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1、Chapter4.TissueResponsetoInjury:Inflammation,Swelling,andEdemaInflammationThelocalresponseofthebodytoanirritantPurposeDefendthebodyagainstaliensubstancesDisposeofdeadanddyingtissuesorepaircantakeplaceCardinalSignsofInflammationRubor:rednessCalor:heatEdema:swellingD
2、olor:painFuncalaesa:functionallossEachofthesesignswilloccurtosomedegreewhentissueisinjuredandthebodyrespondswiththeinflammatoryprocess.CommonMisconceptionsofInflammationDoyouneedtolimitoreliminateinflammation?No.Inflammationisnecessary.Repairwillnotoccurwithoutinfl
3、ammation.Youcannoteliminateinflammation.Youcanonlyminimizethesignsofinflammation.CommonMisconceptionsofInflammation(cont.)Swelling,edema,andinflammationaresynonymousSwellingandedemaoccurduringinflammation.Edemaandswellingarenotthesame.Alledemacausesswelling,butnota
4、llswellingiscausedbyedema.PhasesofInflammationInflammationconsistsofsequentialandoverlappingevents.PrimaryinjuryUltrastructuralchangesChemicalmediationHemodynamicchangesMetabolicchangesPermeabilitychangesLeukocytemigrationPhagocytosisPrimaryInjuryAnyoccurrencethati
5、mpairstissuestructureorfunctionMostsportsinjuriesarecausedbyMacrotrauma(impactorcontact)Microtrauma(overuse,cyclicloading,orfriction)Therearemanyothertypesofinjury,eachofwhichresultsinthesamebasicinflammatoryreaction.Otherexamples?PrimaryInjury(cont.)Othercausesofi
6、njuryincludePhysicalagents(trauma,burns,radiation)Metabolicprocesses(hypoxia)Biologicalagents(bacteria,viral,parasitic,infection)Chemicalagents(acids,gasses,organicsolvents,endogenouschemicals)EndogenouschemicalsNormalsecretionsInabnormallocations(gout)Inincreasedq
7、uantityinanormallocation(stomachulcers)ThemagnitudeaftereachphasevariesaccordingtothecausativeagentUltrastructuralChangesCellularmembraneisdisruptedandeventuallybreaksdown.Contentsspilloutintotheextracellularspaces,therebykillingthedamagedcell.TwocausesDirectTrauma
8、(primaryinjury)IndirectHypoxia(oxygendeficiency)Enzymes(chemicals)IncellsadjacenttotheprimaryinjuryUltrastructuralChanges(cont.)Occurasadirectres
