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1、JournalofPragmatics35(2003)771–797www.elsevier.com/locate/pragmaSemanticderogationinanimalmetaphor:acontrastive-cognitiveanalysisoftwomale/femaleexamplesinEnglishandSpanishAlmudenaFerna´ndezFontecha,RosaMarı´aJime´nezCatala´n*UniversityofLaRioja,DepartmentofModernPhilol
2、ogy,C/.SanJose´deCalasanz,s/n,26400,Logron˜o,LaRioja,SpainReceived3August2001;receivedinrevisedform25July2002;accepted13August2002AbstractInthispaperwepresentacontrastivecognitiveanalysisofmetaphoricalusagesofthewordpairsfox/vixenandbull/cow,togetherwiththeirSpanishcoun
3、terpartszorro/zorraandtoro/vaca.Wehavefourspecificaims.Firstly,wewishtofindoutwhethertheseexamplesofAni-malMetaphorareequallyconceptualizedinEnglishandSpanish.Secondly,weinvestigatewhetherthetwopairedexampleswithineachlanguageareusedinsemanticderogation,understoodastheuse
4、ofawordtoconveynegativeconnotationsandstereotypes,hereinter-pretedspecificallywithrespecttothetwosexes.Thirdly,ifthereisindeedsemanticderoga-tion,wewishtoascertainwhetheritappliesequallytomaleandfemaleterms.Finally,wewouldliketoknowwhetherthesamedegreeandkindofsemanticde
5、rogationisobservedinthetwolanguages,onthebasesoftheexamplesanalyzed.Ouranalysisshowsthatfirst,thewordsintheseparticularanimalpairsareindeedmetaphoricallyappliedtopersonsinbothEnglishandSpanish,thoughwenotedsubtlebutremarkabledifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages;second,someki
6、ndofsemanticderogationappearsinbothlanguages;third,overallitisobservedthatthemainmetaphoricalmeaningsofthefemaletermsconnoteworsequali-tiesthanthoseconnotedbythemetaphorsofthemaleterms;andfourth,therearedifferencesinthedegreeandkindofsemanticderogationfoundinthetwolangua
7、ges.#2002ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Semanticderogation;Genderrepresentation;Sexistlanguage;AnimalMetaphor;Contrastiveanalysis;Cognitiveanalysis;Dictionarybasedanalysis*Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:rosa.jimenez@dfm.unirioja.es(R.M.Jime´nezCatala´n
8、).0378-2166/02/$-seefrontmatter#2002ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0378-2166(02)00127-3772A.Ferna´n
