状语从句(原因,目的,时间,地点)

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状语从句本质——用不同的连接词将主句与一个或几个分句连接起来，以表达主句与分句之间的逻辑关系。主句分句连接词逻辑关系时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式时间状语从句用来说明主句动作与从句动作发生时间上的先后关系类型常用连接词特殊连接词重点时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas名词：themoment,theinstant,theminute,theday,nexttime,everytime副词：instantly,immediately,directly连词：nosooner…than,Hardly…when,scarcely…when主句从句的时态搭配，延续性动词与非延续性动词的区别1.when引导的时间状语从句可以理解为“当……的时候”时态搭配主从句都是过去时态主从句都用现在时态主句将来时态从句现在时态辨析Theperformerwillalreadyhaveplayedthemusicwhenwegetthere.Theperformerwillbeplayingthemusicwhenwegetthere.是否可以用while来替换?Itischallengingforacompanytoremaininter-nationallycompetitivewhiletheglobaleconomicsarereceding. ※when,while,as用法的区别when相当于atthattime，引导的状语从句中谓语动词可以是延续性的也可以是非延续性的while，as相当于duringthattime,引导的状语从句中谓语动词通常是延续性的随着英特网变得日益商业化，网络的使用对商人们非常有利。AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess.公司很难在经济衰退的环境下保持自身的国际竞争力。Itischallengingthatcommercialorganizationsremaingloballycompetitive,whiletheeconomicsisreceding.2.before,after引导的时间状语从句before可理解为在……之前，after可理解为在……之后主从句时态可明显体现动作的先后顺序Weshoulddoeverythingforwhatwewantbeforeitisgettingtoolate.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor20dollarsworthofgambling.3.since，until引导的时间状语从句主句中的动作从句中的动作后发生先发生用since引导先发生并且一直持续一直持续后发生且非延续用until引导（1）since从句中的非延续性动词可以表示一个时间点。IhaveworkedinthiscompanysinceIgraduated.HehaswrittentomesinceIfellill.而由since引导的状语从句中如果出现延续性动词的一般过去式，表示该状态结束的时间点IhaveworkedinthiscompanysinceIwasastudent.HehaswrittentomesinceIwasill辨析Hehasn’tcontactedmesinceIworkedinthatcompany.Hehasn’tcontactedmesinceIhaveworkedinthatcompany.since引导定语从句中谓语动词是延续性的，那么一般过去时表示动作结束的时间点，完成时表示动作开始的时间点。（2）until状态+until+时间点状态可以用延续动词表示，非延续动词的否定形式表示。 HehadtostayabroaduntiltheWorldWarIIcametotheend.Hecouldn’treturnhishomelanduntiltheWorldWarIIcametotheend.※not…until…结构常用的否定词还包括never,hardly,scarcely,rarelynot…until…正常结构IcecreamdidnotreachAmericauntilaboutthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury.until置于句首Untilaboutthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,icecreamdidnotreachAmerica.not…until…置于句首（倒装）Notuntilthe1982Conventionwasadopted,couldtheargumentbemadethatthereexistedadequateandcomprehensivemaritimetreatylawassuchforthelargerpartoftheworldcommunity.4.表示“一…就…”的结构（1）引导词assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute从句动作先于主句动作nosooner…than...,hardly…when…,scarcely…when…主句动作先于从句动作ItbegantorainassoonasIarrivedhome.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.5.其他短语引导的时间状语从句介词短语atthetime,duringthetime,bythetime其中bythetime常与过去完成时与将来完成时连用Hehadalreadyleftbythetimetheyarrived.Hewillalreadyleftbythetimetheyarrive.名词短语nexttime,everytime,theday,forthefirsttimeIntheclassicchildren’stale,thepuppetPinocchio’snosegrowslongereverytimehetellsalie.ThefirsttimeIcanactuallyrememberhearingit—inpublicanyway,waswhenPrinceCharleswasleavingAustraliabyboat.二地点状语从句1引导词where,wherever,anywhere,everywhereWheretheyoccur,worksongsoftenexhibitthesongcultureofapeopleinafundamentalform.Everywheretheyappeared,therewereovations.2wherever引导地点状语从句表达一种强调的语气，要与让步状语从句进行语义上的区分Whereveryourschoolislocated,youwillbemetbytheForeignAffairsOfficeratthefinalpointofthejourney.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Adrivershouldslowdownwherethereareschools.Peopleprefertoworkwheretheycanfullydisplaytheirtalents. 三原因状语从句表原因连词because,for,as,since介词becauseof,dueto,owingto可以表示原因，但不能做从句连接词其他inthatseeing(that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)notthat…butthat…inasmuchas,insomuchas,inasmuchasinsomuchas1because,for,as,since（1）because语气最强，只有because才能回答why的提问，只有because才能用only,just,perhaps修饰Perhapsbecausemostoftoday’scross-culturalmarriagesoccurbecauseof“truelove”,thesecouplesworkhardtoovercometheirdifference.because的否定转移主句是否定的情况下，because引导的从句可能是按正常情况理解即否定主句谓语，也可能是按否定转移来理解（否定从句），具体如何理解要结合上下问进行语义分析。Hedoesn’texercisebecausehelikesto.A.Helikestoexercisebyhimself.B.Heexercisesforreasonsotherthanenjoyment.C.He’sgladhedoesn’thavetoexercise.D.Hedoesn’thaveenoughtimetoexercise.In1600theearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniversebecausethemajoritythensupposeditwas;norbecauseshehadmorereaderswasEllaWheelerWilcoxabetterpoetthanFatherHopkins.（2）as,since,for语气较弱，常用来表示众所周知显而易见的原因。其中for不能用于句首。AsMondayisanationalholiday,allgovernmentofficeswillbeclosed.Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.SinceyouareanEnglishmajor,Iguessyoucanhelpmewiththissentence.since常译成“既然”，放在句首，for则不用于句首。 2becauseof,dueto,owingto引导的表示原因的短语介词短语后面只能接名词或名词性短语，不能引导从句其中owingto常置于句首，dueto则不能置于句首Wehadanaccidentbecausehewascareless.Wehadanaccidentduetohiscareless.Owingtohiscarelesswehadanaccident.becauseof依然遵循否定转移的规律Theconference’spurposeistodemonstratethatwe’reallcontinuingtofocusontheeconomyasthepresidentpromisedtodowhenhecameintoofficeandthatmeansnotsittingaroundandpattingyourselfonthebackbecauseoftheunemploymentandinflationratesbeinglow.Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.3复合连词表示原因inthat引导的从句放在主句后，而起主句通常在做比较Englishhasanadvantageovermostoftheotherlanguagesinthatithasbecome,sotospeak,aninternationallanguage.E-mailisdifferentfromthetraditionalmailinthatitsendsandreceivesmailsinasecond.Mercurydiffersfromotherindustrialmetalsinthatitisaliquid.seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)用法与意义都与since相似，都有“鉴于某个事实”的含义Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.Giventhattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodjob.notthat…butthat…不是因为…而是因为…Ihaven’tfinishedthereportyet,notthatI’mlazy,butthatIhavenotime.inasmuchas,insomuchas,inasmuchas,insomuchas表示原因，常用于极为正式的场合Inasmuchasthetwogovernmentleaderscouldnotreachanagreement,thepossibilitiesforpeacearestillremote.四目的状语从句引导词常用的连词sothat,inorderthat,that其他连词lest,forfearthat,incaseinthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat1在sothat,inorderthat引导的目的状语从句中常常含有情态动词，如may/might,can/could,shouldFormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Theycarvedthewordsonthestonesothat/inorderthatthefuturegenerationshouldrememberwhattheyhaddone.Weclimbedhigh(so)thatwemightgetabetterview.目的状语从句一般位于主句后，但若要强调目的，也可提前。2.lest（以防），forfearthat（生怕）,incase（万一）都包含否定含义，可以用inorderthat…not来替换引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词一般用should，且should常常可以省略Scientistsshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchangedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,forfearthattheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.3目的状语从句的简化可运用不定式简化目的状语从句inorderthat——inordertodo可以置于句首sothat——soastodo不能置于句首that——todoInordertomeasurematterwemusthaveunitsofweight,volumeandlength.Allthekeywordsinthearticleareprintedinboldtypesoastoattractreader’sattention.Theycarvedthewordsonthestoneinorderforthefuturegenerationtorememberwhattheyhaddone.