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1、.晚清洋务派的近代化思想评析摘要：洋务运动运动在思想方面也产生了重大影响，洋务派面对新的形势，提出了“中学为体，西学为用”这一最早的近代化思想。曾国藩、李鸿章、张之洞都是中国近代史上举足轻重的人物，都是洋务运动代表人物。他们在思想方面有相同点，也有相当大的差异。曾国藩与李鸿章在洋务指导思想上都络守着“中学为体，西学为用”的方针。曾国藩主张维护封建纲常、封建体制的基础与前提下，学习西方先进的科学技术，以达到“自强”的目的。虽然曾国藩未曾明确提出：“中学为体，西学为用”的主张，但他的洋务思想主旨即为“中体西用”。张之洞的“中学为体”
2、并非如顽固派那样全盘地否定和抛弃西学，他在维护封建皇权、坚持中学为体的原则下还有承认西学、积极兴治西学的一面。张之洞的思想表现出一定程度的发展独立性，提出了一系列符合客观经济规律的观点和主张，这些主张和观点在当时的历史条件下可以肯定地说是比较先进的，成为他从事洋务活动、致力振兴实业的指导思想。关键词：曾国藩，李鸿章，张之洞，洋务运动，思想评析...COMMENTSONANDANALYSINGOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSRECENTTHOUGHTDURINGTHEMODERNTIMESTHATTHELATEQINGDYNAST
3、Y[ABSTRACI]:Thewesternizationmovementalsohadthesignificantinfluenceinthethoughtaspect,theforeignaffairshassentfacingthenewsituation,proposed“themiddleschoolwasthebody,thewesternlearningforuses”thisearliestmodernizingthought.ZengGuofan,LiHongzhang,ZhangZhidongallarein
4、theChinesemodernhistorythepivotalcharacter,allisthewesternizationmovementrepresentativepersonage.Theyhavethesamespotinthethoughtaspect,alsohasthequitebigdifference.ZengGuofanandLiHongzhangallwindintheforeignaffairsguidingideologyaredefending“themiddleschoolarethebody
5、,thewesternlearningforuses”thepolicy.ZengGuofanadvocatedthemaintenancefeudalismthreecardinalguidesandthefiveconstantvirtues,underthefeudalsystemfoundationandthepremise,studiestheWesternadvancedscienceandtechnology,achieves“strivingtoimprove”goal.AlthoughZengGuofannot
6、explicitlyproposed:“Themiddleschoolisthebody,thewesternlearningforuses”theposition,buthisforeignaffairsthoughtprimaryintentionis“westthebodyuses”.ZhangZhidong“themiddleschoolisthebody”likediehardsuchoveralldeniesandabandonsthewesternlearningbynomeans,heinthemaintenan
7、cefeudalismimperialauthority,persistedthemiddleschoolalsohastheacknowledgmentwesternlearningforunderthebodyprinciple,ispopularpositivelygovernsthewesternlearningoneside.ZhangZhidong'sthoughtdisplayscertaindegreethedevelopmentindependence,proposedaseriesofconformstoth
8、eobjectiveeconomiclawviewpointandtheposition,thesepositionsandtheviewpointunderthehistoricalconditionthenmightsaydefinitelywasquite
