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时间:2018-10-09
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1、AntibioticsByDr.HumodiA.SaeedAssociateProf.ofMedicalMicrobiologyCollegeofMedicalLab.ScienceSudanUniversityofScienceandTechnologyEmailaddress:Biotechsust@hotmail.comDefinitionofAntibioticAsubstanceofbiological,semisyntheticorsyntheticoriginoflowmolecularweight(on-protein)producedbya
2、fungusorbacteriumassecondarymetabolitesthatinhibitsorstopgrowthofothermicroorganismsinvitroandinvivoselectively,whenitusedinlowconcentrationCharacteristicsofAntibioticsItmustbeabletoreachthepartofthehumanbodywheretheinfectionisoccurring.CharacteristicsofAntibioticsItshouldnotcauset
3、hedevelopmentofresistantformsofparasites.CharacteristicsofAntibioticsItshouldnotproduceundesirablesideeffectsinthehostsuchasallergicreaction,nervedamageorirritationofthekidneysandgastrointestinaltract.CharacteristicsofAntibioticsItshouldbegivenorallywithoutinactivationbystomachacid
4、,orbyinjection(parenterally)withoutbindingtothebloodproteins.CharacteristicsofAntibioticsFinally,itshouldhaveahighlevelofsolubilityinthebodyfluidsandbepossibletoachieveconcentrationsinthetissueorblood,whicharesufficientlyhightoinhibitorkilltheinfectiousagent.MajorgroupsofAntibiotic
5、s1.Beta-lactamantibiotics1.Penicillins2.Cephalosporins3.Carbapenems4.Monobactams1.Beta-lactamantibioticsToxicityProblemThemaintoxicityproblemwiththeseantibioticsisanallergicreactionthatoccursbecauseofformationofbeta-lactam/serumproteinconjugatethatelicitsaninflammatoryimmunerespons
6、e.1.Beta-lactamantibioticsModeofActionThebeta-lactamantibioticsinhibitthelaststepinpeptidoglycansynthesis1.Beta-lactamantibioticsSpectrumSomeareeffectiveagainstbothGram-positiveandGram-negativebacteriawhereasothersaremoreeffectiveagainstGram-positivethanGram-negativebacteriaorvicev
7、ersa.1.Beta-lactamantibioticsExample1.(Naturalpenicillinsandcephalosporins)PenicillinG,CephalothinBiologicalsourcePenicilliumnotatumCephalosporiumspeciesSpectrum(effectiveagainst)Gram-positivebacteriaModeofactionInhibitsstepsincellwall(peptidoglycan)synthesis.1.Beta-lactamantibi
8、oticsExample2.(Semisynthet
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