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1、UrbanizationinthethirdworldByAnisShivaniTheover-urbanizationintheThirdWorldinvolvesboththesheeraggregategrowthoftheproportionofanationalpopulationlivingincities,aswellastheconcentrationofthepopulationinparticularcities.Themisallocationoflabourduetoover-urbanizationresultsintheredundancyofla
2、bourintheurbansectorandanincreaseinthecostofprovidingservicesforacountry'sgrowingpopulation.Citieshavegrownexplosivelyinthedevelopingworld.Theprojectionwasthatbetween1975and2000alone,therewouldbeanincreaseof166percent,or1.32billionnewurbanitesinAfrica,Asia,andLatinAmerica.Thecentralproblemi
3、sthatof"absorptivecapacity":towhatextentcantheurbaneconomyproductivelyemploynewlabourforceentrantsandprovidebasicsocialservicestoaccommodatethem?Theprocessofrural-urbantransferinwesterncountriestookplaceoverlongerperiodsoftime,sotheabsorptionwassmoother.Inadditiontotheabsolutesizeandunprece
4、dentedratesofnaturalpopulationincreaseintheruralareasofdevelopingcountries,thesheervolumeofinternalurbanmigrationputsenormousstrainsontheurbanlabourmarket.Moreover,becauseofthedependenceofdevelopingnationsonimported,capital-intensivetechnologiesofproductionandlackoftraining,management,exper
5、tise,andfinancialresourcestosuccessfullymountasustainedprogrammeofindigenoustechnologicalresearchanddevelopment,industrialemploymentgrowthindevelopingcountrieshaslaggedbehindoutputgrowth.Giventheuncertaintiesfacedbydevelopingnationsintheeraofglobalization,andtheresultantdifficultyinformulat
6、ingcoherentnationaldevelopmentstrategies,itseemsallthemoreobviousthattheabsorptivecapacityofurbanareashasbeenoverstretched.Theproblemofsubstantialsurpluslabourexistsinvariousguisesincitiesindevelopingcountries.Totheextentthatrural-urbanmigrationleadstoa'misallocation'oflabourbetweentherural
7、andurbansectors,andrural-urbanmigrationincreasesthecostofprovidingforacountry'sgrowingpopulation,over-urbanizationremainsaproblem.Urbansurpluslabourduetoitincludestheproblemsofunemployment,underemployment,andmisemployment.Inadditiontoopenunemployment,whi
