasthatMr.andMrs.MorrisonwouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.11)I’vecomefromMr.Linwithamessage.Itsaysthathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.12)Suzyistherightpersonforthejob.

43Therecanbenodoubtaboutit.Ø定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why引出。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：1、把主句和从句连接起来；2、在从句中作一个成分。which,that,who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom作宾语；whose作定语。when,where,why在从句中作状语。关系代词that,which,who,whom如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。另外，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which或whom引出的定语从句。定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整，不明确，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。1)IwenttovisittheAmericanauthor.HewroteanumberofbooksaboutChina.2)Myauntpreparedthesoup.Iatethesoup.3)Ihaveanarrangementwithmybank.Bythearrangementtheyletmeusetheirmoneyandrepaythemnextmonth.4)Hesentheraletter.Intheletterhesaidthathewassorryforwhathehaddonetoher.5)Mr.BrownjustcamefromBritainyesterday.Hewillteachusaccountingthisterm.6)SheisgoingtospendthewinterholidaysinHainan.Shehassomerelativesthere.7)TheUnitedStatesisknownforitssupermarkets.Inthesesupermarkets,hugequantitiesofallkindsoffoodandhouseholdarticlesaresold.8)Thestoryhappenedinlate19thcentury.Atthattime,Chinaissufferingfromtheinvasionofwesternpowers.Ø状语从句状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。其引导词分别如下：时间状语从句：when,after,before,as,while,whenever,since,once,until,assoonas

44地点状语从句：where,wherever原因状语从句：because,as,since,nowthat目的状语从句：sothat,inorderthat,lest结果状语从句：sothat,so…that,such…that条件状语从句：if,unless,suppose(supposing),provided(that),providing(that),oncondition(that),incase,as(so)longas方式状语从句：as,asif(though)让步状语从句：though,although,evenif(though),however,whatever,nomatterhow(what,where,when),whether…or将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。(aslongas,onconditionthat,lest,so…that,such…that,incase,asif,nowthat,whether…or,however,)1)You’veboughtanewcar.Whatareyougoingtodowiththeoldone?2)We’dbettertakethetelescopewithus.Perhapsitisneeded.3)Wemusthurryoff.Otherwise,wemightmissthebus.4)Theproblemwasverycomplicated.Ittookusnearlytwoweekstosolveit.5)Theaircraftwasflyingataveryhighaltitude.Wecouldhardlyseeit.6)I’lllendyoumycomputer.Theconditionisthatyoukeepitingoodshape.7)Youcangoout.Butyoushouldpromisetobebackbefore11atnight.8)Irememberthewholething.Itseemsthatithappenedyesterday.9)Hetriedveryhard.Buthecouldnotdothejobsatisfactorily.10)Itmaytakeanhourorevenawholeday.ButIshallfindouttheanswer.（一）复杂的简单句并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。1.表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。1)Theylookedbothwaysbeforetheycrossedthestreet.2)ImademydecisionafterItalkedtoSirFrancis.3)Althoughhewasill,hewasdeterminedtocarryouthisplan.4)Althoughthey’reintelligent,theyaren’tdoingwellinschool.5)Althoughhe’srich,heisn’tveryhappy.

451)Althoughhe’stall,heisn’taverygoodbasketballplayer.2)Ifwehadyoursupport,wemightsucceedinperformingourtask.3)Eveniftherewereairandwater,plantsstillcouldn’tgrowonthemoon.4)Ifyoudon’tworkhard,youwillaccomplishnothing.5)Ifithadnotbeenfortheirassistance,hewouldhavefoundhimselfintrouble.1.起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词/形容词/介词词组”的结构作状语。1)Theywearlayersofclotheseveninsummertime.Newspapersarestuffedbetweenthelayersasfurtherprotectionagainstbadweather.2)Ifmorepeoplehelpthem,theyprobablywillbeabletoaccomplishthetaskaheadoftime.3)Asallhissavingsweregone,hestartedtolookforajob.4)Inthecornerthereisatable.Oneofitslegsisshorterthantheothers.5)Whenthejobwasfinished,wewenttotheseasideforaholiday.6)Asthepaceofchangeisquickening,moreandmorescientistsfindithardtokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentsevenintheirowndisciplines.7)Shelookedinmyfaceandtearsstreameddownhercheeks.2.还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。1)Shewon’tgohomeuntilshehastakentheexam.2)Becausehehadabadleg,hecouldn’twalkasfastastheothers.3)Wearefullawarethatthesituationisserious.4)Shehurriedbacktoschoolforfearthatshemisstoomanylessons.5)WeshouldnotcriticizeSusanforwhatshehasdone.Instead,weoughttopraiseherforit.6)Helendidnotgostraighthomeafterschool.Shewenttoworkasawaitressinarestaurant.7)IamnotgoingtosendthebooktoAllanbypost.Iamgoingtotakeittohimmyself.8)Dr.WilsondidnotgotoNewYorkyesterdaytoattendhisdaughter’swedding.HeflewtoFloridaforanemergencycase.3.系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。1)Ilovegirlswhoareintelligent2)Attheparty,Igottoknowaprofessorwhoisinhisthirties.3)Ihatetoseelettersthatarewritteninpencil.4)Thesubstance,whichwasdiscoveredalmostbyaccident,hasrevolutionizedmedicine.5)Amongthosewhoaretakingpartinthework,heisprobablythemostactive.4.两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。1)Everyoneofushadbeenconvincedthattheprojectwasfeasiblebythetimeweleftthemeeting.2)AsPetergothomefromthethree-month-longjourneytotheAntarctichelookedtiredout.3)Theywenthuntingforhours,butwhentheyreturnedtheywereempty-handed.4)Whenheenteredtheofficehewasstillannoyedbythewayshespoketohim.

461)Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.　Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.2)Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess.They　cheatonexamsmorefrequently.1.两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。1)Hesatinfrontofthem.Andhisdustyfacemaskedhisage.2)Sheheardacontinualstrangenoisecomingfromthenextroom.Herheartbeatfast.3)Theoldbeggarsatatthecorner.Tearswelledupinhiseyes.4)Jimcontinuedonhisway.Thedogwasjumpingaboutinfrontofhim.5)Thegirlinthesnapshotworeabroadsmile.Herlonghairflowedinthebreeze.2.解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。1)ThisisMr.Black.Heisdirectorofourhospital.2)“Leaveittome,”saidPeter.Peterwasthemanonduty.3)QinghaiLakeisthelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina.Itlies3195metersabovesealevel.4)Thewholeplanwascompletedwithinthreemonths.Thatishalftheusualtime.5)Hereadallkindsofbooks.Theywereancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.6)Hewasformerlyaworkerhimself.Heisnowanengineer.7)Sheisamotherofthreechildren.Shehasnowenteredacollegeagainforfurthereducation.（一）倒装句英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。1．否定词位于句首时1)IhaveneverbeentoEurope.2)Hehadhardlyeatenanythingbeforethedinnerwasover.3)Shehadscarcelyfallenasleepwhenaknockatthedoorawakenedher.4)Annehadarrivednosoonerthanshefellill.5)Shecareslittleaboutwhatotherssayabouther.2．so,nor,neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时1)RichardcanspeakJapanese.HissistercanspeakJapanese,too.2)Copperisagoodconductor.Manyothermetalsaregoodconductors,too.3)Paulcouldnotdance,andhecouldnotsingeither.4)Thehusbandwasnothospitabletothevisitor.Andthewifedidnotsayawordofwelcomeeither.3．含有so...that结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时

471)Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotgotosleep.2)Hespokesoforcefullyatthemeetingthateveryonepresentwasconvinced.3)HeworkedsohardthatheobtainedhisPh.D.degreeoneyearaheadofschedule.4．only引出的状语位于句首时1)Hisfathercalledhisnameonlyonce.2)Thedoctorrealizedonlythenthathispatientneededsurgery.3)Wecanconcludethebusinessonlywhenyouadjustdownyourprice.5．主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时1)Theyoungfatherwhowishedtopurchasealifeinsurancepolicyandagreedtopayasumof$200peryearfor40yearswassittinginfrontofthecounter.2)Thequestionofhowtofacethepossibilitiesofillness,injury,deathandfinanciallossismoreimportant.3)Thewritingofadictionaryinvolvesanumberoftasks.Thereadingofliterature,thecopyingofwordsoncards,thesortingofthecardsandthewritingofdefinitionsareamongthem.（一）被动句英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。将下列句子改为被动形式。1)TheysawJoe’sfatherreturnafterdark.2)Theydonotallowyoutosmokeinthelaboratory.3)Weshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestostopvariousformsofpollution.4)WhenshewasinShanghaiweheardtheactresssayshehadlongthoughtofthecityashersecondhome.5)Peoplesawtheyoungmanenterthebuildingnexttothebank.6)Aftertheministerofeducationhadfinishedspeakingatthepressconference,peoplemadehimanswerallsortsofquestions.7)Idon’tthinkanyonecanmakeTomdowhathedislikes.8)Iheardthewindroarthroughthetrees.9)Whatshouldonedoinacaselikethis?（二）强调句改写下列句子，强调划线部分。1)JeffersonwrotetheDeclarationofIndependence.2)Theauthorpraisesallthatisprogressivewithgenuine(真实的)feeling.3)Wecouldnotcrosstheriverbecausethewaterhadrisen.

481)Jim,aheartlessfellow,washeardshoutingathismotherinthedeadofnight(在深夜).2)Mrs.Williamsdidn'tknowanythingaboutituntilItoldher.八、段落写作练习（一）段落的展开PRACTICEWITHTOPICSENTENCESThetopicsentencestatesthetopicandacontrollingideaconcerningthattopic.Lookatthefollowingexample.Peoplegivemanyreasonsforowningacar.Thetopicofthesentenceis“owningacar.”Thecontrollingideais“reasons.”Allthesupportingideasintheparagraphshouldbe“reasonsforowningacar.”Thefollowingphrasesoronessimilartothesecanbeusedinyourtopicsentencetoexpressthecontrollingidea:thereasonsforthecausesof(theeffectsof)thestepsfor(theprocedurefor)theadvantagesof(thedisadvantagesof)thewaysto(themethodsof)thedifferentsections(parts,kinds,types)ofthecharacteristics(traits,qualities)oftheproblemsoftheprecautionsforthechangestoExerciseW1LookingattopicsentencesWriteatopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingtopics.Useoneofthephrasesaboveoroneofyourownforyourcontrollingidea.ExamplecatchingcoldsPeoplecanavoidcatchingacoldbytakingcertainprecautions.Thistopicsentenceincludesthetopic“catchingcolds”andthecontrollingidea“takingprecautions.”1.owningacar2.livinginaremotearea

493.studyingabroad4.accidents5.airports6.absenteeism7.takingexams8.computers9.rice10.campingExerciseW2CheckingtopicsentencesYourtopicsentenceshouldtellthepersonwhoisreadingyourparagraphwhattheparagraphisabout.Readthefollowingparagraphanddecidewhetherthetopicsentenceisstrongorweak.(Thetopicsentenceisunderlined.)BaseballisapopularsportintheUnitedStates.Therearetwoteamsofnineplayerseach.Playersononeteamtaketurnsbatting,andtheotherteamtriestoputthebattersout.Thebatterhitstheballandthentriestorunaroundthebasesandget“home”safely.Theotherteamtriestoputthebatteroutbycatchingtheballbeforeithitstheground,throwingtheballtothebasebeforethebattergetsthereorbytaggingthebatterwiththeball.Thebattercanstopatanyoneofthethreebasesifitisimpossibletomakeit“home.”Thetopicsentenceintheparagraphisweakbecauseittellsusthat“baseballisapopularsport”

50,buttherestoftheparagraphtellsushowbaseballisplayed.Astrongertopicsentencewouldtellus,thereadersthattheparagraphisgoingtodescribehowbaseballisplayed.Hereisastrongertopicsentence.Baseball,apopulargameintheUnitedStates,isplayedinthefollowingway.Nowthereaderknowsthattheparagraphwilldescribehowbaseballisplayedinsteadofwhereitisplayedorwhoplaysit,orwhyitispopular.Readthefollowingparagraphs.Thetopicsentencesareunderlined.Ifthetopicsentenceisweak,rewriteitinthespaceprovided.1.EventhoughtheproceduresfollowedtoenrollinanAmericanuniversityvaryaccordingtoeachuniversity,somestepsarethesame.First,youshouldcontacttheregistrationofficeoftheuniversityyouwanttoattendtogetthenecessaryformsandinformationconcerningthatparticularuniversity'sentrancerequirements.Thenyoumustfollowthestepsoutlinedintheirresponse.Youwillprobablyhavetosendcopiesofyourhighschooldiploma,getlettersofrecommendation,andwriteanessayonwhyyouwanttostudythere.YoumayhavetoachieveacertainscoreontheTOEFLtestandhaveyourscoresforwardedtotheuniversity.Finally,youwillhavetocontacttheAmericanembassytostarttheprocedurestoobtainastudentvisa.2.IliketogotothebeachwheneverIhavetheopportunity.Istartthedaybyenjoyingarefreshingswim.ThenIwalkalongthebeachandcollectshells.Lateryou'llfindmerelaxinginthewarmsunshineandmakingsandcastles.ThenIsleepforawhilebeforeIopenthebasketoffoodanddrinksthatIalwayspacktotake.3.Manystudentscannotaffordacar.Thecitybusserviceusuallypassestheuniversity,sothosestudentscangettoclassonthebus.Manyuniversitieshaveaspecialshuttlebusthatisprovidedforstudenttransportation.Somestudentsliketoridetoclassonbicycles.Thisisgoodexercise.Also,itiseasiertofindaspacetoleaveabicyclethantofindaparkingspaceforacaronacrowdeduniversitycampus.Thosestudentswholiveclosetocampusoroncampuscanenjoyaleisurelywalktotheirclasses.

51ExerciseW3WritingtopicsentencesThefollowingparagraphsconsistofsupportingideas.Readeachparagraphandaskyourselfwhatisbeingdiscussedordescribed(thetopic)andhowthetopicisapproached(thecontrollingidea).Thenwriteatopicsentenceforeachparagraph.1.Picturesorpostersonthewallmakeadormitoryroomfeelmorelikehome.Arugonthefloorbesidethebedisaniceadditiontoanotherwisecoldandhardfloor.Besidestextbooks,favoritebooksfromhomeonthebookshelfandaphotographortwoofthefamilyonthedeskalsoaddacomfortingtouchtotheimpersonaldormitoryroom.2.ThewhitepagesofanAmericantelephonebookgivethephonenumbersofresidences.Thebluepagescontainthenumbersofgovernmentoffices,andtheyellowpageshaveadvertisementsandbusinessnumbers.Therearemapsaswellasindexesatthebackofthebook.Thetelephonebooksoflargercitiesmayprovideseparatebooksfordifferentsectionsofthecity,whilethoseofsmalltownsmayhaveroomtoincludethenumbersfromseveraltownsallinonebook.3.First,thefast-foodrestaurantisgoodforpeoplewhomusthaveaquickbitebecauseofabusyschedule.Second,thefoodisinexpensiveyettasty.Apersoncaneatanenjoyablemealoutandstaywithinalimitedbudget.Finally,thefoodisusuallyconsistent.Forexample,acheeseburgerfromawell-knownfast-foodrestaurantlooksandtastesaboutthesamenomatterwhereintheworlditispurchased.Consequently,buyersknowexactlywhattheyaregetting.

52PRACTICEWITHSUPPORTINGIDEASYourtopicsentencetellsthereaderwhattheparagraphwillbeabout.Theideasstatedintherestoftheparagraphshouldallrefertothegiventopicandthecontrollingidea.Lookatthefollowingexample.Therearemanywaystoeatpeanutbutter.Youcanspreaditonasliceofbreadlikebutter,oryoucanmakeitintoasandwichwithjam.Peanutbuttercanbeamajoringredientofverytastycookiesaswellascakesandcandies.Itisdeliciousinicecream.PeanutbutterwasinventedbyGeorgeWashingtonCarver.Myfavoritewaytoeatpeanutbutteristolickitoffaspoon.Ourtopicsentencetellsthereaderthatwearediscussingpeanutbutter.Thecontrollingideais“waysofeatingit.”Allofthesentencesshouldbeaboutwaysofeatingpeanutbutter.Arethey?No.Thesentence“PeanutbutterwasinventedbyGeorgeWashingtonCarver”doesnotrefertowaysofeatingpeanutbutter.ExerciseW4CheckingsupportingideasLookatthefollowingoutlines.Circletheletteroftheideathatdoesnotsupportthetopic.1.Ⅰ.WaystogetridofhiccupsA.breatheintoapaperbagB.holdyourbreathtothecountof10C.havesomeonefrightenyouD.makeanappointmentwithyourdoctor2.Ⅰ.StepsforplanningatripA.purchasingamapB.workinglateC.makinganitineraryD.reservingaticket3.Ⅰ.ReasonsforcaraccidentsA.fastdrivingB.drinkinganddrivingC.notfollowingtrafficregulationsD.givingsignals4.Ⅰ.AdvantagesoffsmallapartmentsA.goodschoolfacilitiesB.easytocleanC.cheapertofurnish

53D.relativelyinexpensive5.Ⅰ.CharacteristicsofagoodrestaurantA.efficientwaitersB.tastyfoodC.jacketandtierequiredD.pleasantatmosphereExerciseW5CheckingparagraphsforsupportingideasReadtheseparagraphsandcrossouttheoneideathatdoesn'tsupportthetopicsentence.1.Workingatapart-timejobwhilestudyingatauniversityhasmanyadvantages.Ifstudentscangetajobintheirareaofstudy,theyaregainingvaluableexperienceandputtingtheirknowledgetouseimmediately.Theextramoneytheycanearnwillbeusefulformeetingtuitionfeesandenjoyinguniversityactivities.Also,theywillhavethepersonalsatisfactionofhavingcontributedtotheirowneducation.Studentswhoneedextramoneycanholddownafull-timetemporaryjobduringtheirsummervacation.2.Hobbiesareimportantformanyreasons.First,ahobbycanbeeducational.Forexample,ifthehobbyisstampcollecting,thepersoncanlearnaboutthecountriesoftheworldandevensomeoftheirhistory.Second,engaginginthehobbycanleadtomeetingotherpeoplewiththesameinterests.Apersoncanalsomeetotherpeoplebygoingtoparties.Third,aperson'sfreetimeisbeingusedinapositiveway.Thepersonhasnotimetobeboredorgetintomischiefwhileengagedinthehobby.Finally,somehobbiescanleadtoafuturejob.Apersonwhoenjoysahobby-relatedjobismoresatisfiedwithlife.3.ThereareseveralfeaturesofspokenEnglishthatmakeitdifficultformetounderstand.First,manywordsarenotpronouncedastheyarespelled,sowhenIlearnnewwordsthroughreading,Isometimesdon'tunderstandthemwhentheyarespoken.Second,nativespeakerscontractwordsandphrases.“Whatareyoudoing?”becomes“Whachadoin'?”Inmyopinion,peopleshouldwriteclearly.Third,nativespeakershaveawiderangeofaccents.ABritishaccentisverydifferentfromaTexasone.Fourth,therearelotsofidiomsandslangexpressions.Theseexpressionsalsodifferdependingontheareaaspeakerisfrom.Finally,therearesoundsthatdon'texistinmylanguagebutdoexistinEnglishandviceversa.Thesesoundsaredifficultformetodistinguish.ExerciseW6WritingsupportingideasUsethetopicsentencesthatyouwroteforExerciseW1.Outlinefoursupportingideas.ExamplecatchingcoldsⅠ.Peoplecanavoidcatchingacoldbytakingcertainprecautions.

54A.avoidpeoplewithcoldsB.getplentyofsleepC.eatnutritiousfoodD.takevitaminC1.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.2.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.3.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.4.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.5.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.6.Ⅰ.A.B.C.

55D.7.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.8.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.9.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.10.Ⅰ.A.B.C.D.ExerciseW7WritingsupportingideasinaparagraphOnyourownpaper,writeouttheparagraphsyououtlinedinExerciseW6byexpandingyoursupportingideasintocompletesentences.ExampleCatchingColdsPeoplecanavoidcatchingacoldbytakingcertainprecautions.Perhapsthemostimportantprecautionistoavoidpeoplewhoalreadyhavecoldssothatyouarenotexposedtocoldgerms.Youshouldalsogetplentyofsleepsothatyourresistanceisstrong.Eatingnutritiousfoodwillensurethatyouhavethevitaminsthatcanhelpfightcoldgerms.Finally,youcouldtrytakingvitaminCsupplements,whichmayhelppreventyourcatchingacold.

56Extendedpractice:UsethesampleoutlinesintheAnswerKeyforExerciseW6topracticewritingmoreparagraphs.（二）段落的衔接Connectivewordsorphrasescanbeusedpointoutthethoughtrelationshipbetweensentences.Hereisalistofsomecommonlyusedconnectives:1)表示列举或次序：first,firstly,firstofall,aboveall,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,foronething;second,secondly,inthesecondplace,foranother;finally,lastbutnotleast2)表示递进：besides,plus,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,additionally,moreimportant,mostimportant3)表示举例：forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,toillustrate,suchas(介)…4)表示对比：similarly,likewise,inthesameway,equallyimportant;onthecontrary,conversely,incontrast,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,otherwise,whereas（连）5)表示让步：though/although（连）,eventhough（连）,inspiteof（介）,despite（介）,itistruethat（连）,admittedly,6)表示转折：but,yet,however,nevertheless,instead7)表示原因：because（连）,as（连）,since（连）,for（连）,becauseof（介）,owingto（介）,dueto（介）,onaccountof（介）,asaresultof（介）8)表示结果：so（连）,thus,consequently,hence,therefore,accordingly,asaresult,asaconsequence,onthataccount9)表示强调：infact,actually,indeed,certainly,chiefly,especially,particularly,10)表示总结：inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,insummary,onthewhole,tosumup,toconcludeExercises1.Chooseproperconnectiveexpressionsfromthelistgivenbelowtofillintheblanksinthefollowingparagraphs:althoughbutinsteadthenfirst(ofall)secondthirdfourthfinallyfurthermoreconsequentlyoncesometimesatothertimesincontrastforexampleinaddition1)EuropeanuniversitiesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStatesaredifferentinmanyways.,EuropeanstudentsenrollinfewercourseseachtermthanUnitedStatesstudentsdo.,Europeanstudentsseldomliveatauniversity.,theyliveathomeandtraveltoclasses.,mostEuropeancoursesaregivenbyprofessorswholecturetotheirclasses.,UnitedStatesprofessorsoftenasktheirstudentsquestionsorallowtheirstudentsto

57formdiscussiongroups.,EuropeanprofessorsaskstudentstowritefewerpapersthanUnitedStatesprofessorsdo.,Europeanstudents’finalexaminationsareusuallyoral,whereasAmericanstudentstakewrittenfinalexaminations.,aEuropeanuniversityismainlyaplacetostudy.AtmostUnitedStatesuniversities,socialactivitiestakeupalargepartofthestudents’time.2)PerhapsthemostunforgettablepersonIhaveevermetis2Prof.Smithwhotaughtusphilosophyatuniversity.Ilastmethimeightyearsago,Istillrememberhisspecialqualitiesmostdistinctively.,Iwasimpressedbyhisdevotiontoteaching.Becausehislectureswerealwayswell-preparedandclearlydelivered,studentsswarmedintohisclassroom.Hisfollowersappreciatethefactthathebelievedinwhathetaughtandthathewasintellectuallystimulating.,hecouldbecountedontoexplainhisideasinanimaginativeway,introducingsuchaidstounderstandingaspaintings,recordings,piecesofsculptureandguestlecturers.Heevensangasonginclasstoillustrateapoint.,Iadmiredthefactthathewouldmeetwithstudentsoutsideoftheclassroomortalktothemonthetelephone.Hewouldchallengeastudenttoagameofchess.,hewouldjoingroupstodiscusssubjectsrangingfromastronomytopopmusic.,Iwasattractedbyhislivelywit.Hebelievedthatnoclasshourisasuccessunlessthestudentsandtheprofessorshareseveralchucklesandatleastoneloudlaugh.Throughhissenseofhumor,hemadelearningmoreenjoyableandmorelasting.Ifitistruethatlifemakesawisemansmileandafoolishmancry,Prof.Smithistrulyawiseman.2.Nowfillintheblankswithcoordinatingconjunctionsorconjunctiveadverbs:MyfriendJonesisnotapracticalperson.Oneevening,whenhewasdrivingalongamainroad,hesuddenlyhadaflattyre.Hewasveryworried,hedidnothaveasparewheelinthebackofhiscar.Hehadtoaskforhelp,hewavedtopassingcarsandlorries.Dozensofcarsandlorriespassed,notoneofthemstopped.Hehadcoveredonlyahundredmilesorso,hestillhadmorethanthreehundredmilestogo.Itwasgettingdarkeranddarker,hewasalmostindespair.Hewavedforanhour.Atlast,hewavedtoacarjustlikehisown.Tohissurprise,thecaractuallystoppedawell-dressedyoungwomangotout.Joneswasdisappointed.Howcouldapersonlikethispossiblyhelphim?Thelady,,offeredhimherownsparewheel,Joneshadtoexplainthathehadneverchangedacarinhislife.ShesettoworkatoncefittedthewheelinafewminuteswhileJoneslookedoninadmiration.3.Rewritethefollowingpassagebyaddingconnectivewordswherenecessary.Manystructureswillhavetobechangedandyouwillprobablynotkeepthesamenumberofsentences.Herearesomeoftheconnectivewordsyoumayfinduseful:thenhowevertheonlyresultandbutalthoughwhenyetso

58That’showinsteadTelevisionwasinventedbyJohnLogieBaird.Whenhewasyounghebuiltanaeroplane.Hetriedtoflyinit.Itcrasheddownbelow.Bairdwasfortunatenottobekilled.Itdidnotdiscouragehim.Whenhewasolderhetriedtomakediamondsfromcoal.Therewasanenormousexplosion.Hewasnotinjured.Hebecameabusinessman.Hisbusinessfailed.Hethoughtofworkingattelevision.Hisfamilyadvisedhimnotto.Hedidnotlistentothem.Herentedanattic.Heboughttheapparatusheneeded.Hestartedworking.Heworkedforalongtime.Hewasnotsuccessful.Onedayhesawapictureonhisscreen.Herushedouttogetsomeonehecould“televise”.Hefoundanofficeboy.Hetookhimbacktohisroom.Noimageoftheboyappearedonhisscreen.Theboy,terrified,hadputhisheaddown.Heputitupagain.Hispictureappearedonthescreen.Televisionhadbeendiscovered.4.CombiningsentenceswithsubordinatingconjunctionsorrelativepronounsIntheUnitedStatedthereisabelief.Itgoesthatpeoplearerewardedforworking,producing,andachieving.Manypeoplebelievethatthereisequalityofopportunity.Itallowsanyonetobecomesuccessful.Thisbeliefisillustratedbystorieswrittenbyanineteenth-centuryAmericannovelist,HoratioAlger.Hewroteaboutthe“AmericanDream”.Inhisstorieshedescribedpoorpeople.Theybecamerichbecauseoftheirhardwork,honesty,andluck.Thestoriesreinforcedtheidea.Theideaisthatallindividuals,nomatterhowpoor,werecapableofbecomingwealthyaslongastheywerehonestandhard-working.FormanyAmericans,however,HoratioAlger’s“rags-to-riches”storiesdonotrepresenttherealityofopportunity.Manypoorimmigrantswereabletobecomerich.TheycametotheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.Today,however,thepoorgenerallydonotrisetothemiddleandupperclasses.Thatiswhythe“AmericanDream”isnowdescribedasamyth.5.Rewritethepassagetomakeitbookmorenatural.Thiswillmeanaddingorremovingwordsandputtingsomeofthesentencestogether.1.Therewereonceadogandacatsittingbyakitchendoor.Thecookcameoutandthrewseveralpiecesofmeattothem.Theybothsprangtogetthemeat.Thedogwasthestronger.Heateitallhimself.2.Thiswasselfishness.BythisImeanthatthedogcaredonlyforhimself.Wasthiswrong?No,thedogknewnobetter.3.Menaredifferentfromdogs.Theyfollowadifferentruleofconduct.Howmiserableweshouldallbe!Everypersonweretocareonlyforhimself.Weoughttobethankful.Wehaveahighernaturethanthatofbeasts.Weareabletoseeandfeelthedutyofbeingkindandaffectionatetooneanother.Wecanseeandfeelthisduty.Weoughttobeverycarefulalwaystoobserveit.

59九、历年六级写作真题（1990.1-2004.6）2004年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealettertotheeditorofanewspapercomplainingaboutthepoorserviceofabookstore.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:设想你买了一本英文字典，发现有这样那样的质量问题，书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。信中必须包含以下内容：1．事情的起因2．与书店交涉的经过3．呼吁服务行业必须提高服务质量2003年12月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteashortessayentitledReduceWasteonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重2．浪费的危害3．杜绝浪费，从我做起2003年9月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteashortessayentitledReadingPreferences.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:ReadingpreferencesofstudentsinanAmericanuniversityin2002CategoriesofbooksPercentageofbookcirculationinthelibraryPopularFiction65.9%GeneralNonfiction18.2%Science/Technology/Education10.8%Art/Literature/Poetry5.1%1．根据上表，简要叙述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况；2．你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论3．你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。2003年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicChangesintheOwnershipofHousesinChina.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthegraphandoutlinebelow.

601.Describethechangesasindicatedbythegraph2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges2003年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。2002年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicStudentUseofComputers.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow: Hours/weekAveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek1.上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。

612002年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。2001年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringaweeklongholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出对度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项2000年12月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.面试在求职过程中的作用2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……2000年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?TheFirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是...... 2.也有人持不同意见，...... 3.我的看法和打算2000年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyour

62compositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决。2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。1999年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为读书要有选择2.有些人认为应当博览群书3.我的看法1999年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:Don’tHesitatetosay“No”.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。2.为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。3.该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。1998年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运2.我认为数字和运气无关......1998年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.假冒伪劣商品的危害 2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品1997年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonjob-hopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:

631.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为...... 2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为...... 3.我的看法1997年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.为什么“欲速则不达”？ 2.举例说明。 1996年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphsbelow.HealthGainsinDevelopingCountriesLifeExpectancyInfantMortality此处插入图表16-2Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHealthGainsinDevelopingCountries.Youmustbasepourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese):1.上图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infantmortality)的变化情况.2.说明引起变化的各种原因.1996年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:WhyITakeCollegeEnglishTestBand6.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试 2.我参加CET-6考试的理由

641995年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1．有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?2．有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?3．我的看法 1995年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.现在有些不良的商业广告2.这些广告的副作用和危害性3.我对这些广告的态度Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1994年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:TheCareerIPursue.Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1993年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonOpportunity.Youmustbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese):有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Remembertowriteitneatly. 1993年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MotorcyclesandCityTraffic.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.近年来中国城市的摩托车2.摩托车的优点和缺点3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法

65Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1992年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLookingForwardtotheTwenty-FirstCentury.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonyouranswertothefollowingquestionswritteninChinese:1.新世纪科技发展的前景如何？2.新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？3.新的科学技术会带来什么问题？4.你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.1992年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthefollowinggraphwhichshowsthechangeinthenumberoffilm-goersandTV-watchersinacertaincity.Thetitleofthecompositionis:FilmIsGivingWaytoTV.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsforyourcompositionanditmustincludethefollowingideas(giveninChinese): 1.电影观众越来越少2.电视观众越来越多，因为……3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影,因为……Quoteasfewfiguresaspossible.Remembertowriteyourcompositioninreadable handwriting.1991年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.

66Thesuggestedtitleis:CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCity.Rememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;2.Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.1991年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutManIstoSurvive.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline:1.人类面临的问题（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等）2.悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）3.人类的智慧出路Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Besuretowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.1990年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCities.Foursuggestedsolutionstothisproblemarelistedbelow.Youaresupposedtowriteinfavorofonesuggestion(ONEonly)andagainstanother(ONEonly).Youshouldgiveyourreasonsinbothcases.Youshouldwritenolessthan120words.Remembertogiveashortintroductionandabriefconclusion.Writeyourcompositionclearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1.多造高层建筑2.向地下发展3.建造卫星城市

674.疏散城市人口1990年1月Directions:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficaccordingtothefollowingOUTLINE.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.RememberthatthecontentsoftheOUTLINEshouldALLbeincludedinyourcomposition.ButyouarenotsupposedtotranslatetheOUTLINEwordforword.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案（solution）1.建造(laydown)更多道路优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度(2)加速车流（flowoftraffic）缺点：占地过多2.开辟（openup）更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合

68十、写作模拟题与范文1．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan150wordsonthefollowingtopicandoutline.最近国内有些高校允许在校适龄大学生结婚。对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对。你的观点如何？1．有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度2．另一些人则反对3．我的观点2．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPreferableWork.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人喜欢与人打交道的工作2.有些人喜欢与事物或机器打交道的工作3.你的选择3．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPart-timeJobsforCollegeStudents.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人反对大学生做兼职工作2.你的看法4.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTheDevelopmentofPrivateCars.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人赞成发展私人小汽车2．另一些人则反对3.你的看法5．

69Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicScientificDiscoveries—ACurseOrABlessing?.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.科学发现为人类带来很多福利。2.科学发现也导致了一些灾难。3.结论。6．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicInternet—ATwo-edgedSword.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.Internet的功绩。2.Internet的弊端。3.结论。7．Directions:Forthispart,youaretowriteacompositionof120～150wordsonTheGreatestInventioninthePastCentury.Inyourcomposition,youshouldclearlystateyouropinionandgivereasonstosupportyourarguments.WriteyourcompositionontheANSWERSHEET.8．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicBrainDrain.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.人才流失是我国面临的一个棘手的问题2．人才流失的原因3.如何吸引人才9．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolveEnergyCrisis.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.人类面临着能源危机2．如何化解这一危机10．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicFireAccidentsinBigCities.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.大城市火灾有上升的趋势2．造成火灾的原因3．如何防止火灾11．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPracticeMakesPerfect.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyour

70compositionontheoutlinegivenbelow:1.为什么说“熟能生巧”2.例如……3．又例如12．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionabout“AgainstaRobbery”basedonthefollowingpicture.YouaregiventhefirstsentenceinEnglishandarerequiredtodevelopitintoafullcompositioninnolessthan150words,notincludingthewordsgiven.1.Onyesterdayafternoon,Mrs.Luolefthometogoshopping.2.Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.3.Thetwocriminalswerearrested.13．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTheRobotIsaMachineafterAll.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthecartoonsgivenbelow.14．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterofapplicationforajobYoushouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:假定你是李明，是北京外国语大学(BeijingForeignStudies

71University)一名英语专业的学生。你在ChinaDaily上看到一则招聘广告：MicrosoftChina要招聘口译员。你认为自己符合条件，请写一封申请信。15．Directions:ReadthestoryinChinesebelow,andthenwriteacompositionofnolessthan150wordsunderthetitileof“TheGoalofLife”.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthestoryandthefollowingoutline.1.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthestory?2.Whatisthegoalofyourlife?Ifyouhaveachievedthegoalofyourlife,whatwouldyoudo?目标在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他19岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰；21岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山；22岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山，28岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。然而，就在28岁这一年他自杀了。原来在他11岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马扎罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难。他的父母临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能象父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山。这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望。他留下遗言：“如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标……”16．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan120wordsunderthetitleof"Whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneormisfortune?"YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingstorygiveninChinese.Giveatleasttworeasonstosupportyourchoice.夺命之物一栋住宅楼发生了大火，一个中年男子在大火中丧生。奇怪的是，他5岁的儿子明明却逃了出来。有人问明明：“你是怎么逃出来的?”明明说：“我拿了一块湿毛巾捂住鼻子，贴在地上爬……”，这是科学有效的逃生方法。人们不解：“你爸爸不会这么做吗?”明明说：“会，是爸爸教我这么做的。爸爸和我一起爬到了门口，他说忘了一件东西，就又爬回去了。”参加救火的消防员说，他们发现那具男尸时，他的手里紧紧地攥着一沓百元大钞。于是，人们明白了：有一种东西杀人夺命，比大火还厉害。(摘自《深圳青年》第3期上半月刊，作者廖钧)17．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteasummaryofthefollowingpassage.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsandremembertowriteclearlyontheCOMPOSITIONSHEET.ToLieornottoLie—theDoctor’sDilemmaShoulddoctorseverlietobenefittheirpatients—tospeedrecoveryortoconcealtheapproachofdeath?Doctorsconfrontsuchchoicesoftenandurgently.Attimes,theyseeimportant

72reasonstolieforthepatient’sownsake;intheireyes,suchliesdiffersharplyfromself-servingones.Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andthatinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermoreslowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.Asonephysicianwrote,“Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortruth’ssake,andthatisasfaraspossible,donoharm.”Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepracticesthattheyassumewill“donoharm”andmaywellhelptheirpatients.Theymayprescribeinnumerableplacebos,soundmoreencouragingthanthefactswarrant,anddistortgravenews,especiallytotheincurablyillandthedying.Buttheillusorynatureofthebenefitssuchdeceptionismeanttoproduceisnowcomingtobedocuments.Studiesshowthat,contrarytothebeliefsofmanyphysicians,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttobetoldthetruth,evenaboutgraveillness,andfeelbetrayedwhentheylearnthattheyhavebeenmisled.Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformation,humanelyconveyed,helpspatientscopewithillness:helpsthemtoleratepainbetter,needlessmedicine,andevenrecoverfasteraftersurgery.Notonlydoliesnotprovidethe“help”hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception;theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth,includingthechoiceofwhethertobeapatientinthefirstplace.Wearebecomingincreasinglyawareofallthatcanbefallpatientsinthecourseoftheirillnesswheninformationisdeniedordistorted.Dyingpatientsespecially—whoareeasiesttomisleadandmostoftenkeptinthedark—canthennotmakedecisionsabouttheendoflife:aboutwhetherornottheyshouldenterahospital,orhavesurgery;aboutwhereandwithwhomtheyshouldspendtheirremainingtime;abouthowtheyshouldbringtheiraffairstoacloseandtakeleave.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem:harmtotheirintegrityand,inthelongrun,totheircredibility.Lieshurttheircolleaguesaswell.Thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofthemanydoctorswhoarehonestwiththeirpatients;itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivemedicine”,andthusitinjures,inturn,theentiremedicalprofession.Thereisurgentneedtodebatethisissueopenly.Notonlyinmedicine,butinotherprofessionsaswell,practitionersmayfindthemselvesrepeatedlyindifficultywhereseriousconsequencesseemavoidableonlythroughdeception.Yetthepublichaseveryreasontobewaryofprofessionaldeception,forsuchpracticesarepeculiarlylikelytobecomedeeplyrooted,tospread,andtoerodetrust.Neitherinmedicine,norinlaw,government,orthesocialsciencescantherebecomfortintheoldsaying,“Whatyoudon’tknowcan’thurtyou.”18．Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteasummaryofthefollowingpassage.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsandremembertowriteclearlyontheCOMPOSITIONSHEET.TheLeaningTowerofPisaTheleaningtowerhasneverbeenstraight.Notlongafterworkbeganin1173,thefoundationsettledunevenly,andthetowerstartedincliningtowardthenorth.Evidenceforthisinitialincline

73canbeseeninthedesignofthetoweritself:tokeepthefirstfewstorieslevel,worker,makethecolumnsandarchedofthethirdstoryonthesinkingnorthernsidejustslightlytallerthanthefeaturesonthesouthernside.PoliticalunrestinPisahaltedconstructionin1178,inthemiddleofworkonthefourthlevel.Workresumedalmost100yearslater,in1272,andbythattime,thetowerhadtiltedtothesouth—thedirectionitstillpointstoday.Again,designerhopedtocorrectthelean,thistimebyadjustingtheheightofthefifthstory,makingthesouthernsidesomewhattallerthanthenorthernside.In1278,withsevenstoriescompleted,workonthetowerceasedonceagainbecauseofpoliticalunrest.By1292,thetower’stiltwassoobviousthatagroupofmasons(石匠)wereaskedtoinvestigatetheproblem—thefirstofmanycommissionstostudythetowerappointedoverthepast700years.Theeighthstoryandfinaladdition,thebellchamber,wasbuiltbetween1360and1370.Oncemore,architectsattemptedtocorrectforthesouthwardlean,thistimebyanglingthebellchambernorthward.Theseefforts,combinedwiththeslowtimescaleofconstruction,havesofarpreventedthetowerfromtopping（倒塌）over.Throughoutthemonument’shistory,architectsandengineershaveattemptedtohaltthelean,butsinceregularmonitoringbeganin1911,theoffset（偏移）atthetopofthetowerhasincreasedatafairlyconsistentrateofabout1.2millimeterseachyear.Todaythetopofthetoweris5.227metersoff-center,visiblyleaningsouth.FearsaboutthesafetyofthelandmarkbecameacutewhenasimilarlyconstructedbelltowerattheCathedralatPaviacollapsedsuddenlyin1989.Shortlythereafter,thetoweratPisawasclosedtovisitors.In1990,aspecialcommission,composedofItalianandforeignexpertsinthefieldsofstructuralengineering,geotechnicalengineering,historyofartandrestorationofmonuments,wasbroughttogetherbytheItaliangovernmenttodeterminenewwaystosavethetower.TheTowerofPisaProjectConsortiumhassupervisedseveralprojectsthathavestabilizedthestructureandslowedtheraterofitsincline.Initialeffortsfocusedontheexteriorofthetower,butinthenextfewmonths,other,moreradicaltechniqueswillbetriedtohaltthetower’slean.Theremethodswillbeapplieddirectlytothesoil,modifyingthetower’sfooting.Large-scalefiledtrialsarenowunderwayattheMiracleSquare,wherethetowerstands,butallworkisbeingdonefarfromthemonumentitselftoguardagainstthepossibilitythatalteringthegroundtooclosetothetowercouldeventuallydamagethebuilding.Theultimategoalisnottostraightenthetower.Becausethestructuretiltedindifferentdirectionduringtheearlystagesofconstruction,itbecamecurvedlikeabananaandwillneverstandtrulyupright.Instead,theexpertsandengineershopetoeaseitstopbacksome10or20centimeters.Withluck,theireffortswillkeepthelandmarkstandingintothenextcentury,whenanewgenerationofscientistswilltacklethe800-year-oldproblemoftheleaningtowerofPisa.范文1．ShouldCollegeStudentsBeAllowedtoGetMarried?Thereisnodenyingthefactthatitisahotlydebatedtopictodaywhethercollegestudentsshouldbeallowedtogetmarried.Sometimeago,thebanwasliftedbysomeuniversitiesonstudentsgettingmarried.Tothispeople’sattitudesdiffersharply.Someholdthepositiveview.Theysaythatmostcollegestudentsareadultsandthatitisabasicrightforthosewhohavereachedtheappropriateagestogetmarried.

74Manyothers,however,holdtheoppositeview.Theyclaimthattheuniversityorcollegeisaplacetostudyinsteadofacommunitytoleadafamilylife.Allowingcollegestudentstogetmarriedwouldadverselyaffecttheirstudy.Forinstance,theywouldspendtoomuchtimeattendingtheirfamilyandlove,unabletoconcentrateontheirschoolwork.AsfarasIamconcerned,IbelievethatitisOKtoallowcollegestudentstogetmarried.Anyway,thisistheirfreedom.Actually,wedon’thavetoworrytoomuchbecausefactshaveshownthatmostcollegestudentswouldchoosenottogetmarriedinthefaceofsuchfiercecompetitionandheavyschoolwork.(或AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethatcollegestudentsshouldnotbeallowedtogetmarried.Thoughmostlyadults,theyareactuallyimmaturepsychologically.Theirwishtogetmarriedis,moreoftenthannot,impulses.Besides,asstudents,theyarenotreadytosupportafamilyfinancially.2.PreferableWorkSomepeopleprefertoworkwithpeople.Workingwithpeopleusuallymakesonefeelinterestingandefficient.Atthesametime,itcangivepeoplepowerandcompetitionandprovidesrivalrywhichcanbeaveryeffectivemotiveinimprovingone'sability.Inaddition,peoplecangetbetterideasbywayofconsultationandconferencewithotherpeople.Ontheotherhand,otherpeoplelikejobswhichmainlyinvolvewithobjectsormachine.Theyprobablythinkthatworkingwithobjectsormachinewillprovidemorepeaceandquiet.Undersuchpeacefulconditions,onecandomorepracticalwork,improveone'sskillandmaketechnicalrenovations.Ofthesetwowaysofworking,Ipreferworkingwithpeople.Firstofall,Ilikeworkingwithpeoplebecauseofcompanionship.Second,althoughtherearecompetitionandrivalry,wecanlearnsomethingfromotherpeopleevenifwedon'tlikethem. 3.Part-timeJobsforCollegeStudentsTherehasbeenmuchcontroversyoverpart-timejobsforcollegestudents.Peoplewhoareagainstitholdthatthesolepurposeofhighereducationisforthestudentstoacquireknowledge.Iftheyareengagedinpart-timejobtheywillbeinvariablydistractedfromtheirstudiesandasaresulttheycannotfulfilltherequirementsmappedoutbytheStateEducationCommission.Thewriter,however,thinksthatthereareseveraladvantagesforcollegestudentsinvolvedinpart-timejobs.Firstly,part-timejobsprovideopportunitiesforstudentstocontactsocietysoastoknowthesituationofthetalentmarket.Forinstance,ifastudentworksasapart-timegoverness,heorshewillknowwhatkindofprofessionalsareurgentlyneededbythemarketandthiswillhelphimtochooseafuturejob.Secondly,therearesomefinancialgainsfrompart-timejobs.Sincethereformwascarriedout,institutionsofhighereducationhavestartedtocollecttuitionfeesfromstudents.Needlesstosaythismeansanotherfinancialburdenonparents.Andpart-timejobscanserveasapartialsolutiontothisproblem.Lastbutnotleast,part-timejobscancultivatestudents'senseofindependence.

75Tosumup,part-timejobscandoalotmoregoodthanbadtostudentsaslongastheycanmakebestuseoftheirtimeandraisetheefficiencyoftheirstudy.4.TheDevelopmentofPrivateCarsWiththeincreaseinthegeneralstandardofliving,someordinaryChinesefamiliescannowaffordacar.Yetopinionsonthedevelopmentofaprivatecarvaryfrompersontoperson.Someclaimthattherearemanyadvantagesinpossessingacar.Itgivesamuchgreaterdegreeofcomfortandmobility.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransport,andhencenoirritationcausedbywaitingforbusesortaxies.Withacarhecangowherehelikesandwhenhewants,somuchsothathecanenjoyhisleisuretothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideontheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtohisimmediateneighborhood.However,othersstronglyobjecttodevelopingprivatecars.Theymaintainthatasmoreandmorecarsareproducedandruninthestreet,alargevolumeofpoisonousgaswillbegivenoff,pollutingtheatmosphereandcausingactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Infact,privatecarscontributetotrafficcongestionsogreatlythattheadvantagesgainedincomfortandfreedomareoftencancelledoutbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams.Inspiteofalltheabove-mentioned,Istillfavorowningacar.Thereasonisthatthecargivesapersonthefreedomtoschedulehisowntime.Thoughweareconfrontedwithaproblemofenergycrisis,Iamsurethattherealsolutionwillhavetobeanewkindofcar,onethatusescheap,efficientfuelanddoesnotcontaminatetheair.5.ScientificDiscovery—CurseOrBlessingNewscientificdiscoverynearlyalwaysbringsmankindablessing.Takeelectricityforexample.Sinceitsdiscovery,ithasusheredinaneraofcountlessinventionsincloseconnectionwithit.Nowadayspeoplecanreadandwritebymeansoflightsinsteadofcandles.Fireisanotherexampleofdiscoverieswhichmadehumanbeingssurviveinancienttimesandgenerateselectricityinmoderntimes.Again,mineralssuchasoilorcoaldiscoveredbymanhavelongbeenusedasfueltodevelopindustryandagriculture.Yetsometimesscientificdiscoveriesmayproveacurseuponthehumanrace.Asweknow,everythinghastwosides.Electricitycanshockonetodeathifusedcarelessly.Smokefromfactoriesandgasesfromcarsareterriblepollutants.Radiumusedinnuclearpowerplantscanleadtoanuclearwar.Themisuseofscientificdiscoveriesmustbeprevented.Sincechemicalelementsorsubstanceswerediscovered,somehavebeenmadeuseofforpurposeofwar.Suchweaponsasatomicbombsorpoisonousgaseshaveprovedtobedestructivetomankind.Therefore,itisthewholeworld'sdutytopreventscientificdiscoveriesfrommenacingthehumanrace.6．Internet—ATwo-edgedSwordInternetisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpeople'slife.Asanewborninformation

76deliveringsystem,theInternethasmadeseasofinformationavailableatourfingers’tips.Besides,theInternetservesasthemostconvenientmeansforcommunication.ThroughtheInternet,peoplecandiscussvariousproblemsandmakefriendswhosharecommonviews.Butjustasacoinhastwosides,Internethasitsowndrawbackswhichshouldnotbeneglected.First,itcostsanalarmingamountofmoneytoconstructthesystemandthecostisveryhightomostChineseconsumers.Second,itissometimesdifficultforpeopletofindtherightinformationtheyarelookingforsincethereistoomuchrubbishonthenet.Finally,itisalsodifficulttopreventthenetfromtheinvasionofcriminals.Therefore,theInternetshouldbeviewedasatwo-edgedsword,whichpresentsuswithbothconveniencesandtroubles.Butweshouldnotgiveupeatingforfearofchoking.Thebestpolicy,asIseeit,istofurtherdevelopthenetandexertpropersupervisionoveritsothatitcanbenefitusinabetterway.7．TheGreatestInventioninthePastCenturyWhenaskedaboutthegreatestinventioninthepastcentury,somepeoplemayclaimthatitisthecomputer;othersmaysayitisthemobilephone;stillothersmaysayitistheautomobile.Inmyopinion,however,itistheInternet.Ofcourse,thecomputer,ortheelectricbrain,hasgreatlyfacilitatedourmentalworkandspareustheburdenofcalculating,restoringandsearching;theautomobilesavesustimeandmakesourtravelmoreconvenientandthemobilephonehasgotpeoplecloser.But,thesearejusttheextensionofhumanbrain,legsandvoice.TheInternet,however,haschangedhumanlifeinamorefundamentalwaysinceitsbirth.First,asanewborninformationdeliveringsystem,theInternethasmadevariousinformationavailableatourfinger'stip.Besides,Internetservesasthemostconvenientmeansforcommunication.ThroughInternet,peoplecandiscussvariousproblemsandmakefriends.Lastbutnotleast,theInternetisalsoafaithfulaidinourdailylifesincepeoplecangoshoppingandgetmedicalservicesonline.Tosumup,theInternetisindeedthemostinterestingandimportantinventionmanhasevermade.8.BrainDrainBraindrainisadelicateproblemwithwhichthiscountryisconfronted.Inthelasttenyearsorso,alotofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfurtherstudiesorresearchwork,letalonenumerouspromisingstudents.Andtherearenoindicationsthattheywillbebackhomebeforelong.Thiscountryhaspaidtheexpensesoftrainingthembutlostthem.Howdidthatcomeabout?Itisself-evidentthattheirdelayofcomingbackisduetothosefavorableworkingandlivingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchwork.Sophisticatedequipmentmakesiteasierforonetogainacademicachievements.Ourcompetentscientistsabroadareofferedhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Itseemsthatitisn'timpossibletosolvetheproblem.Thescientistsandthelikecanbeattractedbackhomesolongasgreatimportanceisattachedtotheintellectual'sdeservingtreatment

77andeffectivemeasuresaretakentoprovidethemwithexcellentpayandagreeableconditions.9.HowtoSolveEnergyCrisisManisfacedwithagraveproblem—theenergycrisis,whichisbecomingincreasinglyserious.First,withtheincreaseintheworld'spopulation,thedemandforfuelsisgrowingsteadily.Second,therapiddevelopmentofindustryandagriculturecallsforanincreasingamountofcoal,oilandnaturalgas.Confrontedwiththeenergycrisis,weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestosaveenergy.Foronething,itishightimethatpeopleallovertheworldrealizedtheseverefactthatournaturalresourceshavebeenfixedsincetheearthwascreated.Foranother,thegovernmentsofallcountriesaresupposedtolaydowntherulesandregulationstorestricttheamountofgasusedbycars.Finally,scientificresearchesshouldbeencouragedtoworkoutefficientmethodsofsavingfuelsandtoseeknewsourcesofenergy.Personally,Ibelievethatsolarenergyisapossiblesourceofclean,inexpensiveandabundantenergy.Itdoesnotpollutetheenvironmentandcostsonlyasmuchastheinstallationofsolarpanelstoabsorbthesun'srays.Consequently,I'mconfidentthatabrightfutureisawaitingusbecausesolarenergywillbeabletohelpustosolvetheenergycrisis.10.FireAccidentsinBigCitiesInrecentyearstherehasbeenamarkedgrowthoffireaccidentsinbigcitiesofourcountry.Almosteverydayweseefireenginesrushingthroughstreets.Fireshavenotonlyresultedinheavyeconomiclossesbutalsoinjuredandkilledmanypeople.Whatarethecausesoffireaccidents?Mostofthefiresarebroughtaboutbycarelessnessandviolationoffiresafetyregulations.Othersareduetothepoorqualityofhomeelectricalappliances.Bytheway,somepeopledon'tknowhowtousethemproperly.Besides,therearequiteafewbusinesseswhichfocussomuchoftheirattentiononprofitsthattheytendtoneglectandevenignorefireprecautions.Inmyopinion,inordertopreventfiresweshouldfirstofallfosterpeople'ssenseoffireprevention.Thesecondthingwehavetodoistoincreasethenumberofprofessionalfirefighters,towhomregulartrainingcoursesshouldbeoffered.Finally,wearetoimprovetheexistingfireenginesandaddmorefirefacilitiestohigh-risebuildings.Inthisway,areliablefirepreventionsystemwillbeformed.11．PracticeMakesPerfectAwell-knownproverbgoes“Practicemakesperfect”,whichmeansthatperfectionliesinpractice.Withoutpractice,youcanneverexpecttobereallygoodatanything.Onthecontrary,themoreyoupractice,themorelikelyyouaretodothingsinaperfectway.Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist.ThestudyofEnglishisacaseinpoint.Ifyouwishtoimproveyourpronunciation,youmustpracticepronouncingevery

78Englishsyllableagainandagain.Likewise,ifyouwanttowriteanexcellentcomposition,youhavetositdownandwrite.AnotherexampleisDengYaping,theworldNo.1womanPing-pongplayer.Thisshortgirl,whodoesnotseemtobecutoutforsports,oweshersuccesstopainstakingandperseverantpractice.Inshort,practiceisessentialifwewanttomakeachievementsinourstudiesorwork,orindeedinanyotheraspectofourlife.Practice,tosomedegree,canmakethedifferencebetweenbeingmerelygoodatsomethingandbecomingachampion.12．AgainstaRobberyYesterdayafternoon，Mrs.Luolefthomeforshopping.Halfwaydownthestairs,shefoundherwayblockedbytwomenarmedwithknives.Theythreatenedher,sayingthattheywouldstabherifshemadeanynoise.Then,theyforcedhertotakethemtoherflatandopenthedoor.ItseemedthatMrs.Luowasbeinabigtroubleandwasboundtolosemoneyorlife.Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolice.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflat,othersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.Thetwocriminalswerearrestedandtakentothepolicestationwiththeirwristshandcuffed.Theretheywouldbequestionedandprobablychargedwithrobbery.13.TheRobotisaMachineafterAllAsisvividlyshowninthepictures,amanandarobotwereplayingcards.Obviously,themanwaslosing,forhewaswithasadface.Therobot,ontheotherhand,wassmiling.Thenthemanwenttoopenthebodyoftherobotandchangedsomethinginsideit.Amomentlater,theywerebackagaintothegame.Nowitwastherobot’sturntofrown:nearlyallthecoinswerewonoverbytheman.Simpleasthecartoonsare,theirsymbolicmeaningisprofoundandfar-reaching:therobotisbutarobot,aproductbyman.Itcanneverreallydefeathumanbeings;muchlesscantheycontrolorreplaceman.Withthisinmind,weneednolongerworryaboutthemiserablefateofhumanbeingsasforetoldbysomepessimistsorasdescribedinsomeAmericanfilmslike“TheStarWar”or“Matrix”.Whileweshouldbeoptimisticaboutthefutureofhumanbeings,weneedalsobewarrantofthedangerresultingfromsomeinappropriateuseofmoderntechnology,likethatofgeneandcloning,whichmightendangermankindeitherphysicallyormorally.Wemightnotbedefeatedbyrobots,butwemightberuinedbyourselves.14.ALetterofApplicationforaJobJune17th,2006DearSir/Madam,IamrespondingtoyouradvertisementinChinaDailyonJune10th,2006,whichinvitesapplicationsforinterpreters.Enclosedwiththisletterismyresumewhichdetailsmybackground.

79IbelievethatIamthebestcandidateforthisposition.Inthefirstplace,IhavebeenstudyingforfouryearsinBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,oneofthemostprestigiouslanguageschoolsinChina,whichhasprovidedmewithadesirablecommandofEnglishskills.Inthesecondplace,Ihavetakenpartinanumberofsocialactivitiesinthepastyears,whichhavehelpedcultivatemyteam-spiritandcreativity.Besides,Ihaveattendedtrainingcoursesforinterpretationandhaveobtainedrelatedcertificates.Lastbutnotleast,Ihaveworkedasapart-timeinterpreter,soIamwellpreparedforthisjob.IwouldtreasurethechanceandexerteveryefforttodoagoodjobifIhadthelucktobeprovidedwiththeposition.Besides,Ishallbemuchobligedifyouwillaffordmeanopportunityforaninterview,andIappreciatearesponsefromyouatyourearliestconvenience.Thankyouforconsideringthisapplication. Bestregards.Yourssincerely LiMing15．TheGoalofLifeAstorygoesthatadisabledyoungmanmanagedtoreachthepeakofeveryfamoushighmountainintheworldbeforehewas28.Hedidallthisjustashisparentstoldhimtodointheirwill.Buttheyoungmancommittedsuicideintheendandhislastwordswere:“nowIhavenothingtodowithallmygoalsachievedandmyfamewellestablished.Ihavenonewgoals.”Thisstorymightnotbetrue,butitconveysprofoundmessages.First,oneshouldhaveagrandidealandassociateitwiththeneedsofsociety.Secondly,oneshouldhavehisownpursuitsandshouldnotfollowothersblindly.Thestoryisespeciallyinstructivewhenwethinkofsimilarhappeningsaroundus.Somepeople,aftermakingafortune,feelemptyanddesperate,resortingtodrugsorotherlowstyleoflife.Stillmoreyoungpeopledothesamebecausetheyareinlackofloftyidealsandareonlydriftingwiththetide.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldliketodevotemyselftoanycausethatisbeneficialtomankind.Myshort-termgoalistolearnaboutenvironmentalprotectionandfindajobinthisfield.AndIbelievethisisameaningfulandusefulcareer.Itisworthmylife-longefforts.Iwillkeepfindingandattainingnewgoalsinthisfield.16．WhatWillMoneyBringUs,FortuneorMisfortune?Astorygoesthatonceanapartmentbuildingcaughtfire.Amongthesurvivorswasaboyoffive,whocrawledoutofthebuildingbyhimselfwithawettowelcoveringhisnose.Buthisfather,whotaughttheboytheway,gotkilled,forhewentbackagainforhismoney.Simpleasthestoryis,itconveysaprofoundmessage:moneycanbemoredeadlythanfire.Actually,thereisnodenyingthefactthatithasbeenacontroversialtopic“whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneormisfortune?”Quiteafewpeoplewouldchoosetheformerinstantly,fortheybelievethatmoneycanbuythemalsoeverything.Thereare,ofcourse,peoplewhohatemoneyandbelieveitisthesourceofmisfortune.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkthatmoneyitselfcannotbringusfortuneormisfortune,butourattitudestowardsitcan.Bethemasterofmoneyandyouwilldriveittoworkforyou,tobuyyou

80necessitiesandtoenjoyyourlife.However,ifyoutakeyourselfaslaveofmoney,youwillsurelyfallintothepitofmisfortuneoneday.Youwillbetemptedbymoneyandloseyourcompassoflife.Youwillevenloseyourlife,asthefatherinthestorydid.So,friends,wakeupandbethelordofmoney!17．ToLieornottoLie—theDoctor’sDilemmaDoctorsareoftenconfrontedsuchachoice:tolieornottolietotheirpatient.Studiesshowthattheyoftenbelieveitisreasonabletolieforthepatient’sownsake.Mostdoctorsbelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andiftheytellthemthetruth,theymaylosetheirhope.Becauseofsuchabelief,manydoctorsmaytell“whitelies”totheirpatients.Butnowfactsareprovingthatthesedoctorsarewrong.Actually,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttoknowthetruth.Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformationcanhelppatientsdealwiththeirdiseaseifwetellitinaproperway.Liescannothelpthepatients.Besides,theyinvadetheirautonomyandmakethemunabletomakesounddecisions.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem,theircolleaguesandtheentiremedicalprofession.Therefore,weneedtodebatethisissueopenlyandputanendtoprofessionaldeception.18．TheLeaningTowerofPisaThetowerofPisahasneverbeenupright.Itsleaningcandatebacktothetimenotlongafteritwasbuiltin1173.First,thetowertiltedtowardsthenorth.Thenduringtheprolongedprocessofconstructiontill1370,thetowerhadalwaysbeenleaningtothesouth.Throughoutthemonument’shistory,manyeffortshavebeenmadetohaltthelean.Theseeffortshavesofarhelpedpreventedthetowerfromtoppingover.Butsince1911,theoffsetatthetopofthetowerhasincreasedatafairlyconsistentrate.Shortlyafter1989,forthesakeofsafety,thetoweratPisawasclosedtovisitors.In1990,aspecialcommissionwasorganizedtofindnewwaystosavethetower.Atfirstthecommissionworkedmainlyontheoutsideofthetower,butinthenextfewmonths,moreradicaltechniqueswillbetriedtostopthetower’slean.Theultimategoalisnottostraightenthetowerbuttoeaseitstopbackalittle.Withluck,thelandmarkcanstandintothenextcentury.

81附录写作练习答案二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误（一）句子结构错误1．主从句叠置1)Therearemoreandmorestudentswholiketousethecomputer./Moreandmorestudentsliketousethecomputer.2)Therearestillmanyproblemsthatshouldbenotedandresolved./Manyproblemsstillshouldbenotedandresolved.2．简单句叠置Ilikechattingonlineverymuch,soIgotothenetbaralmosteveryweekend./Ilikechattingonlineverymuch.Igotothenetbaralmosteveryweekend.3．从句叠置Itisknowntoallthatcomputersplayanimportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife./Asisknowntoall,computersplayanimportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife.4．句子成分缺失Ifweworkhard,wewillsurelybesuccessful./Workinghard,wewillsurelybesuccessful.5．语序错误1)Whydocollegestudentsspendmoreandmoretimeonthecomputer?1)Ioftenwonderwheretheyhavegottheirmoney.（二）动词形式错误1．时态错误ManypeoplethinkthattheInternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.2．语态形式错误

821)Ihavebeenexcitedseveraldaysatthenewsthatyouwillcomehere.2)Mostofthestudentsaresatisfiedwiththeserviceinthedininghall.3．单复数形式错误1)Wisemenseekopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem./Awisemanseeksopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.2)Somepeopleareafraidthatcomputersmaycontrolmeninthefuture.4．非谓语动词形式错误1)Letmesay“hello”toyouonbehalfofeveryone.2)Doingexerciseinthemorningisgoodforone’shealth.3)Havingstudiedinourschoolfor3years,Ifindthatthecanteenservicehaschangedalot.（三）代词错误1)Wecanusecomputersindoingeverythingwelike.2)Acollegestudentshouldbeabletodohiswashingonhisown.（四）冠词错误1)A/Thehorseisausefulanimal.2)TheexamwillbeheldinDecember,2004.（五）词性错误1)Iwishyoucanconsidermysuggestions.2)Ifapersonwantstosucceed,hemustlearntoenduresufferingsandsetbacks.二、用词错误1)Studentsmustknowhowtooperateacomputer./Studentsmustknowhowtoworkonacomputer.2)PeoplecanbeexposedtomanynewthingsontheInternet./PeoplecanlearnmanynewthingsontheInternet.3)Thepurposeofthisletteristoexpresssomeopinionsontheserviceinthedininghall./Thepurposeofthisletteristomakesomecomplaintsabouttheserviceinthedininghall.三、表达习惯错误1)Whatgeneratedsolargeachange?/Whyistheresolargeachange?2)Now6000yuanisenoughforyoutobuyaP4computer./NowyoucanbuyaP4computerfor6000yuan.3)Inaroomoftenlive6-8students.4)Ithinktherearethreereasonsforthisgreatchange.5)Thepricesofthefoodaretoohigh./Thefoodistooexpensive.6)Thereasonforthisisthatsomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard./Thisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.

83四、标点符号及大小写错误1)However,everycoinhastwosides.Ithinkthesurroundingsinourcanteenarethebestamongalluniversities.2)Themanwasracingdownthestreetbecausehewaslatefortheclass.3)AtlastIwanttoletyouknowthatIloveouruniversityverymuch.4)Myfavoritesportsareswimming,jogging,mountaineeringandplayingtabletennis.5)ThebestEnglishfilminmyeyesisForrestGump.五、冠词用法讲练EXERCISE1A.1.a2.an3.an4.an5.an6.an7.a8.anB.1.anewofficebuilding2.travelagent3.anAmericanscientist4.aday’souting5.anIndianstamp6.aheartattack7.anadvancedcountry8.aninterestingplayEXERCISE21.A(telephone);a2.x;x;x3.a;a;an;a4.a;a;a;an5.a;a;a;a;a6.an;a;x;an;x;a;a7.a;an8.xEXERCISE3A.1.a(verybadnight);a(wink)2.an(honesty)3.a(visionofanewandhappierEurope)4.a(holiday);a(dayoff);a(month)5.an(hourlyservice)6.a(greathonour);a(gathering)7.a(mountain);a(horror)8.an(earlyage)9.a(word)10.a(boy)B.1.a(bigproblem);(nottoobig)a(problem)2.a(squarenose);(sohandsome)a(man)3.(Howevergreat)a(disaster)4.(Many)a(shipwreckedsailor)

845.(Such)an(urgentneed)6.(Sourgent)a(need)7.(aslovely)a(picture)8.(what)a(seriouscrisis)9.(many)a(greaterman)10.(Howserious)a(crime)EXERCISE41.the;x2.x;The(forests)3.x;The(nature)4.The(education);x7.x;the8.the;xEXERCISE5A.1.x;a;the2.The(steam-engine);the3.The(bat);a4.x;the;x;a5.the6.a;the;x;x7.The(prison);a8.The(youngest);x;the;xB.1.The(horse);a(nobleanimal);a(faithfulservant)2.a(game)3.the(school);the(behaviour);the(pupils)4.The(dinner);the(speeches)5.the(settingofgoals)6.the(hospital);(at)the(endof)the(week)7.the(radio)8.The(flute)9.(have)a;the(citycenter);(get)a;(on)the(bus)10.the(ground);the(wood)EXERCISE6A.1.The;the;the2.The;the3.The;the4.The(wool);the5.x;the;x6.the;the;the;x7.the;the8.x;x;x9.the;the10.xB.1.theBritishMuseum2.theSuezCanal3.thedifferencebetween4.theWilsonsthesetwowords5.inthefirstrow6.theyear1949EXERCISE7(The)Peopleeverywhere…When(the)strangers…(The)Goodmanners…in(the)differentparts…accepting(the)gifts…shows(the)badmanners…even(the)rudeness…with(the)goodmannersaccept(the)importantthingswith(the)bothhands…toaccept(the)importantthingsshowsnotonly(the)discourtesy…In(the)Europeand(the)NorthAmerica,however,(the)

85people…六、标点符号用法讲练EXERCISE11.The…identity:Lt,HenryBedell,CompanyD,11thVermontVolunteers…old.2.It…thatDad…already－farming80acres…job.3.NowI’m…point－butwhat…there?4.Rain,snow,sleet,fog…world.5.During…tourists;duringthewinter…beach.6.To…extent,mankind…earth.7.Like…wildlife,…reproduce,grow…fall.8.The…JimThorpe,thegreatestAmerican…times.9.The…enormous,juicy…appetizing.10.I…kids－educated…theWest…movies－wouldbedisappointed.11.I…statue.Itssoul,sotospeak,is…beauty.12.The…students,teachers,doctors,businessmen,factoryworkers－people…life.13.Is…underground－innew…caves?14.I…－bycorrespondence－thatI…heratBeijingHotel…Thursday.15.Passengers…beverages:coffee,tea,milkorsoda.16.Present…Mr.Ho,Chairman…EnglishDepartment;Mr.Brown,avisiting…Denmark;and…us.17.The…patients;it…of“defensivemedicine”.18.His…withthem－hehad…oncemade…help.EXERCISE21….work,for…2….down;asaresult,we…3….note;it…4….watch,yet…5…..tired,so…6.…booming;consequently,thecompany…7.…init,anditwas…8.…looking;thefood,however,is…9….compulsory;thestudents…choice,therefore10…coffee;others…11…costly;nevertheless,we…12…weightlessness;moreover,they…EXERCISE31.…death;…2.…sunlight.We…/…sunlight;we…3.…May,yet/butsnow…4.…years;forexample,…

865.…quiet;…6.…night;I…/….night,and/soI…7.…punished;infact…/…punished.Infact…8.…food,andso…./food;therefore,I….9.…very;what…./…vary.What…10.…TV;Marie…/…TV,andMarie…EXERCISE41.“OnFriday,”theteacherannounced,“we’lltakeupanewlesson.”2.“What,”heasked,“dowehavetoprepareforthecampingtrip?”3.C4.Hegreetseveryonewith“Hi!”5.“YoumaythinkIhavealotofgarbageinthesebags,”oneshopping-bagladyvolunteeredinachurchsoupkitchen,“butit’severythingIneed.”6.C7.“Itpainsme,”Isaid,“tofindthatyoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesyou.”8.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe“WhatdoIdowithmyself?”question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialworries.EXERCISE51.Atoneo’clockonSeptember2,1666,theGreatFireofLondonstartedinsideabaker’sshopinPuddingLane.Itlastedfivedays,andnearly80%ofallthebuildingswithintheLondonWallwererazed.Accordingtotheofficialreport,13,200houses,87parishchurches,over400streets,andtheenormousoldSt.Paul’sCathedral－oneofthewondersofthemedievalworld－wereinruins.OutofLondon’s450acres,only75remaineduntouched.RobertHubert,aFrenchwatchmakerfromRouen,wasaccusedofthefire.Thesentencesaidhe“haddeliberatelystartedthefire”.Afterhewashanged,itwasconclusivelyprovedthathehadnotevenarrivedinLondonuntiltwodaysafterthefirebrokeout.2.Mr.Joneswasveryfondofclimbingmountains,sooneyearhewenttoSwitzerlandforhisholidays.Afterhehadclimbedsomeeasymountains,hedecidedonedaytoclimbamoredifficultone;buthedidnotwanttogoupitalone,sohefoundagoodSwissguide,whohadoftenclimbedthatmountain.Atfirstitwasnotadifficultclimb,butthentheycametoaplacewhichwasnotsoeasy.Theguidestopped,turnedroundandwarnedMrJones.“Becarefulhere,”hesaid“Thisisadangerousplace.Youcaneasilyfall,andifyoudo,youwillfallstraightdownaverylongway.”“But,”hecontinuedcalmly,“ifyoudofallhere,don’tforgettolooktotherightwhileyouaregoingdown.Thereisaquiteextraordinarilybeautifulviewthere－muchmorebeautifulthantheoneyoucanseefromhere.”3.Itisthesimplethingsthatreallymatter.Ifamandelightsinhiswifeandchildren,hassuccessinwork,andfindspleasureinthealternationofdayandnight,springandautumn,hewillbehappywhateverhisphilosophymaybe.If,ontheotherhand,hefindshiswifehateful,hischildren’snoiseunendurable,andtheofficeanightmare,ifinthedaytimehelongsfornight,andatnighthesighsforthelightofday－thenwhatheneedsisnotanewphilosophybutanewpatternoflife－

87adifferentdiet,ormoreexercise.Manisananimal,andhishappinessdependsonhisphysiologymorethanhelikestothink.Unhappybusinessmen,Iamconvinced,wouldincreasetheirhappinessmorebywalkingsixmileseverydaythanbyanyconceivablechangeofphilosophy.七、句型写作练习（一）并列句1)Itwasacoldsnowydayandhehadnomoneyleftforfood.2)Hurryuporyou’llbelate.3)ItrainedheavilylastnightbutIwenttotheshowanyway.4)Ienjoyclassicalmusic,sodoesshe.5)Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.6)Somepeoplewastefoodwhileothershaven’tenough.7)Sheisfatwhereasherhusbandisthin.8)Shecannotread,neithercanshewrite.（二）复合句1．1)ItisquiteobviousthattheyneedmorehelpinEnglish.2)Itisgoodnewsthatsheisstillalive.3)Itdoesn’tseemlikelythatshewillcomehere.4)Whatthechildrenlikethebestinthezooarethepandas.5)Whatwearebadlyinneedofisrawmaterial.2．1)It’sapitythathedidnotcomeearlier.2)Itisawell-knownfactthatsmokingcancauselungcancer.3)ItistruethatIencouragedhim,butIdidn’tactuallyhelphim.4)Itdidn’tseemlikelythattheywouldeverkeeptheirpromise.5)ItwashardtounderstandwhyProf.HardyhadsingledoutMaryforcriticism.3．1)Canyoutellmewhatkindofshowtheyareputtingon?2)I’mwonderingiftheletterisoverweight.3)Iamthinkinghowwecanimproveourstudyhabits.4)WearestilluncertainwhetherHenryistherightpersonforthejob.5)Peterhasalwaysbeeningoodhealthexceptthathehasaslightheadachesometimes.6)Hesuddenlyrememberedthathehadforgottentotakehisnotebookwithhim.4.1)IalwaystookitforgrantedthatIwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.2)Weallthoughtitapitythatyouwereunabletoattendourmeeting.3)Weconsideritimportantthatyoushouldmindyourmanners.4)Hedidn'twantitknownthathewastooilltogoonworking.5)Iregarditimportantthateveryoneofyoushouldfinishyourhomeworkontime.

881)Hetookitforgrantedthathisfatherwouldcometohishelpifhegotintotrouble.2)Wethoughtithighlyprobablethathemightchangehismindatthelastminute.3)Ithinkitlikelythatthetrainwillbedelayedbythedensefog.4)Thedoctorthinksitadvisablethatyoushouldstopsmoking.5.1)Couldyoushowmewhatyouhavewritten?2)Thisiswhatweshouldalwayskeepinmind.3)WhattheysawinChinamadeadeepimpressiononthem.4)Wemustnotputofftilltomorrowwhatwecandotoday.6.1)Nothingcouldhidethefactthatheisgrowingold.2)Thefactthatheworksharddoesnotnecessarilymeanthatheisacompetentleader.3)IhaveacomplacentfeelingthatI’mhighlyintelligent.4)Theexplanationthathedidn’tseethenoticeisunsatisfactory./Theexplanationisunsatisfactorythathedidn’tseethenotice.5)Mostofusdon’tagreewithhisviewthatthereisnoadvantageinintroducingthenewmethod.6)Thenewssoonspreadthroughoutthecountrythathewonthefirstgoldmedalatthe23rdOlympicGames.7)Hissuggestionthatintelligenceisarelativematterisnotuniversallyaccepted./Hissuggestionisnotuniversallyacceptedthatintelligenceisarelativematter.8)Hesecondedmymotionthatthevotebepostponed.9)Thefearthathemightnotbeabletofinishtheworkdisturbedhimgreatly./Thefeardisturbedhimgreatlythathemightnotbeabletofinishthework.10)WeexpressedahopethatMr.andMrs.MorrisonwouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.11)I’vecomefromMr.Linwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.12)TherecanbenodoubtthatSuzyistherightpersonforthejob.定语从句1)IwenttovisittheAmericanauthorwhowroteanumberofbooksaboutChina.2)Iatethesoupmyauntprepared.3)Ihaveanarrangementwithmybank,bywhichtheyletmeusetheirmoneyandrepaythemnextmonth.4)Hesentheraletter,inwhichhesaidthathewassorryforwhathehaddonetoher.5)Mr.Brown,whojustcamefromBritainyesterday,willteachusaccountingthisterm.6)SheisgoingtospendthewinterholidaysinHainan,whereshehassomerelatives.7)TheUnitedStatesisknownforitssupermarkets,wherehugequantitiesofallkindsoffoodandhouseholdarticlesaresold.8)Thestoryhappenedinlate19thcentury,whenChinaissufferingfromtheinvasionofwesternpowers.状语从句1)Nowthatyou’veboughtanewcar,whatareyougoingtodowiththeoldone?2)We’dbettertakethetelescopewithusincaseitisneeded.

891)Wemusthurryoff,lestweshouldmissthebus.2)Theproblemsoverycomplicatedthatittookusnearlytwoweekstosolveit.3)Theaircraftwasflyingatsuchahighaltitudethatwecouldhardlyseeit.4)I’lllendyoumycomputeronconditionthatyoukeepitingoodshape.5)Youcangooutaslongasyoupromisetobebackbefore11atnight.6)Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.7)Howeverhardhetried,hecouldnotdothejobsatisfactorily.8)Whetherittakesanhourorevenawholeday,Ishallfindouttheanswer.（三）复杂的简单句1.1)Theylookedbothwaysbeforetheycrossingthestreet.2)ImademydecisionaftertalkingtoSirFrancis.3)Despite/Inspiteofhisillness,hewasdeterminedtocarryouthisplan.4)Despite/Inspiteoftheirintelligence,theyaren’tdoingwellinschool.5)Despite/Inspiteofhisrichness/wealth,heisn’tveryhappy.6)Despite/Inspiteofhisheight,heisn’taverygoodbasketballplayer.7)Withoutyoursupport,wemightsucceedinperformingourtask.8)Evenwithairandwater,plantsstillcouldn’tgrowonthemoon.9)Withouthardwork,youwillaccomplishnothing.10)Butfortheirassistance,hewouldhavefoundhimselfintrouble.2.1)Theywearlayersofclotheseveninsummertime,withnewspapersstuffedbetweenthelayersasfurtherprotectionagainstbadweather.2)Withmorepeoplehelpingthem,theyprobablywillbeabletoaccomplishthetaskaheadoftime.3)Withallhissavingsgone,hestartedtolookforajob.4)Inthecornerthereisatable,withoneofitslegsshorterthantheothers.5)Withthejobfinished,wewenttotheseasideforaholiday.6)Withthepaceofchangequickening,moreandmorescientistsfindithardtokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentsevenintheirowndisciplines.7)Shelookedinmyfacewithtearsstreamingdownhercheeks.3.1)Shewon’tgohomeuntilafter(taking)theexam.2)Becauseofhisbadleg,hecouldn’twalkasfastastheothers.3)Wearefullawareoftheseriousnessofthesituation.4)Shehurriedbacktoschoolforfearofmissingtoomanylessons.5)InsteadofcriticizingSusanforwhatshehasdone,weoughttopraiseherforit.6)Insteadofgoingstraighthomeafterschool,Helenwenttoworkasawaitressinarestaurant.7)InsteadofgoingtosendthebooktoAllanbypost,Iamgoingtotakeittohimmyself.8)InsteadofgoingtoNewYorkyesterdaytoattendhisdaughter’swedding,Dr.WilsonflewtoFloridaforanemergencycase.4.

901)Iloveintelligentgirls.2)Attheparty,Igottoknowaprofessorinhisthirties.3)Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.4)Thesubstancediscoveredalmostbyaccidenthasrevolutionizedmedicine.5)Amongthosetakingpartinthework,heisprobablythemostactive.2.1)Everyoneofusleftthemeetingconvincedthattheprojectwasfeasible.2)Petergothomefromthethree-month-longjourneytotheAntarctic,lookingtiredout.3)Theywenthuntingforhours,buttheyreturnedempty-handed.4)Heenteredtheoffice,stillannoyedbythewayshespoketohim.5)Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersresorttosmoking.6)Primarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess,collegestudentsnowcheatonexamsmorefrequently.3.1)Hesatinfrontofthem,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage.2)Hearingacontinualstrangenoisecomingfromthenextroom,herheartbeatfast.3)Theoldbeggarsatatthecorner,tearswellingupinhiseyes.4)Jimcontinuedonhisway,thedogjumpingaboutinfrontofhim.5)Thegirlinthesnapshotworeabroadsmile,herlonghairflowinginthebreeze.4.1)ThisisMr.Black,directorofourhospital.2)“Leaveittome,”saidPeter,themanonduty.3)QinghaiLake,thelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina,lies3195metersabovesealevel.4)Thewholeplanwascompletedwithinthreemonths,halftheusualtime.5)Hereadallkindsofbooks,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.6)Formerlyaworkerhimself,heisnowanengineer.7)Amotherofthreechildren,shehasnowenteredacollegeagainforfurthereducation.（四）倒装句1．1)NeverhaveIbeentoEurope.2)Hardlyhadheeatenanythingwhenthedinnerwasover.3)Scarcelyhadshefallenasleepwhenaknockatthedoorawakenedher.4)NosoonerhadAnnearrivedthanshefellill.5)Littledoesshecareaboutwhatotherssayabouther.2．1)RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister.2)Copperisagoodconductor.Soaremanyothermetals.3)Paulcouldnotdance.Norcouldhesing.4)Thehusbandwasnothospitabletothevisitor.Norwasthewife.3．

911)Soexcitedwashethathecouldnotgotosleep.2)Soforcefullydidhespeakatthemeetingthateveryonepresentwasconvinced.3)SoharddidheworkthatheobtainedhisPh.D.degreeoneyearaheadofschedule.4．1)Onlyoncedidhisfathercallhisname.2)Onlythendidthedoctorrealizethathispatientneededsurgery.3)Onlywhenyouadjustdownyourpricecanweconcludethebusiness.5．1)Sittinginfrontofthecounterwastheyoungfatherwhowishedtopurchasealifeinsurancepolicyandagreedtopayasumof$200peryearfor40years.2)Moreimportantisthequestionofhowtofacethepossibilitiesofillness,injury,deathandfinancialloss.3)Amongthemarethewritingofadictionaryinvolvesanumberoftasks.Thereadingofliterature,thecopyingofwordsoncards,thesortingofthecardsandthewritingofdefinitions.（五）被动句1)Joe’sfatherwasseentoreturnafterdark.2)Youarenotallowedtosmokeinthelaboratory.3)Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentostopvariousformsofpollution.4)WhenshewasinShanghai,theactresswasheardtosayshehadlongthoughtofthecityashersecondhome.5)Theyoungmanwasseentoenterthebuildingnexttothebank.6)Aftertheministerofeducationhadfinishedspeakingatthepressconference,hewasmadetoanswerallsortsofquestions.7)Idon’tthinkTomcanbemadetodowhathedislikes.8)Thewindwasheardtoroarthroughthetrees.9)Whatshouldbedoneinacaselikethis?（六）强调句1)ItwasJeffersonwhowrotetheDeclarationofIndependence.2)Itiswithgenuinefeelingthattheauthorpraisesallthatisprogressive.3)Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthatwecouldnotcrosstheriver.4)ItwasJim,aheartlessfellow,whowasheardshoutingathismotherinthedeadofnight.5)ItwasnotuntilItoldherthatMrs.Williamsknewanythingaboutit.八、段落写作练习（一）段落的展开ExerciseW1Twoexamplesaregivenforeachitem.ThecontrollingideaisunderlinedYourcontrollingideasmaybedifferent.

921.Owningacarhasmanyadvantages.Thedisadvantagesofowningacararemany.2.Thereasonapersonlivesinaremoteareamaybeoneofthefollowing.Apersonwholivesinaremoteareamayfacemanyproblems.1.Beforeapplyingtoaforeignuniversity,oneshouldconsiderthedisadvantagesofstudyingabroad.Theadvantagesofstudyingabroadoutweighthedisadvantages.4.Caraccidentscanbeavoidedorminimizedifthedrivertakescertain precautions.Althoughapersonthinksitissafeathome,manydifferentkindsofaccidentsoccurthere.5.Aninternationalairportisdividedintodifferentsections.Thereareseveralkindsofairports.6.Teacherscanlistmanyreasonswhystudentsareabsentfromtheirclasses.Absenteeismcausestheemployermanyproblems.7.Takingexamsisrequiredofallstudents,andtodotheirbest,studentsshouldusethefollowingmethodstopreparethemselves.Oneshouldfollowtheseprocedureswhentakinganexam.8.Computershavebroughtmanychangestoourwayoflife. Manyeducationalgamescanbeplayedoncomputers.9.Ricecanbepreparedinmanyways.Ricecanbeputtomanyuses.10.Preparingtogocampingiseasywhenyouorganizeyourtripusingthesesteps.Campinghaschangedinmanyways.ExerciseW2Thefollowingtopicsentencesareonlyexamples.Yoursentencesmaybedifferent.1.Thisisastrongtopicsentence.2.Thisisaweaktopicsentencebecausetherestoftheparagraphdescribeswhatthewriterdoeswhenheorshegoestothebeach.Abettertopicsentencewouldbe:“WheneverIhavetheopportunitytogotothebeach,Ialwaysfollowthesameroutine.”3.Thisisaweaktopicsentencebecausetherestoftheparagraphdescribesthevariouswaysstudentscangettoclass.Abettertopicsentencewouldbe:“Forthemanystudentswhocannotaffordacar,thereareseveralalternativewaysofgettingtoclass.”ExerciseW3Theseareonlyexamples.Yourtopicsentencesmaybedifferent.1.Adormitoryroomiscoldandimpersonaluntilseveralchangeshavebeenmadetomakeitmore

93inviting.2.Americantelephonebooksaredividedintoseveralsections.3.Thefast-foodrestauranthasbecomepopularforvariousreasons.ExerciseW41.D2.B3.D4.A5.CExerciseW51.Studentswhoneedextramoneycanholddownafulltimetemporaryjobduringtheirsummervacation.2.Apersoncanalsomeetotherpeoplebygoingtoparties.3.Inmyopinion,peopleshouldwriteclearly.Note:ThepossiblecorrectanswersforExercisesW6-W7aresovariedthatyoumightwishtodiscussyouranswerswithafluentEnglishspeaker.ExerciseW6ThesesupportingideasarebasedontheexamplesgivenintheAnswerKeyforExerciseW1.Yoursmaybedifferent.1.Ⅰ.disadvantagesofowningacarA.expensivetobuyB.expensivetomaintainC.difficulttoparkD.causingairpollutionandtrafficjams2.Ⅰ.reasonsforlivinginaremoteareaA.getawayfromcitynoiseB.liveinunpollutedareaC.remainingwhereonehasbeenbornD.beclosertonature3.Ⅰ.disadvantagesofstudyingabroadA.farfromfamilyandfriendsB.difficultyinunderstandingaforeignlanguageC.moreexpensiveD.hardtogethomeinanemergency4.Ⅰ.kindsofhomeaccidentsA.falls

94B.poisoningC.burnsD.cuts5.Ⅰ.kindsofairportsA.internationalB.nationalC.ruralD.private6.Ⅰ.problemscausedbyabsenteeismA.lostproductionB.misseddeadlinesC.mistakesmadebysubstitutesD.expensesfortrainingsubstitutes7.Ⅰ.methodstopreparefortakingexamsA.studyonaregularbasisB.reviewappropriatematerialC.anticipatequestionsD.getgoodnight'ssleepthenightbefore8.Ⅰ.changesbroughtbycomputersA.bettertelephoneservicesB.informationeasiertoobtainC.easierinventoryproceduresinbusinessesD.helpfulineducation9.Ⅰ.waystopreparericeA.ricewithvegetablesB.friedriceC.curriedriceD.ricesalad10.I.stepstoorganizeacampingtripA.makealistofnecessaryitemstotakeB.getmapsofareaC.havecaringoodconditionD.checkweatherreportExerciseW7Theseareonlyafewexamples.Yourparagraphswillbedifferent.HaveafluentEnglishspeakercheckyourparagraphs.1.Thedisadvantagesofowningacararemany.First,theyaremuchmoreexpensivetobuythan

95bikesormotorcycles.Afterhavingpurchasedacar,theowneristhenfacedwiththeexpenseofmaintainingit.Also,itisfrequentlyhardtofindaparkingplaceforacar.Lastbutnotleast,theincreasingnumberofcarswillleadtomoreseriousairpollutionandtrafficjams,especiallyinlargecities.2.Thereasonsapersonlivesinaremoteareamaybeoneofthefollowing.Citiesareusuallyverynoisy,andapersonmaywanttogetawayfromthenoise.Anotherattractionofaremoteareamightbethatitisunpolluted.Ifapersonwasbornandraisedinaremotearea,heorshemaywanttoremainintheplacethatisbestknown.Finally,somepeopleliketobeclosertonature,andthisiseasierawayfromacity.3.Beforeapplyingtoaforeignuniversity,oneshouldconsiderthesedisadvantagesofstudyingabroad.First,astudentmayfeelalonebybeingfarfromfamilyandfriends.Also,difficultyinunderstandingaforeignlanguagecanbeveryfrustratingandcanaffectthestudent'sgrades.Itcanbeveryexpensivetopaythecostsoftravelandhousinginadifferentcountry.Finally,ifhereisanemergencyathome,itishardtogethomeinahurry.4.Althoughapersonthinksitissafeathome,manydifferentkindsofaccidentsoccurthere.Fallsareperhapsthemostcommonaccidentamongbothyoungchildrenandolderadults.Poisoningisadanger,especiallyifanadultleavesmedicinesorcleaningchemicalswithinthereachofasmallchild.Burnsfrequentlyoccurinthekitchenareaduringmealpreparation.Finally,peoplecutthemselveswhenusingkitchenknives,trimmingequipmentintheyard,andpowertoolsintheworkshoporgarage.5.Thereareseveralkindsofairports.Fromaninternationalairport,flightsgotoothercountriesaswellastocitiesinthesamecountry.Anationalairportusuallyonlyservesthecitieswithinitsnation.Ruralairportsusuallylinkatownwithanearbynationalairport.Privateairportsarethoseonamilitarybaseorahospital.Individualsandcompaniescanowntheirownprivateairports.（二）段落的衔接1.1)First,Second,Instead,Third,Incontrast,Fourth,Consequently,Finally,But2)Although,Firstofall,Furthermore,Once,Second,Sometimes,Atothertimes,Finally,Then2.for,so,but,and,and,and,however,but,and3.TelevisionwasinventedbyJohnLogieBaird.Whenhewasyounghebuiltanaeroplane.Hetriedtoflyinit,butitcrasheddownbelow.However,Bairdwasfortunatenottobekilled.Itdidnotdiscouragehim.Instead,whenhewasolderhetriedtomakediamondsfromcoal.Theonlyresultwasanenormousexplosion.Yethewasnotinjured.Then,hebecameabusinessman.Whenhisbusinessfailed,hethoughtofworkingattelevision.Hisfamilyadvisedhimnotto,buthedidnotlistentothem.Herentedanattic,boughttheapparatusheneededandstartedworking.Althoughheworkedforalongtime,hewasnotsuccessful.Onedayhesawapictureonhisscreen.Soherushedouttogetsomeonehecould“televise”.Hefoundanofficeboyandtookhimbacktohisroom.However,noimageoftheboyappearedonhisscreen.Theboy,terrified,hadputhisheaddown.Whenheputitupagain,hispictureappearedonthescreen.That’showtelevisionhad

96beendiscovered.4.IntheUnitedStatedthereisabeliefthatpeoplearerewardedforworking,producing,andachieving.Manypeoplebelievethatthereisequalityofopportunitythatallowsanyonetobecomesuccessful.Thisbeliefisillustratedbystorieswrittenbyanineteenth-centuryAmericannovelist,HoratioAlger,whowroteaboutthe“AmericanDream”.Inhisstorieshedescribedpoorpeoplewhobecamerichbecauseoftheirhardwork,honesty,andluck.Thestoriesreinforcedtheideathatallindividuals,nomatterhowpoor,werecapableofbecomingwealthyaslongastheywerehonestandhard-working.FormanyAmericans,however,HoratioAlger’s“rags-to-riches”storiesdonotrepresenttherealityofopportunity.ManypoorimmigrantswhocametotheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturieswereabletobecomerich.Today,however,thepoorgenerallydonotrisetothemiddleandupperclasses.Thatiswhythe“AmericanDream”isnowdescribedasamyth.5.Therewereonceadogandacatsittingbyakitchendoorwhenthecookcameoutandthrewseveralpiecesofmeattothem.Theybothsprangtogetthemeat,butthedogwasthestronger.Heateitallhimself.Thiswasselfishness,bywhichImeanthatthedogcaredonlyforhimself.Wasthiswrong?No,thedogknewnobetter.Butmenaredifferentfromdogsandfollowadifferentruleofconduct.Howmiserableweshouldallbeifeverypersonweretocareonlyforhimself!Weoughttobethankfulthatwehaveahighernaturethanthatofbeastsandareabletoseeandfeelthedutyofbeingkindandaffectionatetooneanother.Andaswecanseeandfeelthisduty,weoughttobeverycarefulalwaystoobserveit.