Towards a Theoty of Open InnovationThree Core Process Archetypes

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1、TowardsaTheoryofOpenInnovation:ThreeCoreProcessArchetypesOliverGassmann*,EllenEnkel**InstituteofTechnologyManagement,UniversityofSt.Gallen,SwitzerlandOpenInnovationisaphenomenonthathasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforbothpracticeandtheoryoverthelastfewyears.Thereasonsaretobef

2、oundinshorterinnovationcycles,industrialresearchanddevelopment’sescalatingcostsaswellasinthedearthofresources.Subsequently,theopensourcephenomenonhasattractedinnovationresearchersandpractitioners.Therecenteraofopeninnovationstartedwhenpractitionersrealisedthatcompaniesthat

3、wishedtocommercialiseboththeirownideasaswellasotherfirms’innovationshouldseeknewwaystobringtheirin-houseideastomarket.Theyneedtodeploypathwaysoutsidetheircurrentbusinessesandshouldrealisethatthelocuswhereknowledgeiscreateddoesnotnecessarilyalwaysequalthelocusofinnovation-t

4、heyneednotbothbefoundwithinthecompany.Experiencehasfurthermoreshownthatneitherthelocusofinnovationnorexploitationneedliewithincompanies’ownboundaries.However,emulationoftheopeninnovationapproachtransformsacompany’ssolidboundariesintoasemi-permeablemembranethatenablesinnova

5、tiontomovemoreeasilybetweentheexternalenvironmentandthecompany’sinternalinnovationprocess.Howfartheopeninnovationapproachisimplementedinpracticeandwhetherthereareidentifiablepatternswerethequestionsweinvestigatedwithourempiricalstudy.Basedonourownempiricaldatabaseof124comp

6、anies,weidentifiedthreecoreopeninnovationprocesses:(1)Theoutside-inprocess:Enrichingacompany’sownknowledgebasethroughtheintegrationofsuppliers,customers,andexternalknowledgesourcingcanincreaseacompany’sinnovativeness.(2)Theinside-outprocess:Theexternalexploitationofideasin

7、differentmarkets,sellingIPandmultiplyingtechnologybychannellingideastotheexternalenvironment.(3)Thecoupledprocess:Linkingoutside-inandinside-outbyworkinginallianceswithcomplementarycompaniesduringwhichgiveandtakearecrucialforsuccess.Consequentthinkingalongthewholevaluechai

8、nandnewbusinessmodelsenablethiscoreprocess.Keywords:OpenInnovation;Archetypes;Trends;Capa